Dog Owners’ Knowledge about Rabies and Other Factors That Influence Canine Anti-Rabies Vaccination in the Upper East Region of Ghana
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Setting
2.2. Study Design
Study Population and Sampling
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Ethical Issues
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
3.2. Knowledge of Dog Owners on Rabies
3.3. Association between Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Knowledge Level of Dog Owners on Rabies
3.4. Vaccination of Dogs by Owners against Rabies
3.4.1. Association between Socio-Demographic Characteristics and the Vaccination of Dogs againts Rabies
3.4.2. Association between Awareness and Knowledge on Rabies and the Vaccination of Dogs against Rabies
4. Discussion
5. Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Oxley, J.A.; Christley, R.; Westgarth, C. Contexts and consequences of dog bite incidents. J. Vet. Behav. 2018, 23, 33–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bizri, A.; Alawieh, A.; Ghosn, N.; Berry, A.; Musharrafieh, U. Challenges facing human rabies control: The Lebanese experience. Epidemiol. Infect. 2014, 142, 1486–1494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Salomão, C.; Nacima, A.; Cuamba, L.; Gujral, L.; Amiel, O.; Baltazar, C.; Gudo, E.S. Epidemiology, clinical features and risk factors for human rabies and animal bites during an outbreak of rabies in Maputo and Matola cities, Mozambique, 2014: Implications for public health interventions for rabies control. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2014, 11, e0005787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bano, I.; Sajjad, H.; Shah, A.M.; Leghari, A.; Mirbahar, K.H.; Shams, S.; Soomro, M. A review of rabies disease, its transmission and treatment. J. Anim. Health Prod. 2017, 4, 140–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization. WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies: Second Report WHO Technical Report. Series 982. 2013. Available online: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85346/1/9789240690943_eng.pdf (accessed on 3 January 2019).
- Hampson, K.; Coudeville, L.; Lembo, T.; Sambo, M.; Kieffer, A.; Attlan, M.; Costa, P. Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2015, 9, e0003709. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization. Rabies: Key Facts. 2018. Available online: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies (accessed on 27 February 2019).
- Apanga, P.A.; Awoonor-Williams, J.K.; Acheampong, M.; Adam, M.A. A presumptive case of human rabies: A rare survived case in rural Ghana. Front. Publ. Health 2016, 4, 256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Veterinary Services Directorate (VSD) in 2011. Available online: http://mofa.gov.gh/site/?page_id=10049 (accessed on 13 April 2018).
- Elieza, S. Trends in Dog Bites and Human Rabies in Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Master’s Thesis, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana, 2016. Available online: http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/handle/123456789/8470 (accessed on 10 January 2018).
- Hayman, D.T.S.; Johnson, N.; Horton, D.L.; Hedge, J.; Wakeley, P.R.; Banyard, A.C.; Zhang, S.; Alhassan, A.; Fooks, A.R. Evolutionary history of rabies in Ghana. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lopes, P.H.; Akweongo, P.; Wurapa, F.; Afari, E.; Sackey, S.O.; Hansen, E.M.; Nyarko, K.M. Canine Rabies outbreaks, vaccination coverage, and transmission in humans: Greater Accra Region, Ghana-A retrospective study-2006–2011. Am. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 2018, 6, 58–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghana Statistical Service. Ghana-Ghana Living Standard Survey. 2017. Available online: http://www2.statsghana.gov.gh/nada/index.php/catalog/97/study-description (accessed on 24 February 2019).
- Belcher, D.W.; Wurapa, F.K.; Atuora, D.O.; Public, S.; Angeles, L. Endemic rabies in Ghana. Epidemiology and control measures. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1976, 25, 724–729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, M. Ghana, Africa: Bolga’s Live Dog Meat Market. 2017. Available online: https://fightdogmeat.com/2017/01/26/ghana-africa-bolgas-live-dog-meat-market/ (accessed on 10 March 2019).
- Adomako, B.Y.; Baiden, F.; Sackey, S.; Ameme, D.K.; Wurapa, F.; Nyarko, K.M.; Afari, E. Dog Bites and Rabies in the Eastern Region of Ghana in 2013–2015: A Call for a One-Health Approach. J. Trop. Med. 2018, 2018, 6139013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laryea, D.O.; Owusu, R.; Arthur, J.; Opambour, E.A.; Spangenberg, K. Human Rabies in Kumasi: A Growing Public Health Concern. Afr. J. Curr. Med. Res. 2017, 1, 1–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghana Statistical Service, 2010 Population and Housing Census: Regional Analytical Report, Upper East Region, 2013. Available online: http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/2010_PHC_Regional_Analytical_Reports_Upper_East%20Region.pdf (accessed on 11 November 2018).
