Exploring Behavioral Intentions and Sustainability Perspectives for the China–Laos High-Speed Rail Service Among Thai People: A Comparative Study of Urban and Rural Zones
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Research Background
1.2. Problem Statement
2. Literature Review
2.1. Belt and Road Initiative in Southeast Asia
2.2. Transportation Infrastructure Development and Theoretical Framework
2.3. Hypothesis Formulation
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Research Design
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Analysis Methods
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2. Hypothesis Testing
5. Discussion
5.1. Theoretical Implications
5.2. Policy Recommendations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Part 1: Demographic and Travel Behavior | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Category | |||||||
Gender | ▢ Male ▢ Female | |||||||
Age | ▢ 18–25 years old ▢ 26–43 years old | |||||||
▢ 44–58 years ▢ 59–77 years old | ||||||||
Status | ▢ Single ▢ Married ▢ Widowed/divorced/separated | |||||||
Education | ▢ Primary education ▢ High school education ▢ Vocational education | |||||||
▢ Associate degree ▢ Bachelor’s degree ▢ Master’s degree | ||||||||
▢ Doctoral degree | ||||||||
Occupation | ▢ Agriculturist/agricultural organization ▢ Entrepreneur | |||||||
▢ Private employee ▢ Government employee | ||||||||
▢ Student ▢ Others | ||||||||
Income | ▢ <=10,000 THB ▢ >10,001 THB−15,000 THB | |||||||
▢ >15,000 THB−20,000 THB ▢ >20,000 THB | ||||||||
Modes of travel used | ▢ Private vehicle (car/motorbike) ▢ Bus ▢ Railway ▢ Other (airplane and boat) | |||||||
Residential zone | ▢ Urban ▢ Rural | |||||||
Part 2: Thai People’s Perception of the Benefits of the Belt and Road Initiative | Opinion Level | |||||||
7 = “Strongly Agree” to 1 = “Strongly Disagree” | ||||||||
Perceived Benefits | ||||||||
I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway brings positive benefits to Thailand (e.g., trade and tourism) | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway helps make travel safer | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway helps reduce costs | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway helps save time | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
Perceived Service | ||||||||
I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway provides a good experience and creates special value in travel | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway offers good value for money | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway provides impressive service | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway makes travel and cargo transportation more convenient and faster | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
Perceived Cultural | ||||||||
I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway helps me learn about neighboring countries’ cultures (e.g., Laos) | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway contributes to cultural transmission (e.g., Thai products) | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway influences positive cultural exchange between countries | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway can create positive values for travel | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
Perceived Emotional | ||||||||
I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway can create enjoyment for passengers (e.g., beautiful natural scenery along the route) | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway is interesting | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway can build confidence in travel | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway can meet people’s travel needs | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
Attitude | ||||||||
I feel the China–Laos High-Speed Railway will help develop Thailand’s economy | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I feel the China–Laos High-Speed Railway will promote Thailand’s tourism | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I feel the China–Laos High-Speed Railway will benefit people in Thai society | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I feel the China–Laos High-Speed Railway will create trade advantages for Thailand | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
