A Review of the Effect of Nano-Silica on the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Cementitious Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nanomaterials
3. Nano-Silica
4. Mechanical Properties
4.1. Compressive Strength
Reference | % NS Content | Concrete Type | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
Mukharjee & Barai, (2020) [70] | Concrete | Studies have demonstrated that the compressive strength of mortar can be improved by increasing the amount of nano-silica, which improves the matrix. | |
Yonggui et al. (2020) [60] | 0, 3, and 6% | Recycled concrete | The compressive strength of concrete can be upgraded by adding nano-sillica, and studies have shown that higher percentages of nano-silica content can lead to an increase in the relative residual splitting tensile strength of concrete. |
Their & Özakça (2018) [64] | 2% | Geopolymer concrete (GPC) | Unless paired with nano-silica, the addition of steel fiber did not result in a substantial improvement in compressive strength. |
Nuaklong et al. (2018) [71] | 1, 2, and 3% | Recycled aggregate geopolymer concrete | GPC’s mechanical and durability properties were both enhanced by 1% substitution of nano-silica. |
Jalal et al. (2015) [66] | 2% | High-performance self-compacting concrete | The addition of 2% nano-sillica improved the performance of concrete. |
Fallah & Nematzadeh (2017) [68] | 1, 2, and 3% | High-strength concrete | The adding of 2% and 12% of nano- and micro-silica improved the physical properties of concrete. |
Hasan-Nattaj & Nematzadeh (2017) [69] | 1, 2, and 3% | Fiber-reinforced concrete | The 8% SF, 2% nano-silica, and 1% steel fibers in the concrete mix provide good mechanical properties. |
Ganesh et al. (2016) [72] | 1 and 2% | High-strength concrete | The strength was increased when nano-silica was substituted at 2% to provide more strength. |
Chithra et al. (2016) [36] | 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3% | High-performance concrete | With more nano-silica content, the structural behavior improved, however a 2% replacement was determined to be ideal. |
Atmaca et al. (2017) [73] | 3% | High-strength light weight concrete | In aggressive environments, nano-silica improves the concrete’s strength |
Supit & Shaikh (2015) [74] | 2 and 4% | High-volume fly ash concrete | The research suggests that adding 2% of nano-silica to cement can improve the performance of concrete. |
Beigi et al. (2013) [75] | 0, 2, 4, 6% | Self-compacting concrete | Concrete’s behavior may be improved by adding fibers and nano-silica. |
4.2. Tensile Strength
4.3. Flexural Strength
5. Durability
5.1. Chloride Penetration Resistance
5.2. Sulfate Resistance
5.3. Water Absorption
5.4. Carbonation Resistance
6. Summary and Conclusions
- By considering various factors such as the nature and dimensions of the nano-silica dosage, dispersion technique, dispersant type, water-cement ratio, and sequence of mixing, it becomes possible to discern the impact on the strength of concrete.
- Inadequate dispersion or an increase in nucleation sites that can generate C-S-H gel due to the pozzolanic reaction can result in agglomeration when nano-silica has a high specific surface area. The dispersion method and type of dispersant used are factors that influence this.
- The recommended replacement dose of nano-silica varies between 2 and 3%, according to the kind of cement used.
- In order to retain the rolling effect of nano-silica and prevent the decrease in concrete workability, it might be essential to employ a significant quantity of plasticizers and elevate the water-cement ratio.
- Nano-silica can enhance compressive strength while significantly improving other ductile properties, making it suitable to blend with fibers to further enhance ductility.
- At the optimal dosage, the durability of nano-silica-modified concrete can be significantly improved. This is due to the stable hydration products generated in the pozzolanic process, which resist the ingress of harmful chemicals that cause degradation.
7. Future Research Directions
- It is important to assess the engineering characteristics of concrete with nano-silica added, such as bond, creep, shrinkage, etc.
- Concrete with nano-silica added should have its fresh and hardened qualities evaluated to identify its thermal and acoustical characteristics.
- A standardized mix design method for nano-silica-added concrete should be established to ensure consistency in the production process.
- The optimal quantity of superplasticizers required for improved workability of nano-silica-added concrete needs to be determined.
- The development of lightweight, highly durable, and nano-silica-infused concrete should be the main focus of research.