- Setia, M.S. Methodology Series Module 3: Cross-sectional Studies. Indian J. Dermatol. 2016, 61, 261–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mathers, N.; Fox, N.; Hunn, A. Surveys and questionnaires. In The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands/Yorkshire & the Humber; National Institute for Health Research: Sheffield, UK, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Cochran, W.G. Sampling Techniques, 3rd ed.; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1977. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization. Training for Mid-Level Managers, Module 7: The Epic Coverage Survey. 2008. Available online: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/70184/WHO_IVB_08.07_eng.pdf?sequence=7 (accessed on 18 December 2018).
- Assefa, A.; Alie, A.; Derso, S.; Ayele, B. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice on rabies in and around Debretabor, South Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Int. J. Basic Appl. Virol. 2015, 4, 28–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taber, K.S. The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Res. Sci. Educ. 2018, 48, 1273–1296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sima, B.T.; Belachew, T.; Abebe, F. Health care providers’ knowledge, attitude and perceived stigma regarding tuberculosis in a pastoralist community in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv. Res. 2019, 19, 19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sambo, M.; Lembo, T.; Cleaveland, S.; Ferguson, H.M.; Sikana, L.; Simon, C.; Urassa, H.; Hampson, K. Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) about rabies prevention and control: A community survey in Tanzania. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2014, 8, e3310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ford, R.B.; Larson, L.J.; Schultz, R.D. 2017 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines. 2017. Available online: https://www.aaha.org/globalassets/02-guidelines/canine-vaccination/vaccination_recommendation_for_general_practice_table.pdf (accessed on 6 August 2019).
- Rodrigues, R.C.A.; von Zuben, A.P.B.; de Lucca, T.; Reichmann, M.A.B. Rabies vaccination campaigns in dogs and cats, and rabies positivity in bats, from 2004 to 2014, in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Epidemiol. Serv. Saude Bras. 2017, 26, 621–628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mshelbwala, P.; Ogunkoya, A.; Maikai, B.V.; Atuman, S. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about Dog Bite and Rabies Exposure among Dog Meat Consumers and Processors in Abia State, Nigeria. J. Vet. Adv. 2014, 4, 398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nutbeam, D. Health literacy as a public health goal: A challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promot. Int. 2000, 15, 259–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cho, Y.I.; Lee, S.Y.; Arozullah, A.M.; Crittenden, K.S. Effects of health literacy on health status and health service utilization amongst the elderly. Soc. Sci. Med. 2008, 66, 1809–1816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patel, K.; Saxena, D. Self-reported selected zoonotic diseases among animal handlers in Urban Ahmedabad, India. Vet. World 2019, 12, 176–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schumm, M.F.; Bogner, F.X. How Environmental attitudes interact with cognitive learning in a science lesson module. Educ. Res. Int. 2016, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frosslin, J.; Norman, M. Differing perceptions—Swedish farmers’ views of infectious disease control. Vet. Med. Sci. 2016, 2, 54–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Figurska, I.; Sokol, A. The process of knowledge acquisition with the use of various teaching methods and its effect on the creativity of employees of the creative Sector. Mediterr. J. Soc. Sci. 2016, 7, 143–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Young, M.R. Knowledge acquisition and readiness assurance testing: The connected notes intervention. J. Mark. Educ. 2016, 38, 145–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amissah-Reynolds, P.K.; Monney, I.; Adowah, L.M.; Agyemang, S.O. Prevalence of Helminths in Dogs and Owners’ Awareness of Zoonotic Diseases in Mampong, Ashanti, Ghana. J. Parasitol. Res. 2016, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saunders, J.; Parast, L.; Babey, S.H.; Miles, J.V. Exploring the differences between pet and non-pet owners: Implications for human-animal interaction research and policy. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0179494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kritzinger, J.J. Mission in an African Way. A practical introduction to African Instituted Churches and their sense of mission, Thomas Oduro, Hennie Pretorius, Stan Nussbaum and Bryan Born: Book review. Missionalia South. Afr. J. Mission Stud. 2009, 37, 137–139. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization. Legal Status of Traditional Medicine and Complementary/Alternative Medicine: Worldwide Review; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Benedict, A.O. The perception of illness in traditional Africa and the development of traditional medical practice. Int. J. Nurs. 2014, 1, 51–59. [Google Scholar]
- Ghana News Agency. Veterinarian Advises Public to Treat Animal Bites Properly to Prevent Rabies Infection; Ghana News Agency: Accra, Ghana, 2012; Available online: http://www.ghananewsagency.org/health/veterinarian-advises-public-to-treat-animal-bites-properly-to-prevent-rabies-infection-38369 (accessed on 12 June 2019).
