Dynamic Sustainable Processes Simulation to Study Transport Object Efficiency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
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- Using the elastic wave theory makes it possible to overcome five main drawbacks of the elasticity theory;
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- Opportunity to describe any process of interaction as a chain of processes, incidence-reflection-refraction of force impulses;
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- The wording of the basic law of mechanics and the description of the characteristics of the impulse of action have been expanded.
2. Materials and Methods
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- Determination of wave propagation velocity, Formula (1);
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- Dependences for determining the magnitude of wave amplitudes, Formulas (2)–(7);
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- Record of Newton’s second law for the relationship between external and internal forces, Formula (8).—Poisson’s ratio;—are the transverse and longitudinal wave propagation speeds in a particular medium.
3. Results
3.1. Expansion of the Capabilities of the Mathematical Apparatus to Describe the Dynamics of the Process in Determining the Issues of Facility Efficiency
- The main limitation of the elasticity theory is the absence of a time component. There are no dependencies in the timescale that connect the duration of the action of force, deformation, or stress. The laws of elastic wave propagation over time in different mediums and during the transition from one medium to another completely negate this limitation.
- In the theory of stresses, internal forces are studied that arise in solid deformable materials or objects as a result of physical influences on them. With an external physical impact, the distances between the internal points of the material (material particles) change, resulting in internal forces that represent the macroscopic interaction between atoms or molecules. The method of sections and the connection axiom are used to describe internal forces in stress theory. Internal forces can change during the transition from one particle to another; therefore, the stress state in the object is generally inhomogeneous (as well as the deformed state). However, deformations can be measured, but stresses cannot because deformations are physically measured to measure stresses. Consequently, the stress theory is axiomatic, and stress is an artificial measure of the internal forces arising in the object. By their physical nature, stresses are pressures caused by a force field inside an object. The calculated amplitudes of the oscillations of the particles under the influence of force waves allow for determining the deformations at the points of the sensor established. Thus, it is possible to directly correlate the quantities measured in the experiment and actually occurring in the objects of measurement. Understanding the dynamic processes within an object allows the selection of equipment for recording specific types of pulses and interpreting and analyzing the recorded signals in terms of noise.
- In the theory of deformations, the kinematics of a continuous medium is considered regardless of physical influences. Stress theory studies the internal forces generated in the object or in the material as a result of physical pressure. Neither the deformation theory nor the stress theory took into account the specific properties of the material to describe the process of propagation of force influences within objects. Even with numerical modeling methods such as finite element methods, the partitioning of the inner mesh is independent of the material properties. The laws of elastic wave propagation over time in various mediums allow considering changes occurring inside objects under the influence of force fields over time. This makes it possible to modify the object’s geometric and elastic characteristics to specific operating conditions, taking into account the deformability processes within the objects.
- The behavior of specific materials and structures of objects, as well as the relationships between them, under different influences, are given to the studied models by defining ratios. In order to construct defining ratios, experiments are carried out on the physical influence on samples of objects. From the processing of these experiments, a specific type of dependency and the values of the constants of the constituent dependencies are set. Such experiments are called set-up experiments, and dependency constants are called material constants. Both experiments and constants are applicable only for the conditions under consideration and present actual physical processes in separate correlated aspects, the physical nature of which is not taken into account. The laws of elastic wave propagation are universal because they eliminate the following limitations:
- Applications of different mathematical apparatus for problems of mechanics in Newtonian, relativistic, and ultra-relativistic areas. It is believed that momentum increases only by increasing velocity in Newtonian mechanics, as the change in mass can be ignored. In the ultra-relativistic area, the object’s velocity is practically unchanged, and the momentum increases only due to the increase in mass. It is considered in the relativistic area that the increase in momentum is due to an increase in both the velocity and mass. In this case, the speed increases more slowly than in Newtonian mechanics, precisely because of the increase in the mass of the object being accelerated. Elastic wave theory allows the consideration of momentum propagation problems in any mechanics area (see Formula (8)), as the time accounting for the propagation of force waves in an object, automatically considers the change in mass over time and changes in the velocity of the deformation process within the object in time.
