Testing the Spatial Assimilation Model on Black Ethnic Immigrant Locational Outcomes within Mature and Developing Suburbs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Hypotheses
4. Data Methodology
5. Descriptive Results
6. Multivariate Results
7. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Native-Born | Foreign-Born | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White | Black | White | Caribbean English | Caribbean French | Africans | |||
Suburb Type | ||||||||
Mature | 38.8 | 35.4 * | 36.9 *,** | 41.2 *,** | 50.4 *,** | 31.2 *,** | ||
Developing | 61.2 | 64.6 * | 63.1 *,** | 58.8 *,** | 49.6 *,** | 68.8 *,** | ||
SES | ||||||||
Household Income | ||||||||
$0–$19,999 | 7.5 | 18.1 * | 8.2 *,** | 10.3 *,** | 14.3 *,** | 10.7 *,** | ||
$20,000–$39,999 | 10.6 | 18.5 * | 11.5 *,** | 17.2 * | 22.4 *,** | 18.8 * | ||
$40,000–$59,999 | 13.2 | 16.8 * | 12.5 *,** | 17.2 * | 18.9 *,** | 17.3 * | ||
$60,000–$79,999 | 13.4 ** | 13.1 | 12.1 *,** | 13.8 | 14.0 | 14.1 | ||
$80,000–$99,999 | 12.1 | 9.8 * | 10.8 *,** | 12.0 ** | 9.4 * | 10.3 * | ||
$100,000–$119,000 | 10.4 | 7.3 * | 9.2 *,** | 8.7 *,** | 6.2 * | 7.9 * | ||
$120,000 and up | 32.8 | 16.4 * | 35.8 *,** | 20.9 *,** | 14.9* | 20.9 *,** | ||
Education of Householder | ||||||||
Less than High School Diploma | 3.5 | 6.7 * | 7.0 * | 7.8 *,** | 15.2 *,** | 5.5 *,** | ||
High School Diploma | 21.1 | 24.0 * | 18.2 *,** | 23.2 * | 23.8 * | 14.7 *,** | ||
Some College | 31.4 | 38.5 * | 25.1 *,** | 34.1 *,** | 37.7 * | 30.0 ** | ||
College Degree or More | 44.0 | 30.7 * | 49.7 *,** | 34.9 *,** | 23.3 *,** | 49.8 *,** | ||
Homeownership | 79.5 | 52.4 * | 75.1 *,** | 63.2 *,** | 54.9 *,** | 49.6 *,** | ||
Acculturation | ||||||||
Years Residing in the United States | ||||||||
Native-Born | 100.0 | 100.0 | - | - | - | - | ||
0–5 years | - | - | 7.1 | 3.3 | 4.9 | 10.5 | ||
6–10 years | - | - | 7.3 | 6.7 | 8.9 | 17.7 | ||
11–15 years | - | - | 11.5 | 10.9 | 15.3 | 22.9 | ||
16–20 years | - | - | 12.4 | 11.9 | 14.3 | 17.3 | ||
21+ years | - | - | 61.8 | 67.3 | 56.7 | 31.5 | ||
English Language Ability | ||||||||
Speaks English only | 97.5 | 97.8 * | 43.2 *,** | 95.6 *,** | 0.0 | 21.6 *,** | ||
Speaks English very well or well | 2.4 | 2.1 * | 51.9 *,** | 4.3 *,** | 87.2 *,** | 75.7 *,** | ||
Speaks English not well or not at all | 0.1 ** | 0.1 | 4.9 *,** | 0.1 | 12.8 *,** | 2.7 *,** | ||
Family/Household Status | ||||||||
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 52.5 | 37.1 * | 58.1 *,** | 38.5 * | 44.1 *,** | 60.4 *,** | ||
Female | 47.5 | 62.9 * | 41.9*,** | 61.5 * | 55.9 *,** | 39.6 *,** | ||
Marital Status | ||||||||
Married | 63.3 | 37.6 * | 70.0 *,** | 49.1 *,** | 56.5 *,** | 62.2 ** | ||
Never Married | 15.2 | 33.6 * | 10.5 *,** | 20.8 *,** | 18.5 *,** | 15.4 ** | ||
Others | 21.5 | 28.9 * | 19.4 *,** | 30.0 * | 25.0 *,** | 22.4 ** | ||
Number of Families in Household | ||||||||
1 Family | 96.3 ** | 96.1 | 96.6 ** | 95.2 *,** | 94.0 *,** | 92.9 *,** | ||
1+ Family | 3.7 ** | 3.9 | 3.4** | 4.8 *,** | 6.0 *,** | 7.1 *,** | ||
Age of Householder | ||||||||
25–34 | 14.8 | 16.6 * | 12.5 *,** | 11.6 *,** | 12.8 *,** | 17.5 * | ||
35–44 | 20.7 | 23.3 * | 23.7 * | 23.1 * | 28.2 *,** | 32.0 *,** | ||
