Examination of Concrete Canvas under Quasi-Realistic Loading by Computed Tomography
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Laboratory Measurements
2.1. Set-Up of the Measurements
- After the specimen’s assembly, conduct the first recording of the initial state of the specimen (via CT equipment);
- Hydrate the specimens with CC;
- Let the specimens with CC stand for 60 min;
- Load with ZD-40 machine until 100 kPa is reached—hold for 5 min;
- Conduct the second recording using CT equipment;
- Let the specimens with CC stand for seven days;
- Load with ZD-40 machine until 200 kPa is reached—hold for 1 min;
- Conduct the third recording using CT equipment;
- Measure the weight and construct the new particle size distribution graph.
2.2. Computed Tomography Examination
- A 360° rotation produces 1260 projections (CT images);
- The number of lines is 104;
- In the case of multi-slice, the distance between two slices is 210 mm;
- The number of pixels is 2048 × 2048 (used: 1024 × 1024);
- 2D-pixel size: 0.19124188 mm;
- 3D-XY-pixel size: 0.18966927 mm (the edge length of 1 spatial pixel, the so-called ‘voxel’);
- 3D-Z-pixel size: 0.1896692 mm;
- X-ray tube: Y.TU 450-D09;
- Tube voltage: 0…450 kV (used 210 kV);
- Current: 2.60 mA (this is paired with 210 kV, e.g., 1.213 mA for 450 kV);
- Focus: small;
- Filter:
- ○
- Al—0.00 mm;
- ○
- Cu—1.50 mm;
- ○
- Sn—0.00 mm;
- ○
- Pb—0.00 mm.
3. Results
3.1. Abrasion and Breakage of the Ballast Material
3.2. Thinning of the CC under Pressure
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The rigidity of the Concrete Canvas does not increase abrasion under high static loads.
- The thickness of the CC layer decreased if the ballast particles penetrated it, but the layer was not perforated. If there is support (for example, the sandy gravel layer) under the CC layer, it takes the shape of the developed crown plate.
- The laboratory tests showed the same results as in the shear box tests. One hour after hydration, the Concrete Canvas was applied with 100 kPa for 5 min. Consequently, the ballast particles bonded in the canvas. After this, this the CC layer and the bound crushed stone particles formed one layer and worked together under loading.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
2D | two dimensions or two-dimensional |
3D | three dimensions or three-dimensional |
CC | Concrete Canvas |
CT | computed tomography |
DVC | digital volume correlation |
GCCM | geosynthetic cementitious composite mat |
HDPE | high-density polyethylene |
PSC | Proctor soil compactor |
PSD | particle size distribution |
PVC | polyvinyl-chloride |
ROI | region of interest |
UBM | under ballast mat |
USP | under sleeper pad |
XR | X-ray |
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Eller, B.; Movahedi Rad, M.; Fekete, I.; Szalai, S.; Harrach, D.; Baranyai, G.; Kurhan, D.; Sysyn, M.; Fischer, S. Examination of Concrete Canvas under Quasi-Realistic Loading by Computed Tomography. Infrastructures 2023, 8, 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8020023
Eller B, Movahedi Rad M, Fekete I, Szalai S, Harrach D, Baranyai G, Kurhan D, Sysyn M, Fischer S. Examination of Concrete Canvas under Quasi-Realistic Loading by Computed Tomography. Infrastructures. 2023; 8(2):23. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8020023
Chicago/Turabian StyleEller, Balázs, Majid Movahedi Rad, Imre Fekete, Szabolcs Szalai, Dániel Harrach, Gusztáv Baranyai, Dmytro Kurhan, Mykola Sysyn, and Szabolcs Fischer. 2023. "Examination of Concrete Canvas under Quasi-Realistic Loading by Computed Tomography" Infrastructures 8, no. 2: 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8020023
APA StyleEller, B., Movahedi Rad, M., Fekete, I., Szalai, S., Harrach, D., Baranyai, G., Kurhan, D., Sysyn, M., & Fischer, S. (2023). Examination of Concrete Canvas under Quasi-Realistic Loading by Computed Tomography. Infrastructures, 8(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8020023