Status and Future Directions for Residential Street Infrastructure Retrofit Research
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Overview of Findings
3.2. Green, Grey and Green-Grey Street Infrastructures
3.3. Integration of Green, Grey and Green-Grey Street Infrastructures
3.4. Ecosystem / Landscape Services of Street Infrastructures
3.5. Barriers to Street Infrastructure Retrofit Success and Implementation
3.5.1. High Cost of Infrastructure Implementation
3.5.2. Insufficient Space
3.5.3. Limitations in Infrastructure Performance
3.5.4. Poor Network Connectivity
3.5.5. Lack of Sensitivity to Local Biophysical and Social Conditions
3.5.6. Inadequate Policy and Program Support
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Field Cluster | No. of Papers | Minor Field | No. of Papers | Journal | No. of Papers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical Science | 8 | Environmental engineering | 7 | Journal of Hydrology | 2 |
Journal of Hydrological Engineering | 2 | ||||
Water Environment Research | 1 | ||||
Journal of Environmental Engineering | 1 | ||||
Ecological Engineering | 1 | ||||
Materials science (Miscellaneous) | 1 | International Journal of Pavement Engineering | 1 | ||
Social Sciences | 7 | Geography, planning and development | 2 | Landscape and Urban Planning | 2 |
Transportation | 4 | Transportation Research Part D | 1 | ||
Journal of Transport & Health | 1 | ||||
Accident Analysis and Prevention | 2 | ||||
Health (Social Science) | 1 | Health &Place | 1 |
Appendix B
Infrastructure Categories | Definition | Times Studied |
---|---|---|
Green Infrastructure | 9 | |
Tree | Trees, either stand-alone or in groups | 3 |
Planting | Trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants and/or bulbs | 5 |
Planter | Raised man-made structure with planted trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants or bulbs | 1 |
Green-Grey Infrastructure | 9 | |
Bioretention areas | Facilities that store, infiltrate or treat stormwater runoff | 7 |
Permeable pavements | Paved surfaces that infiltrate stormwater runoff | 2 |
Grey Infrastructure | 27 | |
Chicane | Elements that slow down traffic including street narrowing, changing streets from two to one-way streets, bump-outs, build-outs, raised tables, bollards, raised centre medium | 8 |
Shared space/street | Mixed-use area shared by different street users with no sign or spatial elements that communicate it is to be used for vehicle, pedestrian or cyclist activities only. | 1 |
Sidewalk | Linear pathway exclusively for pedestrian use | 2 |
Pedestrian crossing | Street crossing points delineated by road marking, signage, and/or pedestrian refuges | 2 |
Street furniture | All street furniture (includes lighting, bike racks, art) | 6 |
Cycle lane | Pathway exclusively for bicycle use | 3 |
Novel pavements | New types of pavements that are not shared spaces | 1 |
Street signage | Painted symbols, beacons, flashing lights and placards | 4 |
Appendix C
Landscape Service Category | Landscape Service Sub-Category | Literature-Based Street-Specific Landscape Service | Green Service Infra-Structure | Green-Grey Service Infra-Structure | Grey Service Infra-Structure | Authors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultural Services | ||||||
Nature-Based Cultural Services | ||||||
Aesthetics and inspiration | x | x | x | x | x | |
Recreation; mental/ physical health | x | x | x | x | x | |
Tourism | x | x | x | x | x | |
Spiritual experience; sense of place | x | x | x | x | x | |
Human-based Cultural Services (1 Services) | ||||||
Aesthetics and inspiration | Improved street aesthetics | Street furniture, shared surfaces, planting | Adams and Cavill, 2015 [53] | |||
Recreation and mental and physical health | Improved pedestrian habitat/movement | |||||
Improved pedestrian habitat/movement | Chicane, street signage, planters, bike racks | Curl et al., 2015 [55] | ||||
Tourism | x | x | x | x | x | |
Spiritual experience; sense of place | x | x | x | x | x | |
Nature/Human-based Cultural Services (4 Services) | ||||||
Aesthetics and inspiration | Improved street aesthetics | Cycleway, sidewalk, street furniture, plantings; | Coulson et al. 2011 [54] | |||
Improved street aesthetics | Charlton et al. 2010 [58] | |||||
Recreation and mental and physical health | Improved pedestrian habitat/movement | Trees, plantings, street signage or removal of, cycle lane, pedestrian crossing, chicane | Mackie et al. 2013 [59] | |||
Feelings of connectedness to nature | Bioretention area | Church 2015 [48] | ||||
Improved physical activity; reduced automobile use for transport; improved feelings of safety | Cycleway, sidewalk, street furniture, plantings | Coulson et al. 2011 [54] | ||||