45–54 | 30.6 | 30.1 * | 32.2 *,** | 35.4 * | 31.5 | 31.5 | ||
55–64 | 33.9 | 30.0 * | 31.6 *,** | 29.9 * | 27.6 * | 19.0 *,** | ||
Children in Household | ||||||||
No Children Present <18 | 83.3 | 77.7 * | 84.6 *,** | 75.4 *,** | 69.4 *,** | 79.1 * | ||
Children Present <18 | 16.7 | 22.3 * | 15.4 *,** | 24.6 *,** | 30.6 *,** | 20.9 * | ||
Household Size | ||||||||
1–2 Persons | 52.2 | 55.7 * | 45.3 *,** | 42.7 *,** | 27.3 *,** | 35.2 *,** | ||
3–4 Persons | 37.2 | 33.4 * | 41.0 *,** | 40.9 *,** | 43.4 *,** | 39.0 *,** | ||
4+ Persons | 1.6 ** | 10.9 | 13.6 *,** | 16.5 *,** | 29.2 *,** | 25.8 *,** | ||
Region | ||||||||
Northeast | 38.3 | 18.0 * | 42.4 *,** | 40.5 *,** | 42.1 *,** | 26.7 *,** | ||
Midwest | 21.8 | 18.2 * | 15.4 *,** | 1.8 *,** | 1.1 *,** | 10.3 *,** | ||
South | 27.4 | 55.1 * | 25.9 *,** | 54.9 * | 56.3 * | 53.2 *,** | ||
West | 12.5 | 8.8* | 16.2 *,** | 2.8 *,** | 0.5 *,** | 9.8 * | ||
N | 679,251 | 76,964 | 40,309 | 5345 | 3039 | 5958 |
Native-Born | Foreign-Born | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caribbean | Caribbean | ||||||
White | Black | White | English | French | Africans | ||
Mature | |||||||
Mean Household Income | $104,208 | $61,923 * | $115,148 *,** | $82,008 *,** | $71,135 *,** | $73,020 *,** | |
Percent College Degree or More | 41.0 | 23.7 * | 45.4 *,** | 29.5 *,** | 21.0 *,** | 45.2 *,** | |
Percent Owned Housing Units | 77.3 | 48.0 * | 73.3 *,** | 62.3 *,** | 58.7 *,** | 42.1 *,** | |
Percent Below 100 Poverty | 7.7 | 20.4 * | 8.3 *,** | 9.8 *,** | 15.3 *,** | 12.8 *,** | |
Developing | |||||||
Mean Household Income | $117,458 | $76,562 * | $125,280 *,** | $83,454 *,** | $68,446 *,** | $87,069 *,** | |
Percent College Degree or More | 45.8 | 34.6 * | 52.2 *,** | 38.7 *,** | 25.6 *,** | 51.9 *,** | |
Percent Owned Housing Units | 81.0 | 54.8 * | 76.2 *,** | 63.8 *,** | 51.0 *,** | 53.0 *,** | |
Percent Below 100 Poverty | 6.0 | 14.6 * | 7.8 *,** | 9.5 *,** | 17.6 *,** | 11.5 *,** |
Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV | Model V | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Race/Ethnicity/Place-of-Birth (ref. = Native-Born Whites) | ||||||
Native-Born Black Americans | 1.155 * | 1.291 * | 1.292 * | 1.366 * | 1.388 * | |
Foreign-Born Whites | 1.084 * | 1.086 * | 1.079 * | 1.102 * | 1.105 * | |
Caribbean English | 0.903 * | 0.970 | 0.916 * | 0.971 | 1.029 | |
Caribbean French | 0.623 * | 0.708 * | 0.743 * | 0.785 * | 0.834 * | |
Africans | 1.398 * | 1.493 * | 1.429 * | 1.482 * | 1.524 * | |
Household Income (ref. = $120,000 and up) | ||||||
$0–$19,999 | 0.688 * | 0.687 * | 0.780 * | 0.770 * | ||
$20,000–$39,999 | 0.722 * | 0.722 * | 0.791 * | 0.783 * | ||
$40,000–$59,999 | 0.761 * | 0.761 * | 0.812 * | 0.804 * | ||
$60,000–$79,999 | 0.798 * | 0.799 * | 0.830 * | 0.822 * | ||
$80,000–$99,999 | 0.849 * | 0.85 * | 0.865 * | 0.858 * | ||
$100,000–$119,000 | 0.920 * | 0.921 * | 0.927 * | 0.921 * | ||
Education of Householder (ref. = College Degree or more) | ||||||
Less than High School Diploma | 0.783 * | 0.789 * | 0.786 * | 0.788 * | ||
High School Diploma | 0.801 * | 0.801 * | 0.802 * | 0.804 * | ||