Subjective Norm | ||||||||
I think family and people around me influence my decision to use high-speed rail services | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
If friends recommend trying the China–Laos High-Speed Railway, I think this recommendation would increase my likelihood of using it | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
If celebrities (e.g., actors, YouTubers, influencers) use the China–Laos High-Speed Railway, it would make me want to try it | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
Advertising/publicity about the China–Laos High-Speed Railway through various media makes me interested in using the service | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
Perceived Behavioral Control | ||||||||
The booking/ticket purchasing process for the China–Laos High-Speed Railway is not beyond my capabilities | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I think the China–Laos High-Speed Railway is as easy to use as regular trains | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I think the China–Laos High-Speed Railway is not complicated to use | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I think even though I have never used the China–Laos High-Speed Railway before, it would be easy to use and accessible to everyone | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
Perceived Sustainability | ||||||||
The China–Laos High-Speed Railway helps improve the well-being and society of Thailand | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
The China–Laos High-Speed Railway helps improve Thailand’s infrastructure development (e.g., road networks) | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
The China–Laos High-Speed Railway helps reduce air pollution and contributes to environmental protection | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
Behavioral Intention | ||||||||
I intend to use the China–Laos High-Speed Railway for travel | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I will recommend my family members use the China–Laos High-Speed Railway for travel | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I will recommend people around me use the China–Laos High-Speed Railway for travel | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
I plan to use the China–Laos High-Speed Railway if I have access to the service | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
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Research | Research Summary | Supported Hypothesis |
---|---|---|
Li et al. [25] | Examined how firms in Asia strategically respond to BRI initiatives, highlighting the importance of examining organizational heterogeneity and stakeholder perceptions. Found that perceived benefits and service quality significantly influence acceptance and adoption. | H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6: Research supports the relationship between perceived benefits/service quality and stakeholder attitudes, sustainability perceptions, and behavioral intentions. |
Jin et al. [29] | Analyzed the development characteristics of multi-integrated economic zones, finding that cultural and emotional factors significantly impact regional cooperation and development sustainability. | H7, H8, H9, H10, H11, H12: Study validates the importance of cultural and emotional factors in shaping sustainability perceptions, attitudes, and behavioral intentions toward BRI projects. |
Wang et al. [31] | Investigated railway infrastructure impact on economic growth in BRI countries, demonstrating positive correlations between perceived service quality and user intentions. | H4, H5, H6: Research confirms the relationship between service perceptions and behavioral outcomes. |
Lindberg et al. [27] | Studied stakeholder perceptions of BRI initiatives, finding that attitudes significantly influence sustainability perceptions and behavioral intentions. | H13, H14: Supports the relationship between attitudes and both sustainability perceptions and behavioral intentions. |
