Anatomy of an Informal Transit City: Mobility Analysis of the Metropolitan Area of Lima
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. What Is Lima’s Current City Structure and How Has That Been Shaped Over Time?
2.1. Four Limas and El Callao
2.1.1. Central Lima
2.1.2. Lima Conurbana
2.1.3. Callao
2.1.4. The Balnearios
2.2. Polycentric Lima
2.2.1. The Historic Centre
2.2.2. San Isidro Central Business District (CBD)
2.2.3. Industrial Areas
2.2.4. Culture and Entertainment
2.2.5. Commerce and Retail
2.3. Location of Employment
2.4. Segregation Patterns
- (1)
- The corridor of wealth between the central districts of San Isidro and Miraflores and the eastern upper-class/suburban district of La Molina;
- (2)
- The upper-class neighborhoods surrounded by a belt of middle-class residential areas; and
- (3)
3. What Is the Transport History of Lima, How Has It Evolved to Its Present Situation and What Kinds of Urban Fabrics Has This Produced?
3.1. The Republic and the Trams
3.2. The First Buses and Growing Informality
3.3. Restructuring under Fujimori and the Combis
3.4. The Metropolitano
3.5. The Metro Line
3.6. The Transport Reform
3.7. The Arrival of the Automobile, Freeways and Bypasses
3.8. Paratransit Modes: Mototaxis
4. The Walking, Transit and Auto City Fabrics
4.1. Traditional and New Walking Cities
4.2. The Transit Fabric
4.3. Suburban Lima and Balnearios
4.4. Walking, Transit and Automobile Fabrics Today
5. How Does Lima Compare to a Sample of Other World Cities and What Strengths, Weaknesses and Policy Lessons Does This Reveal for Now and the Future?
5.1. Status of the Information
5.2. Characteristics of the Metropolitan Area
5.3. Supply Indicators
5.4. Mobility Indicators
5.5. Origin-Destination Trips
5.6. Environmental Impact
5.7. Safety
6. Conclusions and Recommendations: What Might Lima Do to Strengthen Its Urban Structure and Improve Its Transport System?
6.1. An Informal Transit City
6.2. Towards a Better Transit City
6.3. Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- CPI—Compañía Peruana de Estudios de Mercados y Opinión Pública S.A.C. Perú: Población 2018. 2018. Available online: http://www.cpi.pe/images/upload/paginaweb/archivo/26/mr_poblacional_peru_201805.pdf (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Aguirre, C.; Panfichi, A. (Eds.) Lima, Siglo XX: Cultura, Sozialicación y Cambio; Fondo Editorial PUCP: Lima, Peru, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Golda-Pongratz, K. La transformación de significado del centro de Lima: Tres aproximaciones. ur[b]es 2006, 3, 111–134. [Google Scholar]
- Cervero, R. Informal Transport in the Developing World. 2000. Available online: https://unhabitat.org/books/informal-transport-in-the-developing-world/ (accessed on 24 June 2019).
- Ardila-Gomez, A. Public Transport in Latin America: A View from the World Bank. 2012. Available online: http://www.brt.cl/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/AAG-Public-Transport-in-Latin-America-a-view-from-the-World-Bank.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2019).
- Buehler, R.; Pucher, J.; Dümmler, O. Verkehrsverbund: The evolution and spread of fully integrated regional public transport in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Int. J. Sustain. Transp. 2018, 13, 36–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vasconcellos, E.; Mendonça, A. Observatorio de Movilidad Urbana: Informe 2015–2016 (resumen ejecutivo). 2016. Available online: http://scioteca.caf.com/handle/123456789/981 (accessed on 15 May 2019).
- Jehanno, A.; Niang, H.; Ortiz, J.; Laborde, P.; López Camacho, P. Desafíos Para la Integración de Sistemas de Transporte Masivo: Manual de Buenas Prácticas. 2018. Available online: http://scioteca.caf.com/handle/123456789/1403 (accessed on 15 May 2019).