Improved pedestrian/cyclist perception of physical health/safety | Trees, plantings, street signage or removal of, cycle lane, pedestrian crossing, chicane | Charlton et al. 2010 [58]; Mackie et al. 2013 [59] | ||||
Tourism | x | x | x | x | x | |
Spiritual experience; sense of place | x | x | x | x | x | |
Education (MEA 2005) | Knowledge/ Appreciation of street stormwater management | Bioretention area | Church 2015 [48] | |||
Regulating Services | ||||||
Nature-based Regulating Services | ||||||
Air quality regulation | Improved air quality | x | x | Sidewalks, street furniture, trees, street signage, Chicane, planting | Shu et al., 2014 [52] | |
Climate regulation | x | x | x | x | x | |
Carbon sequestration and storage | x | x | x | x | x | |
Moderation of extreme events | x | x | x | x | x | |
Waste water treatment | x | x | x | x | x | |
Erosion, soil and fertility protection | x | x | x | x | x | |
Pollination | x | x | x | x | x | |
Biological control | x | x | x | x | x | |
Human-based Regulating Services | ||||||
None of the above | x | x | x | x | x | |
Nature/Human-based Regulating Services | ||||||
Air quality regulation | x | x | x | x | x | |
Climate regulation | x | x | x | x | x | |
Carbon sequestration and storage | x | x | x | x | x | |
Moderation of extreme events | x | x | x | x | x | |
Waste water treatment | Infiltration of water | Permeable pavement | Brown and Borst 2014 [46] | |||
Infiltration of water, filtration of suspended solids/heavy metals with variable removal of phosphorus, not nitrogen | Bioretention area | Hatt et al. 2009 [57] | ||||
Infiltration/Retention of water runoff, phosphorus, dissolved copper, motor oil | Bioretention area | Chapman and Horner 2010 [47] | ||||
Infiltration of water | Bioretention area | Schlea et al. 2014 [51] | ||||
Infiltration of water; filtration of phosphorus, suspended solids, copper, lead and zinc. | Bioretention areas, permeable pavement | Page et al., 2014 [50] | ||||
Infiltration of water runoff | Page et al. 2015a [31] | |||||
Filtration of pollutants | Suspended pavement systems | Page et al. 2015b [49] | ||||
Erosion, soil and fertility protection | x | x | x | x | x | |
Pollination | x | x | x | x | x | |
Biological control | x | x | x | x | x | |
Provisioning Services | ||||||
Nature-based Provisioning Services | ||||||
Food | x | x | x | x | x | |
Fresh water | x | x | x | x | x | |
Raw materials | x | x | x | x | x | |
Medicinal resources | x | x | x | x | x | |
Ornamental species and/or resources | x | x | x | x | x | |
Human-based Provisioning Services | ||||||
None of the above | x | x | x | x | x | |
Nature/Human-based Provisioning Services | ||||||
None of the above | x | x | x | x | x | |
Habitat or Supporting Services | ||||||
Nature-based Habitat or Supporting Services | ||||||
Habitat for species | x | x | x | x | x | |
Maintenance of genetic diversity | x | x | x | x | x | |
Human-based Habitat or Supporting Services | ||||||
Reduced cost/Improved ease of service provision | Increased access to utilities; Reduced cost/ increased infrastructure replacement speed | Novel pavement (removable) | De Larrard et al. 2013 [56] | |||
Nature/Human-based Habitat or Supporting Services | ||||||
None of the above | x | x | x | x | x |
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Authors | Year | Journal | Name of Paper | Method | Location of Study | Climate Zones |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
USA | ||||||
Brown and Borst [46] | 2014 | Journal of Hydrological Engineering | Evaluation of surface and subsurface processes in permeable pavement infiltration trenches | Water flow monitoring | Louisville, Kentucky | Humid Subtropical (CFA) |
Chapman and Horner [47] | 2010 | Water Environment Research | Performance Assessment of a Street-Drainage Bio-retention System | Water flow/ pollutant monitoring | Washington | Dry-summer temperate (CSB) |
Church [48] | 2014 | Landscape and Urban Planning | Exploring Green Streets and raingardens as instances of small scale nature and environmental learning tools | Semi-structured interviews | Portland, Oregon | Dry-summer temperate (CSB) |
Page et al. [31] | 2015a | Journal of Hydrology | Retrofitting with innovative stormwater control measures: Hydrologic mitigation of impervious cover in the municipal right-of-way | Water flow monitoring | Wilmington, North Carolina | Humid Subtropical (CFA) |
Page et al. [49] | 2015b | Ecological Engineering | Soils beneath suspended pavements: An opportunity for stormwater control and treatment | Water flow/ pollutant monitoring | Wilmington, North Carolina | Humid Subtropical (CFA) |