Zhang et al. [34] | Examined environmental implications and social acceptance of BRI projects, highlighting the role of subjective norms and perceived behavioral control in adoption decisions. | H15, H16: Validates the influence of subjective norms and perceived behavioral control on behavioral intentions. |
Qin et al. [19] | Analyzed convergence effects of BRI on regional development, demonstrating how perceived benefits and cultural factors influence sustainability perceptions. | H1, H7, H13: Confirms relationships between benefits, cultural factors, sustainability perceptions, and attitudes. |
Zhou et al. [5] | Investigated China–South Asia trade relationships under BRI, finding that cultural factors and perceived benefits significantly influence cooperation intentions. | H2, H3, H7, H8, H9: Supports the impact of cultural factors and perceived benefits on attitudes and intentions. |
Ali et al. [21] | Studied environmental implications of BRI in South Asia, highlighting how perceived sustainability influences behavioral intentions and attitudes. | H13, H14: Validates the relationship between sustainability perceptions and behavioral outcomes. |
Foggin et al. [20] | Analyzed socio-ecological challenges in BRI implementation, demonstrating the importance of perceived benefits and emotional connections in stakeholder acceptance. | H1, H2, H3, H10, H11, H12: Confirms the role of perceived benefits and emotional factors. |
Yu et al. [22] | Examined regional financial integration in BRI countries, showing how subjective norms and perceived control influence participation intentions. | H15, H16: Supports the influence of subjective norms and behavioral control on intentions. |
Punyaratabandhu et al. [11] | Analyzed Thailand’s perception of BRI, finding strong relationships between cultural factors, emotional connections, and behavioral intentions. | H7, H8, H9, H10, H11, H12: Validates cultural and emotional factors’ influence on intentions. |
Ullah et al. [35] | Studied socioeconomic determinants in BRI countries, demonstrating how perceived benefits and service quality affect sustainable development perceptions. | H1, H4, H13: Confirms relationships between benefits, service quality, and sustainability perceptions. |
Characteristics | Category | Urban (n = 1301) | Rural (n = 1565) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | ||
Gender | Male | 564 | 43.4% | 669 | 42.7% |
Female | 737 | 56.6% | 896 | 57.3% | |
Age | 18–25 years old (Gen Alpha) | 220 | 16.9% | 225 | 14.4% |
26–43 years old (Gen Y) | 751 | 57.7% | 807 | 51.6% | |
44–58 years old (Gen X) | 262 | 20.2% | 406 | 25.9% | |
59–77 years old (baby boomer) | 68 | 5.2% | 127 | 8.1% | |
Status | Single | 609 | 46.8% | 593 | 37.9% |
Married | 631 | 48.5% | 803 | 51.3% | |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 61 | 4.7% | 169 | 10.8% | |
Education | Primary education | 72 | 5.5% | 160 | 10.2% |
High school education | 204 | 15.7% | 377 | 24.1% | |
Vocational education | 150 | 11.5% | 222 | 14.2% | |
Associate degree | 205 | 15.8% | 227 | 14.5% | |
Bachelor’s degree | 604 | 46.4% | 523 | 33.4% | |
Master’s degree | 60 | 4.6% | 56 | 3.6% | |
Doctoral degree | 6 | 0.5% | 0 | 0.0% | |
Occupation | Agriculturist/agricultural organization | 121 | 9.3% | 335 | 21.4% |
Entrepreneur | 251 | 19.3% | 348 | 22.2% | |
Private employee | 477 | 36.7% | 408 | 26.1% | |
Government employee | 174 | 13.4% | 164 | 10.5% | |
Student | 159 | 12.2% | 136 | 8.7% | |
Others | 119 | 9.1% | 174 | 11.1% | |
Income | ≤10,000 THB | 279 | 21.4% | 529 | 33.8% |
>10,001 THB−15,000 THB | 251 | 19.3% | 322 | 20.6% | |
>15,000 THB−20,000 THB | 363 | 27.9% | 356 | 22.7% | |
>20,000 THB | 408 | 31.4% | 358 | 22.9% | |
Modes of travel used | Private vehicle (Car/motorbike) | 957 | 73.6% | 1204 | 76.9% |
Bus | 205 | 15.8% | 223 | 14.2% | |
Railway | 93 | 7.1% | 73 | 4.7% | |
Other (airplane and boat) | 46 | 3.5% | 65 | 4.2% |