- Salazar Ferro, P. Paratransit: A Key Element in a Dual System. 2015. Available online: http://www.codatu.org/bibliotheque/doc/a-traduire-en-en_us-le-transport-collectif-artisanal-une-composante-essentielle-dans-un-systeme-dual/ (accessed on 15 May 2019).
- Capel Molina, J.J. Lima, un clima de desierto litoral. An. Geogr. Univ. Complut. 1999, 19, 25–45. [Google Scholar]
- Ludeña Urquizo, W. Barrio y ciudad. Historiografía urbanística y la cuestión del dominio de referencia. El caso de Lima. Bitácora Urbano Territ. 2006, 1, 82–105. [Google Scholar]
- Barreda, J.; Ramírez Corzo Nicolini, D. Lima: Consolidación y expansión de una ciudad popular. Perú Hoy las Ciudades en el Perú 2004, 6, 200–218. [Google Scholar]
- PLAM 2035. Plan Metropolitano de Desarrollo Urbano de Lima y Callao. 2014. Available online: http://limatieneunplam.blogspot.de/2015/05/descarga-el-plam2035.html (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Orrego Penagos, J.L. Los Balnearios del sur de Lima: Pucusana. 12 January 2009. Available online: http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/juanluisorrego/2009/01/12/los-balnearios-del-sur-de-lima-pucusana/ (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Ludeña Urquizo, W. Lima: Reestructuración Económica y Transformaciones Urbanas. Periodo 1990–2005. 2005. Available online: http://departamento.pucp.edu.pe/arquitectura/publicaciones/cuadernos-13-arquitectura-y-ciudad/ (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Chion, M. Dimensión metropolitana de la globalización: Lima a fines del siglo XX. Rev. Eure 2002, 28, 71–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arroyo, R.; Romero, A. Lima Metropolitana y la Globalización: Plataforma de Integración Subordinada o Espacio de Autodeterminación en América Latina. In Lo Urbano en su Complejidad: Una Lectura Desde América Latina; Córdova Montúfar, M., Ed.; FLACSO: Quito, Ecuador, 2008; pp. 98–118. Available online: http://www.flacsoandes.edu.ec/agora/lima-metropolitana-y-la-globalizacion-plataforma-de-integracion-subordinada-o-espacio-de (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Gonzales de Olarte, E.; del Pozo Segura, J.M. Lima, una ciudad policéntrica. Un análisis a partir de la localización del empleo. Investig. Reg. 2012, 23, 29–52. [Google Scholar]
- Ludeña Urquizo, W. Ciudad y patrones de asentamiento. Estructura urbana y tipologización para el caso de Lima. Rev. Eure 2006, 32, 37–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Plöger, J. La formación de enclaves residenciales en Lima en el contexto de la inseguridad. ur[b]es 2006, 3, 135–164. [Google Scholar]
- Bähr, J.; Klückmann, G. Sozialräumliche Differenzierung von Wohngebieten unterer Einkommensgruppen in lateinamerikanischen Metropolen: Die Beispiele Santiago de Chile und Lima. Ibero Am. Arch. 1985, 11, 283–314. [Google Scholar]
- Pereyra, O. Forma urbana y segregación residencial en Lima. Rev. Debates Sociol. 2006, 31, 69–106. [Google Scholar]
- Lima la Única. El tranvía de Lima. 10 September 2011. Available online: http://www.limalaunica.pe/2011/09/el-tranvia-de-lima.html (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Jara Alata, A. Transporte público sostenible en Lima. Una aproximación al análisis coste-beneficio entre los sistemas BRT y LRT. Master’s Thesis, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain, 2016. Available online: https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2117/98476/JARA_TESIS_MASTER.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Herrera Cuntti, A. Apuntes Históricos de una Gran Ciudad; AHC Ediciones: Chincha, Peru, 2006; Available online: https://books.google.de/books?id=MIRUvCgWjwEC&pg=PA347&lpg=PA347&dq=ley+15786+anti+tranvia&source=bl&ots=PVj5TeK2RZ&sig=ckYaNXxMNFdJCK-0t9qrHrW2wZs&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOoZz7jpLcAhUOKVAKHQncBCsQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q&f=false (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Desco—Programa Urbano. Estudio Valoración de los Beneficiarios Proyecto Transporte Público Urbano Lima/Beneficiary Assessment (BA). 