- Thorough research is needed to optimize nano-silica-added concrete and create mathematical models that can predict concrete behavior accurately.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|---|
Amin & Abu el-Hassan (2015) [33] | (Ni ferrite) and (Cu-Zn ferrite) were utilized in the experiment together with 15 nm nano-silica. | High-strength concrete | In the investigation, weight doses of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% of nano-sillica, Ni, and Cu-Zn ferrite were added to cementitious materials. | Comparing samples of concrete with nano-ferrite to samples of concrete with nano-silica, the latter produced compressive strength that were superior by an estimated 10%. |
Ren et al. (2018) [20] | The experiment employed nano- titanium dioxide particles with a diameter of 10 nm and nano-silica particles with a diameter of 20 nm. | Normal concrete | In the study, cement was substituted with nano-silica and nano-TiO2 to varying degrees (1%, 3%, and 5%, respectively). | With a mass concentration of 3%, NS and NT may each maximally increase the compressive strength of concrete by 16% and 9%, respectively. |
Zhao et al. (2012) [34] | The nano-silica particle dimension averages employed in the investigation was about 100 nm. | Normal concrete | In the study, nano-silica was utilized at different weight percentages, including 0%, 5%, 15%, and 20%. | The ability of compression and frost resistance increases by 20% when nano-SiO2 concentration is 10% compared to conventional concrete. |
Shaikh & Supit (2014) [35] | In the experiment, nano-CaCO3 powder (40 to 50 nm) was employed. | Fly ash concrete | The study incorporated Nano-CaCO3 into cement at weight dosages of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%. | Results demonstrate that among all nano-CaCO3 concentrations, 1% CaCO3 nanoparticles had the maximum compressive strength, which was also 22% greater than that of cement mortar. |
Chithra et al. (2016) [36] | The solution under consideration is a colloidal dispersion of nanoparticles in water, which has a density range of 1.3 to 1.32. | High-performance concrete | The study conducted with nano-silica involved replacing different percentages of cement by weight, specifically 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3%. | The addition of nano-silica to cement mortars that used 40% copper slag as a substitute for fine aggregate enhanced the compressive strength by 2%. |
Salemi & Behfarnia (2013) [37] | Nanoparticles of 20 nm diameter silicon and 8 nm diameter aluminum oxide were the materials employed in the investigation. | Concrete pavement | In the investigation, NS at 3%, 5%, and 7% and nano-Al2O3 at 1%, 2%, and 3% were used to substitute cement to varying degrees by weight. | According to experimental findings, adding 5% nano-silica to cementitious materials increases concrete’s compressive strength and frost resistance by up to 30% and 83%, respectively. |
Mohamed (2016) [38] | Nano-silica and nano-clay (NC) | Normal concrete | The study involved substituting cement at varying weight percentages, ranging from 0.5% to 10%. | Nano-silica and nano-clay both significantly increase the compressive strength of high-performance concrete by 18% and 11%, respectively. |
Wu et al. (2016) [39] | Nano-CaCO3 elements and nano-silica particles with diameters ranging from 5 to 35 nm and 15 to 105 nm, respectively, were used in the study. | High strength concrete | In the experiment, paste was substituted by mass with different percentages of nano-CaCO3, specifically 0%, 1.6%, 3.2%, 4.8%, and 6.4%, as well as with nano-silica at 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% of the mass of cement. | While nano-SiO2 UHSC combinations exhibited a continuous and strong rise in strength with age up to 7 days, nano-CaCO3 UHSC mixtures essentially showed constant strength between 3 and 7 days, but a fast increase beyond that |
Li et al. (2015) [40] | The study used both nano-silica nanoparticles (20 nm) and nano-limestone nanoparticles (15–80 nm). | Ultra-high-performance concrete | The experiment involved partially replacing cement by mass with nano-silica at 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%, as well as with nano-limestone at 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, and 4.0%. | The increase in the flexural to compressive strengths ratio of 1.0% NS-integrated UHPC matrix with W/B ratios of 0.16 is 36%. |