- Musinguzi, G.; Anthierens, S.; Nuwaha, F.; Van Geertruyden, J.; Wanyenze, R.K.; Bastiaens, H. Factors Influencing Compliance and Health Seeking Behaviour for Hypertension in Mukono and Buikwe in Uganda: A Qualitative Study. Int. J. Hypertens. 2018, 8307591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- State of Queensland. Health Care Providers’ Handbook on Muslim Patients, 2nd ed.; Queensland Government: Kedron, Australia, 2010. Available online: https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0034/155887/islamgde2ed.pdf (accessed on 16 June 2019).
- Attum, B.; Shamoon, Z. Cultural Competence in the Care of Muslim Patients and Their Families. In StatPearls [Internet]; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, USA, 2019. Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499933/ (accessed on 13 March 2019).
- Kazadi, E.K.; Tshilenge, G.M.; Mbao, V.; Njoumemi, Z.; Masumu, J. Determinants of dog owner-charged rabies vaccination in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0186677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sambo, M.B. Epidemiological Dynamics of Rabies in Tanzania and Its Impacts on Local Communities. 2012. Available online: http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=+Epidemiological+dynamics+of+rabies+in+Tanzania+and+its+impacts+on+local+communities (accessed on 30 August 2018).
- Wasay, M.; Malik, A.; Fahim, A.; Yousuf, A.; Chawla, R.; Daniel, H.; Rafay, M.; Azam, I.; Razzak, J. Knowledge and attitudes about tetanus and rabies: A population-based survey from Karachi, Pakistan. J. Pakistan Med. Assoc. 2012, 62, 378–382. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization. Driving Progress towards Rabies Elimination: New WHO Recommendations on Human Rabies Immunization and Results of Gavi’s Learning Agenda on Rabies and 2nd International Meeting of the Pan-African Rabies Control Network (PARACON): Meeting Report, Johannesburg, South Africa (No. WHO/CDS/NTD/NZD/2019.02), 12–14 September 2018; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2019. [Google Scholar]
Variable | Frequency [n = 260] | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|
Age (In completed years) | ||
<20 | 9 | 3.4 |
20–29 | 66 | 25.4 |
30–39 | 53 | 20.4 |
40–49 | 66 | 25.4 |
50+ | 66 | 25.4 |
Sex | ||
Male | 186 | 71.5 |
Female | 74 | 28.5 |
Education | ||
None | 122 | 46.9 |
Primary | 35 | 13.5 |
JHS | 30 | 11.5 |
SHS | 34 | 13.1 |
Tertiary | 39 | 15.0 |
Occupation | ||
Unemployed | 31 | 11.9 |
Trader | 37 | 14.2 |
Farmer | 158 | 60.8 |
Civil/public servant | 34 | 13.1 |
Marital status | ||
Never married | 51 | 19.6 |
Married | 190 | 73.1 |
Widowed | 19 | 7.3 |
Variable | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Do dogs carry rabies virus? (n = 260) | ||
Yes | 214 | 82.3 |
No | 46 | 17.7 |
Can a dog transmit rabies to human through biting or scratching? (n = 214) | ||
Yes | 208 | 97.2 |
No | 6 | 2.8 |
Can a dog transmit rabies to human through licking of open wounds? (n = 214) | ||
Yes | 33 | 15.4 |
No | 181 | 84.6 |