2002. Available online: http://www.academia.edu/3335314/Transporte_Urbano_Lima_Valoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Usuarios (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Zubieta, R. Las Combis: Más de 20 Años de un Mal Que Debe Desaparecer del Transporte Público. 2 May 2013. Available online: http://archivo.elcomercio.pe/sociedad/lima/combis-mas-20-anos-mal-que-desaparecer-transporte-publico-noticia-1571324 (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Bielich, C. El transporte público limeño y la guerra del centavo. Argumentos 2009, 3, 26–33. [Google Scholar]
- Kohon, J. Metro de Lima. El Caso de la Línea 1. 2015. Available online: http://scioteca.caf.com/bitstream/handle/123456789/894/metrolima_10%20mayo_para%20web.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Walker, J. Basics: The Spacing of Stops and Stations. Human Transit Blog, 5 November 2010. Available online: https://humantransit.org/2010/11/san-francisco-a-rational-stop-spacing-plan.html (accessed on 6 May 2019).
- Gerencia de Transporte Urbano. ¿Por qué es Importante la Reforma del Transporte en la Ciudad de Lima? 2013. Available online: http://www.protransporte.gob.pe/pdf/introducci%C3%B3n%20-%20por%20qu%C3%A9%20una%20reforma%20del%20transporte.pdf (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Metropolitano. Sistema. 2018. Available online: http://www.metropolitano.com.pe/conocenos/sistema/ (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Caretas. Un Ojo de la Cara. Caretas 2008, 2049, 38–41. [Google Scholar]
- Lima Cómo Vamos. #EvaluandoLima ¿Cómo Vamos en Movilidad? 2016. Available online: http://www.limacomovamos.org/movilidad-y-transporte/descarga-evaluandolima-como-vamos-en-movilidad-2/ (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Metro de Lima y Callao. Inicio. 2018. Available online: https://www.metrodelima.gob.pe/index.php (accessed on 28 February 2018).
- PERU21. Corredor Azul: Los 3 Problemas que Amenazan su Funcionamiento. 30 August 2014. Available online: https://peru21.pe/lima/corredor-azul3-problemas-amenazan-funcionamiento-182699 (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- El Comercio. Comisión aprueba Autoridad de Transporte para Lima y Callao. 9 January 2018. Available online: https://elcomercio.pe/lima/transporte/comision-aprueba-crear-autoridad-transporte-urbano-lima-callao-noticia-487583 (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- RPP. Ministra de Transportes Espera Definir “en los próximos días” al Jefe de la ATU de Lima y Callao. 6 May 2019. Available online: https://rpp.pe/politica/gobierno/ministra-de-transportes-espera-definir-en-los-proximos-dias-al-jefe-de-la-atu-de-lima-y-callao-noticia-1195375 (accessed on 23 May 2019).
- JICA—Japan International Cooperation Agency. Encuesta de Recolección de Información Básica del Transporte Urbano en el Área Metropolitana de Lima y Callao. 2013. Available online: http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/710/710/710_709_12087532.html (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Orrego Penagos, J.L. Notas Sobre Lima, los Automóviles y el Automovilismo. 16 January 2013. Available online: http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/juanluisorrego/2013/01/16/notas-sobre-lima-los-automoviles-y-el-automovilismo/ (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Yui, J. El origen de nuestras carreteras. La Panamericana. 29 January 2014. Available online: https://peru-bicentenario.lamula.pe/2014/01/29/el-origen-de-nuestras-carreteras/jorgeyui/ (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Andina. Los 50 años del zanjón. 2 July 2017. Available online: https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-los-50-anos-del-zanjon-673259.aspx (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Google Maps. Lima. 2018. Available online: https://www.google.com/maps/place/Lima,+Per%C3%BA/ (accessed on 3 July 2018).
