Green and Blue Infrastructure in Darwin; Carbon Economies and the Social and Cultural Dimensions of Valuing Urban Mangroves in Australia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mangroves as Blue Carbon
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Denial Versus Complacency
There’s plenty of them, not just in the harbour, but beyond. So, compared to other pressing issues, I think collectively as a community, both the government and the public, we’ve resolved the issue. They’ve, three quarters of them, been put under conservation management. Therefore, we’re now moving with other things.(Environmental professional, Darwin)
The Territory’s relatively young in its development space, so one would argue that it still has a certain segment of the coastline to develop in order to fulfil economic opportunities, and also it should be acknowledged that some of the mangroves’ environment has to be compromised in order for cities to be effectively established, as is the case down south. So, most of the southern cities exist because they have impacted on their resources, used those resources in order to go ahead.(Environmental professional, Darwin)
As I said, the management of the mangroves for us is largely by default. So, it’s largely by default that it’s managed. Well, we’ve got a million hectares of mangroves. An extraordinary amount of mangroves in the top end. We’ve got this little tiny footprint … we’re doing reasonably well, except for that dieback that’s happening. They don’t particularly know why. So again, most of the Territory is conserved by default.(Senior environmental manager, Darwin)
We’re constantly pointing out that it’s still legal to clear mangroves up here, unlike many other places…so there’s no legislation protecting mangroves from being cleared. They are assessed when it comes to the [legislation]. Rarely does it trigger an EIS [environmental impact statement] up here. There’s very little in place to protect mangroves at all … So yeah, it is the Territory. Companies have put in roads through national parks without seeking any assessment. Pretty much anything goes at the moment up here. Cowboy country.(Environmental advocate, operational, Darwin)
It’s like an insurance policy. We know that development’s going to happen; we know that Territory’s policy planning legislation is years and years behind. What can we put in place to make sure the system’s integrity is maintained and we’ve got enough protected? So it’s [blue carbon] more being used in that sense. However, people want to use it, it’s up to them, but we’re using it more proactively to try and get long term protections in place so the system can hopefully be resilient while we get our shit together in terms of other activities.(Environmental advocate, operational, Darwin)
4.2. The Cart before the Horse
We don’t have catchment management. We don’t have catchment management bodies, so we don’t have a level of co-ordination across the catchment that will actually be able to address the problems. The coast is well-valued, but it’s just not a priority.(Environmental professional, Darwin)
… it is a small jurisdiction with a relatively small number of people, so the standard processes that we impose on the southern cities that are generally sophisticated, large and expensive, don’t necessarily play out that well here. Primarily because there [are] not enough people to implement, monitor, and enforce. So often, in a small jurisdiction, it’s better not to actually impose any rules and don’t talk about it because you don’t draw attention to it, for a variety of reasons.(Environmental professional, Darwin)
… we already have extremities of where the sea level rise is likely to go, so what we need to do then is draw community’s and government’s attention to that. That needs to be addressed. Mangroves compared to the potential risk of storm surge to private properties, consideration of [this] hazard will overshadow consideration of things like mangroves. So, what I’m trying to say is, it’s off the radar.(Environmental professional, Darwin)
4.3. Existing Protections and Community Sentiment
I think only to say that in Darwin, in the Top End, people are very connected to their environments. They’re out in their environments a lot. And therefore, people are…quite passionate about ensuring that their background is looked after, their playground, for a lot of them. So we’re very fortunate that people have a relatively high level awareness and care for—like, you’d be hard off finding someone up here who doesn’t, to some extent, understand the value of mangroves, even if they’re just like, “Well, the fish live in there.” And then people catch those fish … people see mangroves every day. Even out in the suburbs there’s patches of them. People love them. Even if they bring midges, people are OK with that!(Environmental advocate, operational, Darwin)
So, it was eventually heritage listed, and very thankfully, in the same year [2009] there was a project that came out that wanted to build a huge super-yacht marina here … we really targeted all the markets, had a huge public meeting with scientists talking about mangroves and tidal surges …. I was amazed at people’s response. I think it was, it only took us two months before the government decided that that proposal wasn’t a very good idea. It was amazing how we all came together, and it worked. People power!(Local community member, Darwin)
5. Discussion
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Atchison, J. Green and Blue Infrastructure in Darwin; Carbon Economies and the Social and Cultural Dimensions of Valuing Urban Mangroves in Australia. Urban Sci. 2019, 3, 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030086
Atchison J. Green and Blue Infrastructure in Darwin; Carbon Economies and the Social and Cultural Dimensions of Valuing Urban Mangroves in Australia. Urban Science. 2019; 3(3):86. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030086
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtchison, Jennifer. 2019. "Green and Blue Infrastructure in Darwin; Carbon Economies and the Social and Cultural Dimensions of Valuing Urban Mangroves in Australia" Urban Science 3, no. 3: 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030086
APA StyleAtchison, J. (2019). Green and Blue Infrastructure in Darwin; Carbon Economies and the Social and Cultural Dimensions of Valuing Urban Mangroves in Australia. Urban Science, 3(3), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030086