Item | Measures | Urban (n = 1301) | Rural (n = 1565) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | SK | KU | M | SD | SK | KU | ||
Perceived benefits (Cronbach’s α = 0.904) | |||||||||
PCB1 | I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway brings positive benefits to Thailand (e.g., trade and tourism) | 5.002 | 1.179 | −0.072 | −0.393 | 5.047 | 1.156 | −0.126 | −0.383 |
PCB2 | I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway helps make travel safer | 4.934 | 1.192 | −0.274 | −0.451 | 5.002 | 1.152 | −0.207 | −0.427 |
PCB3 | I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway helps reduce costs | 4.824 | 1.170 | −0.133 | −0.369 | 5.001 | 1.195 | −0.031 | −0.689 |
PCB4 | I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway helps save time | 5.189 | 1.211 | −0.197 | −0.568 | 5.286 | 1.176 | −0.098 | −0.846 |
Perceived service (Cronbach’s α = 0.918) | |||||||||
PCS1 | I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway provides a good experience and creates special value in travel | 4.905 | 1.086 | −0.117 | −0.039 | 4.952 | 1.140 | −0.077 | −0.319 |
PCS2 | I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway offers good value for money | 4.965 | 1.131 | −0.132 | −0.179 | 4.996 | 1.158 | −0.135 | −0.438 |
PCS3 | I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway provides impressive service | 4.821 | 1.182 | −0.053 | −0.473 | 4.857 | 1.221 | −0.109 | −0.725 |
PCS4 | I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway makes travel and cargo transportation more convenient and faster | 4.942 | 1.166 | −0.118 | −0.576 | 4.953 | 1.205 | −0.016 | −0.762 |
Perceived cultural (Cronbach’s α = 0.907) | |||||||||
PCC1 | I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway helps me learn about neighboring countries’ cultures (e.g., Laos) | 4.801 | 1.207 | −0.145 | −0.522 | 4.751 | 1.117 | −0.138 | −0.361 |
PCC2 | I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway contributes to cultural transmission (e.g., Thai products) | 4.816 | 1.169 | −0.142 | −0.389 | 4.773 | 1.109 | −0.192 | −0.333 |
PCC3 | I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway influences positive cultural exchange between countries | 4.798 | 1.150 | −0.180 | −0.329 | 4.796 | 1.074 | −0.087 | −0.276 |
PCC4 | I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway can create positive values for travel | 4.909 | 1.115 | −0.086 | −0.414 | 4.885 | 1.072 | −0.269 | −0.161 |
Perceived emotional (Cronbach’s α = 0.914) | |||||||||
PCE1 | I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway can create enjoyment for passengers (e.g., beautiful natural scenery along the route) | 4.980 | 1.058 | −0.136 | 0.001 | 4.993 | 1.077 | −0.051 | −0.278 |
PCE2 | I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway is interesting | 5.037 | 1.158 | −0.191 | −0.302 | 5.027 | 1.146 | −0.128 | −0.499 |
PCE3 | I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway can build confidence in travel | 4.964 | 1.128 | −0.103 | −0.372 | 4.973 | 1.146 | −0.087 | −0.506 |
PCE4 | I believe the China–Laos High-Speed Railway can meet people’s travel needs | 5.166 | 1.182 | −0.268 | −0.408 | 5.203 | 1.184 | −0.221 | −0.625 |
Attitude (Cronbach’s α = 0.909) | |||||||||
ATT1 | I feel the China–Laos High-Speed Railway will help develop Thailand’s economy | 4.769 | 1.230 | −0.216 | −0.401 | 4.795 | 1.128 | −0.225 | −0.298 |
ATT2 | I feel the China–Laos High-Speed Railway will promote Thailand’s tourism | 4.986 | 1.240 | −0.250 | −0.323 | 5.045 | 1.212 | −0.201 | −0.434 |
ATT3 | I feel the China–Laos High-Speed Railway will benefit people in Thai society | 4.849 | 1.132 | −0.339 | 0.087 | 4.921 | 1.134 | −0.066 | −0.264 |
ATT4 | I feel the China–Laos High-Speed Railway will create trade advantages for Thailand | 4.831 | 1.200 | −0.204 | −0.185 | 4.873 | 1.157 | −0.139 | −0.208 |
Subjective norm (Cronbach’s α = 0.901) | |||||||||
SJN1 | I think family and people around me influence my decision to use high-speed rail services | 4.772 | 1.141 | −0.140 | 0.153 | 4.809 | 1.085 | −0.093 | −0.065 |
SJN2 | If friends recommend trying the China–Laos High-Speed Railway, I think this recommendation would increase my likelihood of using it | 4.846 | 1.147 | −0.173 | −0.053 | 4.888 | 1.098 | −0.165 | −0.093 |
