The Cultural Legacy of a Major Event: A Case Study of the 2008 European Capital of Culture, Liverpool
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Sustainability, Legacy and the ECOC
- (1)
- The legacy plan needs to be realistic and specific, and it needs to be based on complete study and planning.
- (2)
- The host city needs to confirm that sufficient funds are available to implement the legacy plan; for example, the legacy plan should be included in an event’s bidding document.
- (3)
- The careful management of local residents’ expectations is required. The legacy plan takes time to achieve, so a sound communication strategy is required to keep the legacy plan from doubt.
- (4)
- Multi-theme and multi-faceted legacy planning can generate wider recognition from local residents, attract more media coverage, and have a more longer-term impact.
2.2. The Dimensions of Cultural Legacy
3. Research Methods
4. Research Findings
4.1. Cultural Agency and Strategies
4.2. Cultural Network
4.3. Cultural Provision
4.4. Cultural Engagement
4.5. Cultural Image
5. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Holmes, K.; Hughes, M.; Mair, J.; Carlsen, J. Events and Sustainability; Routledge: London, UK, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Edizel, H.Ö. Governance of Sustainable Event-led Regeneration: The Case of London 2012 Olympics. Ph.D. Thesis, Brunel University, London, UK, April 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Richards, G.; Palmer, R. Eventful Cities: Cultural Management and Urban Revitalization; Butterworth-Heinemann: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- García, B.; Cox, T. European Capitals of Culture: Success Strategies and Long-Term Effects; Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Pacione, M. The role of events in urban regeneration. In Routledge Handbook of Events; Page, S.J., Connell, J., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 2012; pp. 385–400. [Google Scholar]
- García, B. Deconstructing the city of culture: The long-term cultural legacies of Glasgow 1990. Urban Stud. 2005, 42, 841–868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allen, J.; O’Toole, W.; Harris, R.; McDonnell, I. Festival and Special Event Management, 4th ed.; John Wiley & Sons: Milton, MA, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Gratton, C.; Preuss, H. Maximizing Olympic impacts by building up legacies. Int. J. Hist. Sport 2008, 25, 1922–1938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matheson, C.M. Legacy Planning, regeneration and events: The Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games. Local Econ. 2010, 25, 10–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Preuss, H. The Conceptualisation and measurement of mega sport event legacies. J. Sport Tour. 2007, 12, 207–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, A. Events and Urban Regeneration: The Strategic Use of Events to Revitalise Cities; Routledge: London, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Kaplanidou, K.; Karadakis, K. Understanding the legacies of a host Olympic city: The case of the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games. Sport Mark. Q. 2010, 19, 110–117. [Google Scholar]
- Palmer/Rae. European Cities and Capitals of Culture: Study Prepared for the European Commission; Part 1; Palmer/Rae Associates: Brussels, Belgium, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- European Union. European Capitals of Culture 30 Years; Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Campbell, P.; Cox, T.; O’Brien, D. The social life of measurement: How methods have shaped the idea of culture in urban regeneration. J. Cult. Econ. 2017, 10, 49–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gomes, P.; Librero-Cano, A. Evaluating 3 Decades of the European Capital of Culture Programme: A Difference-in-Differences Approach. 2014. Available online: http://www.eco.uc3m.es/~pgomes/Papers/Culture_AL_PG_031214.pdf (accessed on 1 March 2019).
- Cashman, R. The Bitter-Sweet Awakening: The Legacy of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games; Pan Macmillan: London, UK, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Chappelet, J.; Junod, T. A tale of 3 Olympic cities: What can Turin learn from the Olympic legacy of other Alpine cities. In Proceedings of the Major Sport Events as Opportunity for Development, Valencia, Spain, 2006; pp. 83–90. [Google Scholar]
- International Olympic Committee. Olympic Legacy Guide; International Olympic Committee (IOC): Lausanne, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Ecorys. Ex-Post Evaluation of 2007and 2008 European Capitals of Culture: Final Report; Ecorys: Birmingham, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Ecorys. Ex-Post Evaluation of 2009 European Capitals of Culture: Final Report; Ecorys: Birmingham, UK, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Ecorys. Ex-Post Evaluation of 2010 European Capitals of Culture: Final Report; Ecorys: Birmingham, UK, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Ecorys. Ex-Post Evaluation of 2011 European Capitals of Culture: Final Report; Ecorys: Birmingham, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Ecorys. Ex-Post Evaluation of 2012 European Capitals of Culture: Final Report; Ecorys: Birmingham, UK, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Ecorys. Ex-Post Evaluation of 2013 European Capitals of Culture: Final Report; Ecorys: Birmingham, UK, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Ecorys. Ex-Post Evaluation of 2014 European Capitals of Culture: Final Report; Ecorys: Birmingham, UK, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- European Communities. European Capitals of Culture: The Road to Success from 1985 to 2010; Publications Office of the European Communities: Luxembourg, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Impacts 18. Legacies of Liverpool As European Capital of Culture, 10 Years on. Available online: http://iccliverpool.ac.uk/impacts18 (accessed on 1 March 2019).