Are aggression, madness and paralysis all signs of rabies infection in humans? (n = 260) | ||
Yes | 9 | 3.5 |
No | 251 | 96.5 |
Can rabies be prevented? (n = 260) | ||
Yes | 195 | 75.0 |
No | 65 | 25.0 |
Is there the need to go to the hospital after being bitten by a dog? (n = 260) | ||
Yes | 204 | 78.5 |
No | 56 | 21.5 |
Variable | Poor Knowledge [n = 61] n (%) | Good Knowledge [n = 199] n (%) | Total [n= 260] n (%) | χ2 (p-Value) | COR (95% CI) p-Value | AOR (95% CI) p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
District | ||||||
Bawku Municipality | 9 (14.7) | 37 (18.6) | 46 (17.7) | 112.59 (<0.001) | Ref. | Ref. |
Bawku West District | 4 (6.6) | 39 (19.6) | 43 (16.5) | 2.37 (0.67, 8.37) 0.179 | 3.78 (0.91, 15.77) 0.068 | |
Bolga Municipality | 2 (3.3) | 42 (21.1) | 44 (16.9) | 5.11 (1.04, 25.17) 0.045 | 7.89 (1.49, 41.71) 0.015 | |
Bongo District | 3 (4.9) | 44 (22.1) | 47 (18.1) | 3.57 (0.90, 14.15) 0.070 | 6.74 (1.47, 30.89) 0.014 | |
Builsa North District | 6 (9.8) | 30 (15.1) | 36 (13.9) | 1.22 (0.39, 3.80) 0.736 | 0.41 (0.09, 1.87) 0.249 | |
Kassena Nankana District | 37 (60.7) | 7 (3.5) | 44 (16.9) | 0.05 (0.02, 0.14) 0.000 | 0.04 (0.01, 0.17) <0.001 | |
Sex | ||||||
Female | 25 (41.0) | 49 (24.6) | 186 (71.5) | 6.14 (0.013) | Ref. | Ref. |
Male | 36 (59.0) | 150 (75.4) | 74 (28.5) | 2.13 (1.16, 3.89) 0.014 | 1.54 (0.60, 3.96) 0.374 | |
Education | ||||||
None | 42 (68.9) | 80 (40.2) | 122 (46.9) | 20.45 (<0.001) | Ref. | Ref. |
Primary | 8 (13.1) | 27 (13.6) | 35 (13.5) | 1.77 (0.74, 4.24) 0.199 | 5.80 (1.46, 23.07) 0.013 | |
JHS | 6 (9.8) | 24 (12.0) | 30 (11.5) | 2.10 (0.80, 5.54) 0.134 | 2.21 (0.52, 9.33) 0.281 | |
SHS | 4 (6.6) | 30 (15.1) | 34 (13.1) | 3.94 (1.30, 11.93) 0.015 | 8.80 (1.82, 42.50) 0.007 | |
Tertiary | 1 (1.6) | 38 (19.1) | 39 (15.0) | 19.95 (2.65, 150.45) 0.004 | 76.31 (6.20, 938.49) 0.001 | |
Occupation | ||||||
Unemployed | 3 (4.9) | 28 (14.0) | 31 (11.9) | 11.97 (0.007) | Ref. | |
Farmer | 48 (78.7) | 110 (55.3) | 37 (14.2) | 0.25 (0.07, 0.85) 0.026 | 0.54 (0.10, 2.83) 0.468 | |
Trader | 7 (11.5) | 30 (15.1) | 158 (60.8) | 0.46 (0.11, 1.95) 0.292 | 0.49 (0.06, 3.73) 0.487 | |
Civil/public servant | 3 (4.9) | 31 (15.6) | 34 (13.1) | 1.11 (0.21, 5.94) 0.905 | 0.16 (0.02, 1.37) 0.095 |
Variable | Vaccinated Dog | Total [n = 260] n (%) | χ2 (p-Value) | COR (95% CI) p-Value | AOR (95% CI) p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No [n = 123] n (%) | Yes [n = 137] n (%) | |||||
District | ||||||
Bawku Municipal | 18 (14.6) | 28 (20.4) | 46 (17.7) | 57.61 (<0.001) ** | Ref. | |
Bawku West | 11 (8.9) | 32 (23.4) | 43 (16.5) | 1.87 (0.76, 4.63) 0.175 | 5.27 (1.73, 16.03) 0.003 | |
Bolga Municipal | 24 (19.5) | 20 (14.6) | 44 (16.9) | 0.54 (0.23, 1.24) 0.144 | 0.79 (0.28, 2.22) 0.660 | |
Bongo | 17 (13.8) | 30 (21.9) | 47 (18.1) | 1.13 (0.49, 2.63) 0.768 | 2.92 (1.02, 8.35) 0.045 | |
Builsa North | 11 (8.9) | 25 (18.2) | 36 (13.9) | 1.46 (0.58, 3.68) 0.421 | 3.31 (1.02, 10.71) 0.046 | |
Kassena Nankana | 42 (34.2) | 2 (1.5) | 44 (16.9) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.14) 0.000 | 0.06 (0.11, 0.29) 0.001 | |