Page et al. [50] | 2014 | Journal of Environmental Engineering | Retrofitting Residential Streets with Stormwater Control Measures over Sandy Soils for Water Quality Improvement at the Catchment Scale | Water flow monitoring | Wilmington, North Carolina | Humid Subtropical (CFA) |
Schlea et al. [51] | 2014 | Journal of Hydrological engineering | Performance and Water Table Responses of Retrofit Rain Gardens | Water flow/ pollutant monitoring | Westerville, Ohio | Hot humid continental climate (DFA) |
Shu et al. [52] | 2014 | Transportation Research Part D | Changes of street use and on-road air quality before and after complete street retrofit: An exploratory case study in Santa Monica, California | Air quality, microclimatic data and traffic volume monitoring | Santa Monica, California | Dry-summer subtropical (CSA) |
UK | ||||||
Adams and Cavill [53] | 2015 | Journal of Transport & Health | Engaging communities in changing the environment to promote transport-related walking- Evaluation of route use in the ‘Fitter for Walking’ project | Pedestrian counts/ interviews | England | Oceanic (CFB) |
Coulson et al. [54] | 2011 | Health &Place | Residents’ diverse perspectives of the impact of neighbourhood renewal on quality of life and physical activity engagement- Improvements but unresolved issues | Focus groups | England | Oceanic (CFB) |
Curl et al. [55] | 2015 | Landscape and Urban Planning | The effectiveness of ‘shared space’ residential street interventions on self-reported activity levels and quality of life for older people | Questionnaire surveys, community meetings and information sessions. | England, Wales and Scotland | Oceanic (CFB) |
France | ||||||
de Larrard et al. [56] | 2013 | International Journal of Pavement Engineering | Removable urban pavements: an innovative, sustainable technology | Interviews | France | Oceanic (CFB) |
Australia | ||||||
Hatt et al. [57] | 2009 | Journal of Hydrology | Hydrologic and pollutant removal performance of stormwater bio-filtration systems at the field scale | Water flow/ pollutant monitoring | McDowall, Queensland | Humid Subtropical (CFA) |
New Zealand | ||||||
Charlton et al. [58] | 2010 | Accident Analysis and Prevention | Using endemic road features to create self-explaining roads and reduce vehicle speeds | Videos and resident questionnaire | Auckland | Oceanic (CFB) |
Mackie et al. [59] | 2013 | Accident Analysis and Prevention | Road user behaviour changes following a self-explaining roads intervention | Videos | Auckland | Oceanic (CFB) |
Study | Infrastructure Components | ||
---|---|---|---|
Green | Green-Grey | Grey | |
Element Scale | |||
Physically and functionally integrated | |||
Brown and Borst 2014 [46] | parking lane permeable pavement | ||
Schlea et al., 2014 [51] | Kerbed boulevard bioretention cells | ||
Hatt et al., 2009 [57] | kerbed chicane bioretension cell | ||
Chapman et al., 2010 [47] | parking lane bermed bioretention | ||
Page et al., 2015b [49] | boulevard suspended pavement | ||
Network Scale | |||
Physically and Functionally Integrated | |||
Page et al., 2015a [31]; Page et al. 2014 [50] | bioretention cell, permeable pavement parking stalls, tree filters | ||
Church, 2015 [48] | bioretention facilities within kerbed boulevards along streets | ||
Mackie et al., 2013 [59]; Charlton et al., 2010 [58] | trees, plantings | cycle lane, pedestrian crossing, chicane | |
Shu et al., 2014 [52] | trees, plantings | sidewalks, street furniture, chicane | |
Curl et al., 2015 [55] | planter | chicane, bike racks | |
Adams and Cavill 2015 [53] | planting | street furniture, shared surfaces | |
Coulson et al., 2011 [54] | trees, planter, planting | bioretention cells | lighting, chicanes, shared space paving, artwork, cycle lane |
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Aleksandrova, K.I.; McWilliam, W.J.; Wesener, A. Status and Future Directions for Residential Street Infrastructure Retrofit Research. Urban Sci. 2019, 3, 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3020049
Aleksandrova KI, McWilliam WJ, Wesener A. Status and Future Directions for Residential Street Infrastructure Retrofit Research. Urban Science. 2019; 3(2):49. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3020049
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksandrova, Ksenia I., Wendy J. McWilliam, and Andreas Wesener. 2019. "Status and Future Directions for Residential Street Infrastructure Retrofit Research" Urban Science 3, no. 2: 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3020049
APA StyleAleksandrova, K. I., McWilliam, W. J., & Wesener, A. (2019). Status and Future Directions for Residential Street Infrastructure Retrofit Research. Urban Science, 3(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3020049