- Arcodia, C.; Whitford, M. Festival attendance and the development of social capital. J. Conv. Event Tourism 2007, 8, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raj, R.; Musgrave, J. Events and sustainable urban regeneration. In Event Management and Sustainability; Raj, R.; Musgrave, J. CABI: Wallingford, CT, USA, 2009; pp. 32–42. [Google Scholar]
- Matarasso, F. Use or Ornament? The Social Impact of Participation in the Arts; Comedia: Stroud, UK, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Galloway, S. Cultural participation and individual quality of life: A review of research findings. Appl. Res. Qual. Life 2012, 1, 323–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bianchini, F.; Parkinson, M. Cultural Policy and Urban Regeneration: The West European Experience; Manchester University Press: Manchester, UK, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Liverpool City Council. Culture Liverpool Action Plan 2014–2018; Liverpool City Council: Liverpool, UK, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Impacts 08. Neighbourhood Impacts: A Longitudinal Research Study into the Impact of the Liverpool European Capital of Culture on Local Residents; Impacts 08: Liverpool, UK, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Liverpool City Council. The Social Impact of the Arts in Liverpool 2015/16: A Review of the Culture Liverpool Investment Programme; Liverpool City Council: Liverpool, UK, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Impacts 08. Creating an Impact: Liverpool’s Experience as European Capital of Culture; Impacts 08: Liverpool, UK, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- O’Brien, D. ‘No cultural policy to speak of’—Liverpool 2008. J. Policy Res. Tour. Leisure Events 2010, 2, 113–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liverpool Arts Regeneration Consortium. Culture and Civic Responsibility in Liverpool; Liverpool Arts Regeneration Consortium: Liverpool, UK, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, Y.D. The impacts of cultural event on networking: Liverpool’s cultural sector in the aftermath of 2008. Impact Assess. Proj. Apprais. 2017, 35, 118–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liverpool City Region. Tourism Data Summary 2015. Available online: https://www.giantspectacular.com/liverpool-three-times-a-winner (accessed on 1 March 2019).
- Culture Liverpool. Liverpool Scoops Up Three Event Awards; Culture Liverpool: Liverpool, UK, 2019; Available online: https://www.cultureliverpool.co.uk (accessed on 1 March 2019).
- Liverpool City Region. Visitor Economy: Strategy and Destination Management Plan; Liverpool City Region: Liverpool, UK, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, Y.D. Quality of life as event legacy: An evaluation of Liverpool as the 2008 European Capital of Culture. Appl. Res. Qual. Life 2017, 12, 653–670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Culture Liverpool. Impacts 18: A Cultural Legacy; Culture Liverpool: Liverpool, UK, 2019; Available online: https://www.cultureliverpool.co.uk (accessed on 1 March 2019).
- Evans, G.L. Cities of Culture and the regeneration game. Lond. J. Tour. Sport Creat. Ind. 2011, 5, 5–18. [Google Scholar]
Research Questions | Principals | Practices |
Q1. How to achieve sustainability through legacy planning? |
|
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
Q2. What is the long-term cultural legacy of the ECOC? |
|
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
© 2019 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Liu, Y.-D. The Cultural Legacy of a Major Event: A Case Study of the 2008 European Capital of Culture, Liverpool. Urban Sci. 2019, 3, 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030079
Liu Y-D. The Cultural Legacy of a Major Event: A Case Study of the 2008 European Capital of Culture, Liverpool. Urban Science. 2019; 3(3):79. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030079
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yi-De. 2019. "The Cultural Legacy of a Major Event: A Case Study of the 2008 European Capital of Culture, Liverpool" Urban Science 3, no. 3: 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030079
APA StyleLiu, Y.-D. (2019). The Cultural Legacy of a Major Event: A Case Study of the 2008 European Capital of Culture, Liverpool. Urban Science, 3(3), 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030079