- The need to divide the energy spent on the dynamics of the process into types, as well as the concepts that characterize the dynamics of the process into types. For example, the process of moving an object in mechanics is characterized by the following two types of energy: kinetic and potential. The first describes the movement process in terms of velocity change and the second in terms of coordinate changes. This artificial separation of the energy used in the movement process is related to the history of technical calculations, which led to the existence of several systems of measures at a certain stage, as follows: physical and technical. In the physical system of measures, the basic unit of measurement is the mass, and force is a derivative unit, the value of which is obtained by multiplying the basic unit of mass by the dimension of the acceleration. In a technical system of measures, mass is a derivative of the unit obtained by dividing the basic unit of force by the acceleration dimension. However, since any amount of force involved in the experiment is easier to attach or measure than to determine the mass involved in the experiment in dynamic processes, the technical calculations and logic of their development are invisibly based on the technical system of measurement, where equivalent/effective mass values are used.
- 5.
- The theory of elasticity perfectly describes the material of objects using the concept of a material continuum but completely excludes the possibility of studying the behavior of internal forces. Knowledge of internal force change mechanisms is used, for example, to create high- or low-damping materials for mechanical applications in various fields of technology. In addition, this knowledge will help select the charge for a specific type of wall in explosive wall breaking, which is an important operation used by firefighters or special forces as a method of gaining immediate access to a structure in an emergency as a direct replacement for conventional breaking methods. Even when studying the internal state in the elasticity of anisotropic materials, the macroscopic behavior of materials is considered, that is, the atomic or molecular structure is not considered. In the proposed method, local volumes and material density, which vary over time due to force waves, must be taken into account when calculating the amplitude. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the influence of a change in the distance between particles on the interaction forces of particles in order to determine the probability of the occurrence of irreversible deformation or the impossibility of deformation, as well as the probability of a defect and a change in the structure of the material. Thus, the application of the first law of thermodynamics and the extended use of material properties in the calculation makes it possible to develop modeling in this direction, linking the macro- and microscopic behavior of materials.
3.2. Influence of Characteristics of an Impulse on the Dynamics of the Process in the Study of Facility Efficiency
- In the proposed method, impulses are considered as a measure of any action of different physical quantities on an object over time at which there is an exchange of energy over time. The action of the impulse on the object has clear time characteristics of beginning and end of action, that is, duration of action. This makes it possible to determine the additional characteristics of the pulse as follows: at the time of transmission of the pulse. Therefore, the influence of any physical quantity, when cyclically acting in a dynamic process, is characterized by the following two types of frequencies:
- 3.
- The frequency (or frequencies) of pulse transmission acting on a specific contact site. It is characterized by its action duration;
- 4.
- The frequency of pulse repetition (repetition rate) in a certain cross-section. It is characterized by the time through which the repetition of the action occurs.
This provides a clear separation between single and repetitive impulses, leading to increased simulation capabilities. For example, when considering the impact on the rail of a rolling stock wheel (force pulse) moving at a constant speed, the same rail cross-section is subjected to different force pulses from different wheels because each wheel has different impact characteristics at the time of passage, namely, the following:- 5.
- The amplitude of the force impulse is determined as it is an oscillation superposition of the wagon, bogie, damping system, and railway track structure state;
- 6.
- The direction of the pulse depends on the position of the bogie relative to the railway track axis;
- 7.
- The number, area, and location of rail/wheel contacts depend on the position of the wheelset relative to the track axis.
- 2.
- Since there is an energy exchange that occurs during the action of an impulse, one of its characteristics is the law of change of the acting physical quantity over time. This value characterizes the intensity of the effect of the force impulse per unit time during the force action. For example, according to Hooke’s law, the force acting on an object causes directly proportional deformations or displacements. When a force acts on an object, the latter will do work equal to the product of the force and the displacement. The action of a constant force per unit time on an object, regardless of the time of its impact, is characterized by the same value of the amount of motion per unit of time, which serves as a potential for performing the same amount of work on the object per unit of time. This means that it transfers the same amount of energy per unit time during the action of the force. So, impulses of constant forces transfer a constant amount of energy per unit of time and force the object to have a permanent deformation under their influence, that is, behave according to the laws of statics from the moment equilibrium is established. Or, if the object does not interact with other objects, it will move in a straight line and uniformly with the speed established in this medium. If the force has a variable value over time, then the impulses of variable forces cause the exchange of a variable amount of energy per unit of time during the duration of the force impulse. When describing impacts, the amplitude of the force impulse characterizes the impact force in mechanical systems or loudness in music. Additionally, the intensity of the impact allows you to describe such characteristics of the impact as “legato”, “staccato” and sound density in music, or “soft”, “hard/sharp” impact, and flow density per unit time in mechanical systems.