- Lara, J.G. Línea Amarilla: Idas y Venidas del Proyecto de la MML. 28 February 2018. Available online: https://elcomercio.pe/lima/sucesos/linea-amarilla-idas-venidas-proyecto-mml-noticia-500774 (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Benza, P. ¿Por qué Los By-Pass de Castañeda Empeorarán el Tráfico? 7 Decembar 2016. Available online: http://semanaeconomica.com/article/legal-y-politica/sector-publico/204851-por-que-los-by-pass-de-castaneda-empeoraran-el-trafico/ (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Capital. 600 mil Mototaxis se Desplazan Sin Control de Municipalidades Distritales en Lima. 26 February 2016. Available online: http://www.capital.com.pe/actualidad/600-mil-mototaxis-se-desplazan-sin-control-de-municipalidades-distritales-en-lima-noticia-1013415 (accessed on 10 July 2018).
- Lima Cómo Vamos. Séptimo Informe Evaluando la Gestión en Lima y Callao 2016. 2017. Available online: http://www.limacomovamos.org/biblioteca/descarga-septimo-informe-evaluando-la-gestion-en-lima-y-callao/ (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Newman, P.; Kosonen, L.; Kenworthy, J. Theory of urban fabrics: Planning the walking, transit/public transport and automobile/motor car cities for reduced car dependency. Town Plan. Rev. 2016, 87, 429–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kahatt, S. Lima: Cinco siglos de orden y caos. Breve recuento de crecimiento y transformación socio-espacial. rita_ 2014, 1, 38–43. [Google Scholar]
- Cortes Navarrete, E. Crecimiento del Organismo Limeño. 5 July 2012. Available online: http://composicionurbana.blogspot.de/2012/07/crecimiento-del-organismo-limeno.html (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Meza Parra, S.K. La Vivienda Social en el Perú. Evaluación de las Políticas y Programas Sobre Vivienda de Interés Social. Caso de Estudio: Programa “Techo Propio”. Master’s Thesis, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain, 2016. Available online: https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2117/87782/MEZA_TESIS_MASTER.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Kahatt, S. Réquiem por las Unidades Vecinales de Lima. ARKINKA 2013, 17, 10–11. [Google Scholar]
- AATE—Autoridad Autónoma del Sistema Eléctrico de Transporte Masivo de Lima y Callao. Memoria Anual 2015. Available online: https://www.aate.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Memoria2015.pdf (accessed on 1 July 2018).
- CAF—Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina. Archivo de Datos Lima 2015. Available online: https://www.caf.com/es/temas/o/observatorio-de-movilidad-urbana/bases-de-datos/ (accessed on 3 April 2019).
- DEUMAN International and Walsh. Informe Final Estudio de Línea Base Ambiental COSAC I: Capítulo 8. 2005. Available online: http://www.protransporte.gob.pe/index.php/biblioteca-virtual/14-biblioteca-2005/154-estudio-linea-de-base-ambiental-cosac-i-deuman-international-y-walsh-ingenieros-y-cientificos-consultores (accessed on 30 June 2018).
- Gestión. Lima Ocupa el Séptimo Lugar Entre las Ciudades Con Tráfico Más Lento de la Región. 2018. Available online: https://gestion.pe/peru/lima-ocupa-septimo-lugar-ciudades-trafico-lento-region-226029 (accessed on 11 July 2018).
