Structure of Plot Systems and Economic Activity in Cities: Linking Plot Types to Retail and Food Services in London, Amsterdam and Stockholm
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Earlier Research
1.3. Hypothesis
1.4. Outline of Paper
2. Theoretical Background: Differentiation of Plots and Economic Specialisation in Cities
2.1. Property Rights and Urban Development
2.2. Economic Specialisation and Morphological Description of Plots
3. Methodology
3.1. General Overview of the Methodological Steps
3.2. Step 1. Study Areas: London, Amsterdam and Stockholm
3.3. Step 2. Dependent Variables: Concentration of Economic Activity in Cities
3.4. Step 3. Independent Variables: Plot Types
3.5. Step 4. Preparing Models to Control Variables of Street Centrality and Built Density
3.6. Step 5. Statistical Analysis of Differences between Plot Types in Terms of the Dependent Variable
4. Results: Differences between Plot Types in Terms of Economic Activity Concentration
5. Conclusions: Importance of Plot Types for Distribution of Economic Activity in Cities
6. Discussion: Possible Extensions of the Current Study
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Quantitative Measures of Plots
Appendix B. Distribution of Three Measures and Plot Types in London, Amsterdam and Stockholm
Appendix C. Preparing Models to Control Variables of Street Centrality and Built Density
Appendix D. Distribution of Dependent Variable of Economic Activity across Plot Types in Three Cities
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Data Sources (Input) | Steps | Description | Output |
---|---|---|---|
1. Selecting study areas: London, Amsterdam, Stockholm | |||
Fastighet maps from Swedish Land registry in Stockholm, downloaded in 2016 | 1.1 Edit map | Exclude infrastructure (roads and rail) and water including correction of clipping errors (The study areas cover metropolitan areas of cities. For this reason, the Urban Morphological Zone (UMZ) boundaries are used, as defined by the European Environment Agency (EEA), source: http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/urban-morphological-zones-2006) | Plots layer [14] |
DKK database in Amsterdam, downloaded in 2016 | |||
Land Registry INSPIRE Index Polygons in London, downloaded in 2016 | |||
2. Measuring the dependent variable of economic activity | |||
Open Street Maps, (points of interest), downloaded in 2016 | 2.1 Filter data | Extracting economic activities (food and retail services) based on OSM coding (25xx; 23xx) | Economic Activity concentration per plot |
2.2 Measuring number of economic activities per plot | Sum of economic activities per plot (i.e., count) divided by plot area | ||
2.3 Removing zero values | |||
3. Measuring the independent variable using plot types | |||
Plots layer [14] (Step 1) | 3.1 Plot measures | Accessible number of plots, AP(o,D); 500 m radius | Seven plot types [15] |
Accessible Frontage Index, APF(o,D); 500 m radius | |||
Accessible Compactness Index, APC(o,D); 500 m radius | |||
3.2 Plot types | K-means cluster analysis based on three measures | ||
4. Constructing statistical model: controlling for street centrality and building density | |||
Multiscalar street types, generated by Berghauser Pont et al. [63] | 4.1 Controlling for street centrality | Extracting observations corresponding to high betweenness centrality across several scales: street types “City” and “Neighbourhood” | Observations corresponding to higher betweenness centrality across scales |
Multivariable density types, generated by Berghauser Pont et al. [15] | 4.2 Controlling for density | Extracting observations corresponding to high building density (FSI): building types “Dense mid-rise”, “Compact mid-rise” and “Spacious mid-rise” | Observations corresponding to higher FSI |
5. Statistical analysis of differences between plot types in terms of economic activity concentration | |||
Model of plot types and economic activity concentration within selected street and density types (Steps 2–4) | 5.1 Kruskal-Wallis H test | Statistical analysis of differences between the plot types, in terms of dependent variable distribution (local markets) | Comparison of mean rank values within and across three cities |
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Share and Cite
Bobkova, E.; Marcus, L.; Berghauser Pont, M.; Stavroulaki, I.; Bolin, D. Structure of Plot Systems and Economic Activity in Cities: Linking Plot Types to Retail and Food Services in London, Amsterdam and Stockholm. Urban Sci. 2019, 3, 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030066
Bobkova E, Marcus L, Berghauser Pont M, Stavroulaki I, Bolin D. Structure of Plot Systems and Economic Activity in Cities: Linking Plot Types to Retail and Food Services in London, Amsterdam and Stockholm. Urban Science. 2019; 3(3):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030066
Chicago/Turabian StyleBobkova, Evgeniya, Lars Marcus, Meta Berghauser Pont, Ioanna Stavroulaki, and David Bolin. 2019. "Structure of Plot Systems and Economic Activity in Cities: Linking Plot Types to Retail and Food Services in London, Amsterdam and Stockholm" Urban Science 3, no. 3: 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030066