Some College | 0.964 * | 0.964 * | 0.962 * | 0.953 * | ||
Renter (vs. owner) | 0.917 * | 0.913 * | 0.922 * | 0.919 * | ||
Years Residing in the United States (ref. = 21+ years) | ||||||
0–5 years | 1.524 * | 1.359 * | 1.354 * | |||
6–10 years | 1.289 * | 1.168 * | 1.166 * | |||
11–15 years | 1.150 * | 1.060 * | 1.057 * | |||
16–20 years | 1.129 * | 1.066 * | 1.063 * | |||
English Language Ability (ref. = Speaks English only) | ||||||
Speaks English very well or well | 0.883 * | 0.863 * | 0.868 * | |||
Speaks English not well or not at all | 0.821 * | 0.817 * | 0.819 * | |||
Sex (ref. = Male) | ||||||
Female dummy1 | 0.940 * | 0.943 * | ||||
Marital Status (ref. = Married) | ||||||
Single | 0.666 * | 0.668 * | ||||
Others | 0.892 * | 0.894 * | ||||
Number of Families in Household (ref. = 1 family) | ||||||
1+ family | 0.907 * | 0.903 * | ||||
Age of Householder (ref. 35–44) | ||||||
Age Control 25–34 | 1.067 * | 1.065 * | ||||
Age Control 45–54 | 0.895 * | 0.897 * | ||||
Age Control 55–64 | 0.811 * | 0.812 * | ||||
Children in Household (ref. = Children Present <18) | ||||||
No child dummy1 | 0.984 * | 0.982 * | ||||
Household Size (ref. = 1–2 persons) | ||||||
3–4 Persons | 0.915 * | 0.916 * | ||||
4+ Persons | 0.946 * | 0.941 * | ||||
Region (ref. = Northeast & South) | ||||||
Midwest & West | 1.207 * | |||||
N | 810,866 | |||||
Nagelkerke R Square | 0.001 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.021 | 0.024 |
Native-Born | Foreign-Born | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caribbean | Caribbean | ||||||
White | Black | White | English | French | Africans | ||
Household Income (ref. = $120,000 and up) | |||||||
$0–$19,999 | 0.771 * | 0.705 * | 0.974 | 1.377 * | 1.240 | 0.766 * | |
$20,000–$39,999 | 0.773 * | 0.737 * | 0.904 * | 1.168 | 1.327 * | 0.827 ** | |
$40,000–$59,999 | 0.794 * | 0.775 * | 0.844 * | 1.383 * | 1.146 | 0.743 * | |
$60,000–$79,999 | 0.809 * | 0.839 * | 0.917 * | 1.104 | 0.993 | 0.621 * | |
$80,000–$99,999 | 0.847 * | 0.856 * | 0.923 * | 1.233 * | 1.237 | 0.667 * | |
$100,000–$119,000 | 0.918 * | 0.883 * | 0.906 * | 1.086 | 1.048 | 0.774 * | |
Education of Householder (ref. = College Degree or more) | |||||||
Less than High School Diploma | 0.852 * | 0.598 * | 0.603 * | 0.425 * | 0.496 * | 0.769 * | |
High School Diploma | 0.828 * | 0.617 * | 0.737 * | 0.604 * | 0.621 * | 0.778 * | |
Some College | 0.973 * | 0.764 * | 0.976 | 0.740 * | 0.846 ** | 0.915 | |
Renter (vs. owner) | 0.930 * | 0.956 * | 0.849 * | 0.882 ** | 1.264 * | 0.678 * | |
Years Residing in the United States (ref. = 21+ years) | |||||||
0–5 years | 1.464 * | 1.834 * | 1.195 | 0.989 | |||
6–10 years | 1.249 * | 1.094 | 1.272 | 0.989 | |||
11–15 years | 1.031 | 1.073 | 1.267 * | 1.094 | |||
16–20 years | 1.064 *** | 1.061 | 1.179 | 1.007 | |||
English Language Ability (ref. = Speaks English only) | |||||||
Speaks English very well or well | 0.854 * | 0.852 * | 0.877 * | 0.949 | 1.040 | 1.131 ** | |
Speaks English not well or not at all | 1.086 | 1.002 | 0.748 * | 1.035 | |||
Sex (ref. = Male) | |||||||
Female dummy1 | 0.943 * | 0.943 * | 0.943 * | 0.899 | 0.916 | 0.946 | |
Marital Status (ref. = Married) | |||||||