- 3.
- Unlike modern equipment, previously used instruments used in the study of oscillations were very inertial. Such instruments respond only to a change in the average energy value over a period of time significantly exceeding the oscillation period. In this case, knowledge of the spectrum was sufficient, as it could be used to determine the energy of each harmonic and thus determine the average energy of the total oscillation. This is why spectral decomposition plays an extremely important role in the study of oscillations. However, knowledge of the spectrum of some non-sinusoidal oscillations makes it impossible to determine the shape of this oscillation and build its graph. In addition, the energies of harmonics depend only on the amplitude and frequency, and do not depend on the phase of the oscillations. When recording vibrations, it is impossible to divide them into the incident and reflected processes, so it is necessary to understand the energy of which the oscillating process is recorded. An introduction to the calculation of the time characteristic allows evaluating what oscillatory processes were recorded at the time of recording.
- 4.
- The introduction of the time component allows describing and comparing changes in the values of different vectors in time and space. Additionally, the use of the properties of elastic longitudinal and transverse waves makes it possible to consider changes in the values of vectors without observing mechanical equilibrium. This enables considering the change in impulses depending on specific conditions, which expands the possibilities of applying an impulse not only to a specific object but also outside the object. So, for example, suppose that the initial impulse of force was a uniformly distributed pressure moving through the air by the propagation of longitudinal waves from a source located at a distance . Figure 6 shows an example of changing the parameters of the impact of the primary force impulse on a rectangular object located perpendicular to the incident flow of the force impulse. Upon reaching the object, the amplitude of the incident waves will be equal to . The values of the amplitudes of reflection and refraction will be calculated using Formulas (2) and (3). It is supposed that the object is a solid shell with air inside. Since the force impulse falls perpendicular to the incident surface, the reflection and refraction waves will have equal amplitudes over the entire loaded surface of the object. Thus, the law of impact of a force impulse applied to an object remained completely identical to the original one in form but with a smaller impact.
- 5.
- There are the following three types of deformability:
- Deformability of manerial—the ability of a material to respond to impulses from physical factors;
- Deformability of elements—the ability of elements, as products from a certain material with a certain geometry, to react to mechanical impulses;
- Deformability of the structure—total deformability of its elements, in which the elements of the structure can not only change shape, dimensions, and volume but also move due to deformability of other elements that make up the structure.
4. Discussion, Conclusions and Future Recommendation
- The description of physical processes in the most approximate way to the course of natural phenomena. For this purpose, the time component is taken into account when describing the transmission of impulses by elastic waves. This description of the dynamics of the process regulates the pattern of natural phenomena, the sequence of which determines the cause-and-effect relationship, giving an answer to the question of what consequences will arise from the influence of physical impulses in the future. Without knowledge of the mechanism of cause-and-effect relationships, it is impossible to determine risk in a universal way. A person, in many cases, assesses the risks of various actions subconsciously. If we look at a person’s ordinary life, we will see that he automatically uses the importance of taking into account the duration of exposure in his life. For example, someone decided to make a new dish. In preparation for the realization of his wish, he is sure to learn the duration of necessary operations when cooking, for instance, meat, as follows: the duration of marinating in a particular sauce, the duration of baking or extinguishing a dish of a particular type of meat, set weight and under certain temperature and/or power conditions. Or if someone decides to dye fabric or remove a stain on clothes at home, he will certainly be aware of exactly what (reagent) and what (type of fabric) will be affected and how long its effect is needed. When someone chooses shoes for a hike, he necessarily decides for himself how much he is willing to pay for the comfortable and guaranteed performance of these shoes for the duration of the hike (a certain period of time) under the specific operating conditions of the shoes. A person, in many cases, assesses the risks of various actions regardless of paying attention.
- 2.