Gao et al. (2017) [41] | Nano-silica nanoparticles with an average particle size of 15 nm were used in the study, as were nano-sillica nanoparticles with a medium grain size of 50 nm. | Road flyash concrete | At quantities of 3%, 2%, and 1% of the composition of cementitious materials, silica fume and nano-silica were both used in the experiment. | Compared to the reference concrete, the concrete containing 2% NS at 28 days saw a 124.8% increase in drying shrinkage. |
Torabian et al. (2016) [42] | The material used in the study was composed of nano-silica nanoparticles, which had an average particle size of 20 nm. | Normal concrete | The study involved using nano-silica to replace cement in different quantities, specifically 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%. | A 41% increase in strength is achieved by adding 1.5% NS to concrete with a w/b ratio of 0.65. |
Said et al. (2012) [43] | The substance utilized in the study consisted of nano-silica nanoparticles that had a medium grain size of 35 nm. | Normal concrete | During the experiment, various quantities of nano-silica nanoparticles, especially 6% and 12% by weight, were introduced to the cementitious materials. | With the addition of nano-silica, the strength increased up to 6% at all curing ages. |
Hosseini et al. (2017) [44] | The experiment utilized nano-clay elements that had a density of 1660 kg/m3. | Self-compacting concrete | The researchers substituted cement with varying proportions of nano-clay, which included 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% of the total weight of the cement. | At 56 days, the addition of 0.25 and 50% nano-clay increased compressive strength by 15% and 14%, respectively. |
Sample | Vickers Hardness Gpa | Fracture Toughness (MPa Öm) | Fracture Strength (MPa) | Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) | Impact Strength (J/cm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monolithic Al2O3 | 17.8 | 3.6 ± 0.3 | 536 ± 35 | - | - |
Al2O3/Cu(oxide) | 17.0 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 819 ± 53 | - | - |
Al2O3/Cu(nitrate) | 17.2 | 4.8 ± 0.2 | 953 ± 59 | - | - |
Al2O3/Ni-Co | 19.0 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 1070 ± 72 | - | - |
AA6061/nano-SiC | 96.4 | - | - | 190.2 | 15.5 |
AA6061/nano-B4C | 69.4 | - | - | 201.5 | 12.4 |
AA6061/1.5SiC + 1.5B4C | 173.9 | - | - | 280.2 | 19.7 |
Sample | Vickers Hardness Gpa | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Flexural Strength (MPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation at Break (%) | Young’s/Bending Modulus (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p-type skutterudites | 576 ± 52 | 630 ± 20 | 105 ± 10 | - | - | 44 ± 8 |
p-type skutterudites + 0.5 wt% multi-walled carbon nanotubes | 513 ± 52 | 355 ± 15 | 65 ± 70 | - | - | 40 ± 6 |
p-type skutterudites + 1.0 wt% multi-walled carbon nanotubes | 563 ± 85 | 320 ± 15 | 54 ± 7 | - | - | 39 ± 8 |
p-type skutterudites + 1.5 wt% multi-walled carbon nanotubes | 569 ± 70 | 255 ± 10 | 45 ± 5 | - | - | 33 ± 10 |
oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber | - | - | - | 50–400 | 8.0–18.0 | 1.0–9.0 |
Kenaf fiber | - | - | - | 500–600 | 1.5–3.5 | 40–53 |
100% nano-PLLA | - | - | 135.6 | 55.6 | - | 3.3 |
90% nano-PLLA + 10% nano-HA | - | - | 142.5 | 53.2 | - | 3.5 |
80% nano-PLLA + 20% nano-HA | - | - | 156.8 | 48.6 | - | 3.8 |
70% nano-PLLA + 30% nano-HA | - | - | 130.3 | 42.3 | - | 3.9 |
60% nano-PLLA + 40% nano-HA | - | - | 125.9 | 38.6 | - | 4.1 |
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AlTawaiha, H.; Alhomaidat, F.; Eljufout, T. A Review of the Effect of Nano-Silica on the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Cementitious Composites. Infrastructures 2023, 8, 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8090132
AlTawaiha H, Alhomaidat F, Eljufout T. A Review of the Effect of Nano-Silica on the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Cementitious Composites. Infrastructures. 2023; 8(9):132. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8090132
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlTawaiha, Haneen, Fadi Alhomaidat, and Tamer Eljufout. 2023. "A Review of the Effect of Nano-Silica on the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Cementitious Composites" Infrastructures 8, no. 9: 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8090132