Single | 0.656 * | 0.702 * | 0.749 * | 0.725 * | 0.835 | 0.797 * | |
Others | 0.892 * | 0.887 * | 0.946 ** | 0.870 * | 1.077 | 0.830 * | |
Number of Families in Household (ref. = 1 family) | |||||||
1+ family | 0.913 * | 0.897 * | 0.816 * | 0.830 | 0.995 | 0.746 * | |
Age of Householder (ref. 35–44) | |||||||
Age Control 25–34 | 1.058 * | 1.180 * | 1.007 | 1.011 | 0.968 | 1.077 | |
Age Control 45–54 | 0.900 * | 0.863 * | 0.973 | 0.848 * | 0.799 * | 0.822 * | |
Age Control 55–64 | 0.828 * | 0.706 * | 0.863 * | 0.746 * | 0.764 * | 0.681 * | |
Children in Household (ref. = Children Present <18) | |||||||
No child dummy1 | 0.982 * | 0.987 | 1.047 | 1.045 | 1.114 | 0.932 | |
Household Size (ref. = 1–2 persons) | |||||||
3–4 Persons | 0.922 * | 0.888 * | 0.899 * | 0.847 * | 1.141 | 1.101 | |
4+ Persons | 0.964 * | 0.834 * | 0.940 * | 0.671 * | 0.955 | 0.969 | |
Region (ref. = Northeast & South) | |||||||
Midwest & West | 1.287 * | 0.525 * | 1.656 * | 1.909 * | 2.115 * | 1.470 * | |
N | 679,251 | 76,964 | 40,309 | 5,345 | 3,039 | 5,958 | |
Nagelkerke R Square | 0.024 | 0.066 | 0.041 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.046 |
Foreign-Born | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White | Caribbean English | Caribbean French | Africans | |||||||
Most | Least | Most | Least | Most | Least | Most | Least | |||
Socioeconomic Status | ||||||||||
Household Income | ||||||||||
$0–$19,999 | 67.7 | 75.4 | 77.2 | 86.1 | 55.6 | 59.9 | 76.0 | 75.8 | ||
$20,000–$39,999 | 66.0 | 74.0 | 74.2 | 84.1 | 57.2 | 61.5 | 77.3 | 77.1 | ||
$40,000–$59,999 | 64.5 | 72.7 | 77.3 | 86.2 | 53.6 | 58.0 | 75.4 | 75.2 | ||
$60,000–$79,999 | 66.4 | 74.3 | 73.1 | 83.3 | 50.0 | 54.5 | 71.9 | 71.7 | ||
$80,000–$99,999 | 66.5 | 74.4 | 75.2 | 84.8 | 55.5 | 59.8 | 73.3 | 73.1 | ||
$100,000–$119,000 | 66.1 | 74.1 | 72.8 | 83.1 | 51.4 | 55.8 | 76.2 | 76.0 | ||
$120,000 and up | 68.3 | 75.9 | 71.1 | 81.9 | 50.2 | 54.6 | 80.5 | 80.3 | ||
Education of Householder | ||||||||||
Less than High School Diploma | 56.4 | 65.5 | 51.1 | 65.7 | 33.3 | 37.4 | 76.0 | 75.9 | ||
High School Diploma | 61.3 | 69.9 | 59.8 | 73.2 | 38.5 | 42.8 | 76.3 | 76.1 | ||
Some College | 67.7 | 75.4 | 64.6 | 77.0 | 46.0 | 50.5 | 79.1 | 78.9 | ||
College Degree or More | 68.3 | 75.9 | 71.1 | 81.9 | 50.2 | 54.6 | 80.5 | 80.3 | ||
Tenure Status | ||||||||||
Own | 68.3 | 75.9 | 71.1 | 81.9 | 50.2 | 54.6 | 80.5 | 80.3 | ||
Rent | 64.6 | 72.8 | 68.5 | 79.9 | 56.0 | 60.4 | 73.7 | 73.5 |
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Argeros, G. Testing the Spatial Assimilation Model on Black Ethnic Immigrant Locational Outcomes within Mature and Developing Suburbs. Urban Sci. 2019, 3, 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030080
Argeros G. Testing the Spatial Assimilation Model on Black Ethnic Immigrant Locational Outcomes within Mature and Developing Suburbs. Urban Science. 2019; 3(3):80. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030080
Chicago/Turabian StyleArgeros, Grigoris. 2019. "Testing the Spatial Assimilation Model on Black Ethnic Immigrant Locational Outcomes within Mature and Developing Suburbs" Urban Science 3, no. 3: 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030080