Education | ||||||
None | 68 (55.3) | 54 (39.4) | 122 (46.9) | 15.37 (0.004) ** | Ref. | Ref. |
Primary | 16 (13.0) | 19 (13.9) | 35 (13.5) | 1.50 (0.70, 3.18) 0.296 | 2.16 (0.83, 5.62) 0.114 | |
JHS | 13 (10.6) | 17 (12.4) | 30 (11.5) | 1.65 (0.74, 3.69) 0.225 | 1.27 (0.47, 3.45) 0.635 | |
SHS | 18 (14.6) | 16 (11.7) | 34 (13.1) | 1.12 (0.52, 2.40) 0.772 | 0.62 (0.23, 1.65) 0.334 | |
Tertiary | 8 (6.5) | 31 (22.6) | 39 (15.0) | 4.88 (2.07, 11.48) 0.000 | 3.57 (0.97, 13.14) 0.056 | |
Occupation | ||||||
Unemployed | 14 (11.4) | 17 (12.4) | 31 (11.9) | 11.66 (0.009) ** | Ref. | Ref. |
Farmer | 86 (69.9) | 72 (52.5) | 158 (60.8) | 0.69 (0.32, 1.49) 0.346 | 1.07 (0.41, 2.77) 0.891 | |
Trader | 15 (12.2) | 22 (16.1) | 37 (14.2) | 1.21 (0.46, 3.17) 0.701 | 3.37 (0.94, 12.06) 0.062 | |
Civil/public servant | 8 (6.5) | 26 (19.0) | 34 (13.1) | 2.68 (0.93, 7.74) 0.069 | 1.25 (0.32, 4.87) 0.752 | |
Religion | ||||||
Christian | 62 (50.4) | 80 (58.4) | 142 (54.6) | 8.25 (0.016) * | Ref. | |
Muslim | 9 (7.3) | 20 (14.6) | 29 (11.2) | 1.72 (0.73, 4.04) 0.212 | 2.64 (0.90, 7.73) 0.076 | |
African traditional religion | 52 (42.3) | 37 (27.0) | 89 (34.2) | 0.55 (0.32, 0.94) 0.030 | 0.96 (0.46, 2.02) 0.921 |
Variables | Vaccinated Dog | Total [n = 260] n (%) | χ2 (p-Value) | COR (95% CI) p-Value | AOR (95% CI) p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No [n = 123] n (%) | Yes [n = 137] n (%) | |||||
Ever heard of rabies | ||||||
No | 42 (34.1) | 3 (2.2) | 45 (17.3) | 46.25 (<0.001) | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 81 (65.9) | 134 (97.8) | 215 (82.7) | 23.16 (6.95, 77.15) <0.001 | 12.25 (2.54, 59.15) 0.002 | |
Knowledge on rabies | ||||||
Poor | 51 (41.5) | 10 (7.3) | 61 (23.5) | 42.13 (<0.001) | Ref. | Ref. |
Good | 72 (58.5) | 127 (92.7) | 199 (76.5) | 9.0 (4.31, 18.80) <0.001 | 1.99 (0.68, 5.86) 0.210 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Awuni, B.; Tarkang, E.; Manu, E.; Amu, H.; Ayanore, M.A.; Aku, F.Y.; Ziema, S.A.; Bosoka, S.A.; Adjuik, M.; Kweku, M. Dog Owners’ Knowledge about Rabies and Other Factors That Influence Canine Anti-Rabies Vaccination in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2019, 4, 115. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4030115
Awuni B, Tarkang E, Manu E, Amu H, Ayanore MA, Aku FY, Ziema SA, Bosoka SA, Adjuik M, Kweku M. Dog Owners’ Knowledge about Rabies and Other Factors That Influence Canine Anti-Rabies Vaccination in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2019; 4(3):115. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4030115
Chicago/Turabian StyleAwuni, Baba, Elvis Tarkang, Emmanuel Manu, Hubert Amu, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Fortress Yayra Aku, Sorengmen Amos Ziema, Samuel Adolf Bosoka, Martin Adjuik, and Margaret Kweku. 2019. "Dog Owners’ Knowledge about Rabies and Other Factors That Influence Canine Anti-Rabies Vaccination in the Upper East Region of Ghana" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 3: 115. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4030115