- INEI—Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Población 2000 al 2015. 2015. Available online: https://proyectos.inei.gob.pe/web/poblacion/ (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- INEI—Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. PERÚ: Producto Bruto Interno por Años, según Departamentos Valores a Precios Constantes de 2007. 2017. Available online: m.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/indices_tematicos/pbi_peru_4.xlsx (accessed on 29 June 2018).
- Moovit Insights. Índice de Transporte Público Perú Lima: Datos y estadísticas de uso del transporte público en Lima, Peru. 2018. Available online: https://moovitapp.com/insights/es-419/Moovit_Insights_Índice_de_Transporte_Público_Perú_Lima-1102?utm_source=seo_pages (accessed on 2 July 2018).
- Moovit. Moovit App Global LTD (Version 5.31.0). 2019. Available online: http://itunes.apple.com (accessed on 13 March 2019).
- Municipalidad de Lima. Informe Multianual de Inversiones en Asociaciones Público Privadas de la Municipalidad Metropolitana de Lima para el año 2017. 2017. Available online: https://www.mef.gob.pe/contenidos/inv_privada/app/IMI_APP_MML_2017.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0CUgxKiLv7nirHEsL35cpC8xyntsI4iL01a-AZFzZ07vYu0LarUZ-Etb8 (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Protransporte. Caracterización de la Oferta de Transporte. Estudio de Corredores Complementarios. 2014. Available online: http://www.protransporte.gob.pe/pdf/info/publi1/CC-F1-Capitulo_5.pdf (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Schiller, P.L.; Kenworthy, J.R. An Introduction to Sustainable Transportation: Policy, Planning and Implementation; Routledge: London, UK, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Kenworthy, J.R. The Good, the Bad and the Ugly in Urban Transport: Comparing Global Cities for Dependence on the Automobile. In Methods for Sustainability Research; Hartz-Karp, J., Marinova, D., Eds.; Edward Elgar Publishing: Cheltenham, UK, 2017; pp. 46–62. [Google Scholar]
- Vega Centeno, P. La dimensión urbana de las centralidades de Lima Norte: cambios y permanencias en la estructura metropolitana. Rev. Eure 2017, 43, 5–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Municipalidad de Lima. Lima. 2018. Available online: http://www.munlima.gob.pe/lima (accessed on 9 July 2018).
- Posada, C. Aumento continuo del parque automotor, un problema que urge solucionar. La Cámara 2018, 816, 24–26. [Google Scholar]
- Kenworthy, J.; Laube, F. The Millennium Cities Database for Sustainable Transport; CDROM Database; International Union (Association) of Public Transport: Brussels, Belgium; Brussels and Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy (ISTP): Perth, Australia, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Marketwin. Estudio de Tráfico y Tendencias de Movilidad Urbana en los Limeños—2017. 2017. Available online: http://marketwin.pe/estudio-trafico/ (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- EPA—United States Environmental Protection Agency. Sulfur Dioxide Basics. 2019. Available online: https://www.epa.gov/so2-pollution/sulfur-dioxide-basics (accessed on 3 April 2019).
- World Bank. ¿Cuántos kilómetros caben en un Metro? 27 September 2017. Available online: https://www.bancomundial.org/es/news/feature/2017/09/27/banco-mundial-proyecto-video-linea-2-metro-metropolitano-lima-peru (accessed on 28 June 2018).
- Alegre Escorza, M. Transporte Urbano: ¿Cómo Resolver la Movilidad en Lima y Callao? 2016. Available online: http://www.cies.org.pe/es/investigaciones/elecciones-generales-2016/ transporte-urbano-como-resolver-la-movilidad-en-lima-y (accessed on 3 April 2019).
