Solar Radiation on Photovoltaic Systems Deployed near Obscuring Walls
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Wall Shading on Collector
2.2. Inter-Row Shading on the Second Collector,
2.3. Sky View Factors for Diffuse Radiation
2.4. Incident Beam Radiation
3. Results
3.1. Collectors Deployed with and a Wall with
The Incident Solar Radiation on the PV System
3.2. Collectors Deployed with and a Wall with
3.3. Collectors Deployed with and a Wall with
3.4. Collectors Deployed with and a Wall with
3.5. Annual Incident Solar Radiation and Shading Losses of the PV Systems
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Inter-row spacing-m | |
Diffuse incident radiation on a collector in the presence of a wall-W/m2 | |
Direct beam radiation-W/m2 | |
Diffuse radiation on a horizontal plane-W/m2 | |
Collector width-m | |
Shadow height on a collector due to inter-row shading-m | |
Wall height-m | |
Shadow height on a collector due to wall shading-m | |
Number of collector rows | |
Collector length-m | |
Shadow length on a collector due to inter-row shading-m | |
Shadow length on a collector due to wall shading-m | |
Distance between the wall and the first collector-m | |
Distance between walls to collector no.-m | |
Net combined wall and inter-row shading area-m2 | |
Inter-row sky view factor of a collector | |
Combined sky factor | |
Sky view factor of a horizontal plane at distance | |
Solar altitude angle-deg. | |
Collector inclination angle-deg. | |
Collector latitude-deg. | |
Sun declination angle-deg. | |
Diffuse radiation losses-W/m2 | |
Collector azimuth angle-deg. | |
Solar azimuth angle-deg. | |
Wall azimuth angle-deg. | |
Angle between solar rays and the normal to the collector surface-deg. | |
Hour angle–deg. | |
Shading angle-deg. |
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Row | Annual Beam Radiation [kWh] | Annual Diffuse Radiation [kWh] | Annual Global Radiation [kWh] |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 59,117 | 24,325 | 83,441 |
2 | 58,828 | 22,988 | 81,816 |
All System | 1,176,853 | 461,089 | 1,637,942 |
Row | Annual Beam Radiation [kWh] | Annual Diffuse Radiation [kWh] | Annual Global Radiation [kWh] |
1 | 58,070 | 23,913 | 81,983 |
2 | 57,828 | 22,599 | 80,427 |
All System | 1,156,802 | 453,288 | 1,610,090 |
Row | Annual Beam Radiation [kWh] | Annual Diffuse Radiation [kWh] | Annual Global Radiation [kWh] |
1 | 56,869 | 23,474 | 80,342 |
2 | 56,661 | 22,183 | 78,845 |
All System | 1,133,435 | 444,956 | 1,578,391 |
Row No. | Annual Beam Radiation [kWh] | Annual Diffuse Radiation [kWh] | Annual Global Radiation [kWh] |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 57,633 | 23,474 | 81,106 |
2 | 57,660 | 22,602 | 80,262 |
3 | 58,141 | 22,842 | 80,983 |
4 | 58,444 | 22,989 | 81,432 |
5 | 58,626 | 23,084 | 81,710 |
6 | 58,744 | 23,151 | 81,895 |
7 | 58,844 | 23,198 | 82,043 |
8 | 58,899 | 23,234 | 82,133 |
9 | 58,953 | 23,262 | 82,215 |
10 | 58,996 | 23,283 | 82,279 |
11 | 59,018 | 23,301 | 82,318 |
12 | 59,045 | 23,315 | 82,360 |
13 | 59,062 | 23,327 | 82,389 |
14 | 59,078 | 23,336 | 82,414 |
15 | 59,099 | 23,345 | 82,444 |
16 | 59,109 | 23,352 | 82,461 |
17 | 59,117 | 23,358 | 82,475 |
18 | 59,122 | 23,363 | 82,485 |
19 | 59,130 | 23,368 | 82,498 |
20 | 59,138 | 23,372 | 82,510 |
All System | 1,175,856 | 464,554 | 1,640,410 |
All System | Annual Beam Radiation [kWh] | Annual Diffuse Radiation [kWh] | Annual Global Radiation [kWh] |
---|---|---|---|
2 m | 1,183,774 | 468,249 | 1,652,023 |
3 m | 1,180,268 | 466,606 | 1,646,875 |
4 m | 1,175,856 | 464,554 | 1,640,410 |
All System | Annual Beam Radiation [kWh] | Annual Diffuse Radiation [kWh] | Annual Global Radiation [kWh] |
---|---|---|---|
2 m | 1,081,768 | 468,249 | 1,550,017 |
3 m | 1,073,494 | 466,606 | 1,540,100 |
4 m | 1,060,302 | 464,554 | 1,524,856 |
Deployment | Global Radiation [kWh] | Global Radiation [kWh] | Global Radiation [kWh] |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 1,660,983 | 1,660,983 | 1,660,983 |
1,637,942 | 1,610,090 | 1,578,391 | |
1,652,023 | 1,646,875 | 1,640,410 | |
1,655,624 | 1,648,022 | 1,638,534 | |
1,550,017 | 1,540,100 | 1,524,856 |
Deployment | Percentage Global Radiation Loss [%] | Percentage Global Radiation Loss [%] | Percentage Global Radiation Loss [%] |
---|---|---|---|
1.39% | 3.06% | 4.97% | |
0.54% | 0.85% | 1.24% | |
0.32% | 0.78% | 1.35% | |
6.68% | 7.28% | 8.20% |
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Appelbaum, J.; Peled, A. Solar Radiation on Photovoltaic Systems Deployed near Obscuring Walls. Urban Sci. 2025, 9, 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9060211
Appelbaum J, Peled A. Solar Radiation on Photovoltaic Systems Deployed near Obscuring Walls. Urban Science. 2025; 9(6):211. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9060211
Chicago/Turabian StyleAppelbaum, Joseph, and Assaf Peled. 2025. "Solar Radiation on Photovoltaic Systems Deployed near Obscuring Walls" Urban Science 9, no. 6: 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9060211
APA StyleAppelbaum, J., & Peled, A. (2025). Solar Radiation on Photovoltaic Systems Deployed near Obscuring Walls. Urban Science, 9(6), 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9060211