- Ensuring the functional security of the technosphere objects of the human habitat. Throughout its existence, mankind has been constantly creating and modifying artificial technological and technical objects to meet its socio-economic needs both in the engineering field (factories, transport infrastructure, mechanisms, etc.) and in everyday life (vehicles, household appliances, medical equipment, etc.). The operation of the technosphere objects in the human habitat affects both the ecological envelope of the Earth and the health of the person himself.The wave process can have a variety of physical natures as follows: mechanical, chemical, electromagnetic, gravitational, spin, probability density, etc. Therefore, a universal tool is needed to study the influence of technosphere objects on both people’s lives and the environment. The proposed method uses universal properties and laws of elastic wave propagation for different materials and object geometries. This allows analytical simulation of the behavior of the object under the influence of various impulses. Development of this direction in the future will allow answering such questions as the following:
- What actual changes in the characteristics of the object itself can occur during the period of operation;
- What maintenance is required by the facility under any operating conditions;
- Whether the object is able to safely perform the intended functions for the total period of operation;
- Whether the object is able to give the required level of economic efficiency of use, that is, whether the object is competitive in the market.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Density, kg/m3 | Poisson’s Coefficient | Young’s Module , MPa | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
first option | |||||
rail | 7830 | 0.24 | 2.1 × 105 | 5622 | 3288 |
pad | 918 | 0.3 | 100 | 382 | 204 |
second option | |||||
rail | 7830 | 0.3 | 2.1 × 105 | 6008 | 3211 |
pad | 935 | 0.485 | 200 | 572 | 268 |
Angles, Degree | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Incidence | Reflection | Refraction | ||
longitudinal wave | ||||
10 | 10 | 5.33 | 0.68 | 0.34 |
20 | 20 | 10.53 | 1.33 | 0.67 |
30 | 30 | 15.50 | 1.95 | 0.98 |
40 | 40 | 20.10 | 2.51 | 1.25 |
50 | 50 | 24.17 | 2.9 | 1.50 |
60 | 60 | 27.58 | 3.38 | 1.69 |
70 | 70 | 30.15 | 3.67 | 1.83 |
80 | 80 | 31.76 | 3.85 | 1.92 |
transverse wave | ||||
10 | 10 | 17.27 | 1.16 | 0.62 |
20 | 20 | 35.79 | 2.28 | 1.22 |
30 | 30 | 58.74 | 3.3 | 1.78 |
40 | 40 | - | 3.88 | 2.07 |
50 | 50 | - | 5.12 | 2.73 |
60 | 60 | - | 5.79 | 3.09 |
70 | 70 | - | 6.28 | 3.35 |
80 | 80 | - | 6.58 | 3.51 |
Longitudinal Wave | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
, degree | ||||
10 | 0.941 | 0.392 | 1.950 | 0.380 |
20 | 0.820 | 0.727 | 1.852 | 0.732 |
30 | 0.646 | 0.963 | 1.701 | 1.047 |
40 | 0.450 | 1.081 | 1.512 | 1.302 |
50 | 0.272 | 1.085 | 1.302 | 1.482 |
60 | 0.148 | 0.997 | 1.083 | 1.558 |
70 | 0.131 | 0.835 | 0.855 | 1.485 |
80 | 0.318 | 0.573 | 0.569 | 1.120 |
Transverse wave | ||||
Angles , degree | ||||
10 | 0.847 | 0.389 | 0.378 | 1.943 |
20 | 0.467 | 0.712 | 0.722 | 1.824 |
30 | 0.029 | 0.968 | 0.965 | 1.725 |
40 | 0.708 | 5.656 | 0.064 | 6.964 |
50 | 0.799 | 5.960 | 0.383 | 4.774 |
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Bondarenko, I.; Severino, A.; Olayode, I.O.; Campisi, T.; Neduzha, L. Dynamic Sustainable Processes Simulation to Study Transport Object Efficiency. Infrastructures 2022, 7, 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7090124
Bondarenko I, Severino A, Olayode IO, Campisi T, Neduzha L. Dynamic Sustainable Processes Simulation to Study Transport Object Efficiency. Infrastructures. 2022; 7(9):124. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7090124
Chicago/Turabian StyleBondarenko, Iryna, Alessandro Severino, Isaac Oyeyemi Olayode, Tiziana Campisi, and Larysa Neduzha. 2022. "Dynamic Sustainable Processes Simulation to Study Transport Object Efficiency" Infrastructures 7, no. 9: 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7090124
APA StyleBondarenko, I., Severino, A., Olayode, I. O., Campisi, T., & Neduzha, L. (2022). Dynamic Sustainable Processes Simulation to Study Transport Object Efficiency. Infrastructures, 7(9), 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7090124