- Kenworthy, J.R. Urban Transport and Eco-Urbanism: A Global Comparative Study of Cities with a Special Focus on Five Larger Swedish Urban Regions. Urban Sci. 2019, 3, 25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Newman, P.; Kenworthy, J. Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence; Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Barter, P.A. An International Comparative Perspective on Urban Transport and Urban Form in Pacific Asia: Responses to the Challenge of Motorisation in Dense Cities. Ph.D. Thesis, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Townsend, C. In Whose Interest: A Critical Approach to Southeast Asia’s Urban Transport Dynamics. Ph.D. Thesis, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- TransLink. Transit-Oriented Communities Design Guidelines. Creating More Livable Paces around Transit in Metro Vancouver. 2012. Available online: https://www.translink.ca/~/media/documents/plans_and_projects/transit_oriented_communities/transit_oriented_communities_design_guidelines.ashx (accessed on 5 June 2019).
- Colombia. Bogota: Bike Friendly City. 25 May 2018. Available online: https://www.colombia.co/en/colombia-travel/tourism-by-regions/bogota-bike-friendly-city/ (accessed on 29 June 2019).
- El Jouzou, H. A comparative study of Aerial Ropeway Transit (ART) systems. World Transp. Policy Pract. 2017, 22, 44–82. [Google Scholar]
Zone | Inhabitants | Socio-Economic Level Apeim (Horizonal %) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thousands | % over Metropolitan Lima | AB | C | D | E | |
Central Lima | 2133.5 | 20.6 | 57.5 | 33.1 | 8.1 | 1.2 |
Northern Lima | 2581.1 | 24.9 | 23.8 | 48.3 | 23.5 | 4.4 |
Eastern Lima | 2553.6 | 24.6 | 21.1 | 43.4 | 28.9 | 6.7 |
Southern Lima | 1935.8 | 18.7 | 17.2 | 41.4 | 31.0 | 10.5 |
Callao | 1053.0 | 10.2 | 25.7 | 42.9 | 23.0 | 8.4 |
Balnearios | 108.3 | 1.0 | 11.3 | 56.6 | 23.0 | 9.1 |
Total Metropolitan Lima | 10,365.3 | 100 | 28.9 | 42.2 | 23.0 | 5.9 |
BRT System | Extension (km) | Year | Main Features | Registered Cost |
---|---|---|---|---|
Curitiba, RIT | 65 | 1973 | 139 stations, 26 terminals, electronic collection, bike lanes | 2.40 |
Quito, Trolebus | 37 | 1995 | 68 stations, 9 terminals, central control, electric buses | 5.90 |
Bogotá, Transmilenio | 84 | 2000 | High capacity BRT, 104 stations, 10 integration points | 8.20 |
Sao Paulo, Interligado | 104 | 2002 | 327 stations, 24 terminals, integrated system | 3.50 |
León, SIT Optibus | 25 | 2003 | 51 stations, central control, 60% segregated | 1.80 |
México, Metrobus Insurgentes | 20 | 2005 | 34 stations, 2 terminals, central control | 2.80 |
Guayaquil, Metrovía | 15.5 | 2006 | 36 stations, 2 terminals, centralised control | 1.56 |
Pereira, Megabus | 27 | 2006 | 38 stations, centralised control | 2.89 |
Santiago, Transantiago | 19 | 2007 | 70 bus terminals, 2 intermodal stations | 4.00 |
Lima, Metropolitano | 26 | 2009 | 35 stations, 2 terminals, 1 underground station, central control | 11.94 |
Walking Fabrics | Transit Fabrics | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
District | Population | Area (Ha) | Density | Sector | District | Population | Area (Ha) | Density | Sector |
Breña | 81,909 | 321 | 255 | Central Lima | Miraflores | 85,065 | 916 | 93 | Central Lima |
Carmen De La Legua | 41,863 | 192 | 218 | Callao | Santiago De Surco | 289,597 | 3157 | 92 | Central Lima |
La Victoria | 192,724 | 910 | 212 | Central Lima | Chorrillos | 286,977 | 3261 | 89 | Southern Lima |
Independencia | 207,641 | 1000 | 208 | Northern Lima | Callao | 415,793 | 4883 | 86 | Callao |
Lince | 55,242 | 275 | 201 | Central Lima | Ventanilla | 277,895 | 3789 | 74 | Callao |
Rímac | 176,169 | 901 | 196 | Central Lima | La Punta | 4370 | 60 | 74 | Callao |
Surquillo | 89,179 | 462 | 193 | Central Lima | Carabayllo | 206,951 | 2959 | 70 | Northern Lima |
La Perla | 61,698 | 329 | 188 | Callao | Puente Piedra | 233,602 | 3486 | 68 | Northern Lima |
Santa Anita | 184,614 | 1034 | 179 | Eastern Lima | San Isidro | 58,032 | 971 | 60 | Central Lima |
San juan de Miraflores | 362,643 | 2080 | 175 | Southern Lima | Chaclacayo | 41,110 | 786 | 53 | Eastern Lima |
Los Olivos | 318,125 | 1827 | 175 | Northern Lima | La Molina | 132,498 | 3009 | 45 | Central Lima |
San Martín de Porres | 579,479 | 3519 | 165 | Northern Lima | Total transit fabrics | 2,031,890 | 27,277 | 75 | |
Bellavista | 75,163 | 458 | 165 | Callao | Automobile Fabrics | ||||
Pueblo Libre | 74,164 | 463 | 161 | Central Lima | Pachacamac | 67,489 | 2097 | 33 | Southern Lima |
El Agustino | 180,262 | 1131 | 160 | Eastern Lima | Chosica | 169,316 | 5816 | 30 | Eastern Lima |
San Luis | 54,634 | 349 | 157 | Central Lima | Ancón | 33,367 | 1167 | 29 | Balnearios |
Magdalena Del Mar | 50,764 | 327 | 156 | Central Lima | Pucusana | 10,496 | 378 | 28 | Balnearios |
Jesús María | 66,171 | 434 | 153 | Central Lima | San Bartolo | 5708 | 232 | 45 | Balnearios |
Comas | 486,932 | 3330 | 147 | Northern Lima | Santa Rosa | 10,903 | 541 | 21 | Balnearios |
San Juan De Lurigancho | 898,101 | 6178 | 146 | Eastern Lima | Cieneguilla | 26,488 | 1384 | 20 | Eastern Lima |
Lima | 299,412 | 2159 | 139 | Central Lima | Lurín | 61,246 | 3350 | 19 | Southern Lima |
San Miguel | 129,107 | 960 | 135 | Central Lima | Punta Hermosa | 5423 | 333 | 17 | Balnearios |
Villa María Del Triunfo | 378,449 | 2964 | 128 | Southern Lima | Punta Negra | 5283 | 403 | 14 | Balnearios |
Barranco | 33,903 | 275 | 124 | Central Lima | Santa María Del Mar | 133 | 71 | 2 | Balnearios |
Villa El Salvador | 381,790 | 3334 | 115 | Southern Lima | Total car fabrics | 395,852 | 15,772 | 26 | |
Ate | 478,278 | 4421 | 109 | Eastern Lima | Metropolitan Lima | 8,471,234 | 83,711 | 102 | |
San Borja | 105,076 | 1029 | 103 | Central Lima | |||||
Total walking fabrics | 6,043,492 | 40,662 | 150 |
Indicator | Unit | Metropolitan Lima | USA | Australia | Canada | Europe | Asia |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005 | 2006 | 2006 | 2005 | 2005 | |||
Characteristics of Metropolitan Area | |||||||
Urban density | persons/ha | 136 (2015) | 16 | 15 | 26 | 48 | 218 |
Gross Domestic Product per capita | USD/person | 6405 (2015) | 44,455 | 32,194 | 31,263 | 38,683 | 21,201 |
Transport Supply Indicators | |||||||
Length of reserved public transport routes per 1000 persons | m/1000 persons | 6 (2012) | 72 | 160 | 67 | 298 | 34 |
Length of freeway per capita | m/person | 0.021 (2015) | 0.156 | 0.083 | 0.157 | 0.094 | 0.026 |
Private vehicle ownership per 1000 persons | units/1000 persons | 259 (2015) | 656 | 667 | 537 | 503 | 98 |
Mobility Indicators | |||||||
Annual public transport vehicle kilometres of service per capita | v.km/person | 146 (2015) | 39 | 59 | 52 | 108 | 134 |
Annual private passenger vehicle kilometres per capita | v.km/person | 1422 (2015) | 13,176 | 8770 | 6573 | 5060 | 1575 |
Annual public transport passenger kilometres per capita | p.km/person | 3287(2015) | 571 | 1075 | 1031 | 2234 | 3786 |
Annual private transport passenger kilometres per capita | p.km/person | 3026 (2012) | 18,784 | 12,526 | 8554 | 6950 | 2265 |
Percentage of daily trips by non-motorised modes* | % | 25 (2012) | 10 | 14 | 12 | 35 | 26 |
Percentage of daily trips by public transport* | % | 49 (2012) | 5 | 8 | 13 | 22 | 46 |
Percentage of daily trips by private transport* | % | 26 (2012) | 85 | 78 | 75 | 43 | 28 |
Total daily trips per capita* | trips/person | 2.36 (2012) | 3.68 | 3.36 | 2.74 | 3.21 | 2.56 |
Annual public transport boardings per capita | boardings/person | 449 (2015) | 67 | 96 | 151 | 386 | 450 |
Transport Externality Indicators | |||||||
Annual emissions per capita | kg/person | 23 (2004) | 185 | 144 | 165 | 35 | 34 |
Annual transport deaths per 100,000 people | deaths/100,000 persons | 4.8 (2015) | 9.5 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 3.4 | 3.8 |
Public-Private Transport Balance Indicators | |||||||
Ratio of segregated public transport infrastructure versus expressways | 0.29 (2012) | 0.56 | 1.98 | 0.56 | 5.51 | 1.42 | |
* Daily trips values don’t consider “Trucks and other modes” or “Camión y Otros” (44,000) |
Origin -> Destination | Center | North | South | East | West | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Center | 3,175,000 | 611,000 | 487,000 | 730,000 | 283,000 | 5,286,000 |
North | 616,000 | 1,289,000 | 41,000 | 97,000 | 141,000 | 2,186,000 |
South | 494,000 | 39,000 | 966,000 | 67,000 | 21,000 | 1,588,000 |
East | 733,000 | 97,000 | 67,000 | 1,281,000 | 43,000 | 2,224,000 |
West | 285,000 | 141,000 | 22,000 | 44,000 | 548,000 | 1,040,000 |
Total | 5,303,000 | 2,178,000 | 1,585,000 | 2,223,000 | 1,036,000 | 12,324,000 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Jauregui-Fung, F.; Kenworthy, J.; Almaaroufi, S.; Pulido-Castro, N.; Pereira, S.; Golda-Pongratz, K. Anatomy of an Informal Transit City: Mobility Analysis of the Metropolitan Area of Lima. Urban Sci. 2019, 3, 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030067
Jauregui-Fung F, Kenworthy J, Almaaroufi S, Pulido-Castro N, Pereira S, Golda-Pongratz K. Anatomy of an Informal Transit City: Mobility Analysis of the Metropolitan Area of Lima. Urban Science. 2019; 3(3):67. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030067
Chicago/Turabian StyleJauregui-Fung, Franco, Jeffrey Kenworthy, Samar Almaaroufi, Natalia Pulido-Castro, Sara Pereira, and Kathrin Golda-Pongratz. 2019. "Anatomy of an Informal Transit City: Mobility Analysis of the Metropolitan Area of Lima" Urban Science 3, no. 3: 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030067