SJN3 | If celebrities (e.g., actors, YouTubers, influencers) use the China–Laos High-Speed Railway, it would make me want to try it | 4.851 | 1.239 | −0.067 | −0.141 | 4.842 | 1.206 | −0.084 | −0.110 |
SJN4 | Advertising/publicity about the China–Laos High-Speed Railway through various media makes me interested in using the service | 4.894 | 1.200 | −0.065 | −0.298 | 4.915 | 1.166 | −0.106 | −0.108 |
Perceived behavioral control (Cronbach’s α = 0.912) | |||||||||
PBC1 | The booking/ticket purchasing process for the China–Laos High-Speed Railway is not beyond my capabilities | 4.605 | 1.242 | −0.289 | −0.018 | 4.668 | 1.169 | −0.351 | −0.155 |
PBC2 | I think the China–Laos High-Speed Railway is as easy to use as regular trains | 4.729 | 1.178 | −0.284 | −0.007 | 4.762 | 1.122 | −0.319 | −0.050 |
PBC3 | I think the China–Laos High-Speed Railway is not complicated to use | 4.680 | 1.141 | −0.300 | 0.185 | 4.692 | 1.130 | −0.293 | −0.135 |
PBC4 | I think even though I have never used the China–Laos High-Speed Railway before, it would be easy to use and accessible to everyone | 4.750 | 1.188 | −0.264 | −0.070 | 4.794 | 1.217 | −0.217 | −0.339 |
Perceived sustainability (Cronbach’s α = 0.825) | |||||||||
PSU1 | The China–Laos High-Speed Railway helps improve the well-being and society of Thailand | 4.699 | 1.028 | −0.080 | 0.166 | 4.698 | 1.004 | −0.296 | 0.535 |
PSU2 | The China–Laos High-Speed Railway helps improve Thailand’s infrastructure development (e.g., road networks) | 4.717 | 1.144 | −0.164 | −0.335 | 4.720 | 1.084 | −0.307 | 0.055 |
PSU3 | The China–Laos High-Speed Railway helps reduce air pollution and contributes to environmental protection | 4.726 | 1.103 | −0.166 | −0.114 | 4.735 | 1.049 | −0.024 | −0.025 |
Behavioral intention (Cronbach’s α = 0.922) | |||||||||
BIU1 | I intend to use the China–Laos High-Speed Railway for travel | 5.101 | 1.140 | −0.497 | 0.689 | 5.137 | 1.105 | −0.571 | 0.522 |
BIU2 | I will recommend my family members use the China–Laos High-Speed Railway for travel | 4.988 | 1.123 | −0.478 | 0.519 | 5.041 | 1.157 | −0.623 | 0.539 |
BIU3 | I will recommend people around me use the China–Laos High-Speed Railway for travel | 4.902 | 1.185 | −0.273 | −0.053 | 4.927 | 1.223 | −0.403 | 0.005 |
BIU4 | I plan to use the China–Laos High-Speed Railway if I have access to the service | 5.002 | 1.304 | −0.303 | −0.352 | 5.069 | 1.264 | −0.198 | −0.627 |
Description | χ2 | df | χ2/df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA (90% CI) | Δχ2 | Δdf | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual groups: | ||||||||||
Model 1: Urban | 2054.736 | 524 | 3.921 | 0.964 | 0.959 | 0.067 | 0.047 (0.045–0.050) | |||
Model 2: Rural | 2556.754 | 519 | 4.926 | 0.959 | 0.953 | 0.072 | 0.050 (0.048–0.052) | |||
Measurement of invariance: | ||||||||||
Model 3: Simultaneous model | 4089.393 | 996 | 4.106 | 0.966 | 0.959 | 0.079 | 0.047 (0.045–0.048) | |||
Model 4: Factor loading, intercepts, structural paths held equal across groups | 5315.644 | 1117 | 4.759 | 0.954 | 0.951 | 0.075 | 0.051 (0.050–0.053) | 1226.251 | 121 | <0.001 |
Urban | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCBs | PCS | PCC | PCE | ATT | SJN | PBC | PSU | BIU | |
PCBs | 0.812 | 0.695 | 0.650 | 0.722 | 0.710 | 0.602 | 0.617 | 0.709 | 0.586 |
PCS | 0.847 | 0.759 | 0.769 | 0.745 | 0.663 | 0.744 | 0.706 | 0.749 | |
PCC | 0.845 | 0.709 | 0.735 | 0.633 | 0.660 | 0.699 | 0.719 | ||
PCE | 0.846 | 0.730 | 0.630 | 0.667 | 0.707 | 0.725 | |||
ATT | 0.844 | 0.605 | 0.642 | 0.701 | 0.694 | ||||
SJN | 0.826 | 0.648 | 0.581 | 0.666 | |||||
PBC | 0.844 | 0.612 | 0.695 | ||||||
PSU | 0.750 | 0.619 | |||||||
BIU | 0.887 | ||||||||
Rural | |||||||||
PCBs | PCS | PCC | PCE | ATT | SJN | PBC | PSU | BIU | |
PCBs | 0.837 | 0.660 | 0.579 | 0.678 | 0.642 | 0.537 | 0.572 | 0.648 | 0.530 |
PCS | 0.854 | 0.694 | 0.723 | 0.708 | 0.596 | 0.714 | 0.658 | 0.725 | |
PCC | 0.820 | 0.654 | 0.708 | 0.598 | 0.646 | 0.660 | 0.689 | ||
PCE | 0.848 | 0.692 | 0.593 | 0.654 | 0.650 | 0.704 | |||
ATT | 0.829 | 0.556 | 0.617 | 0.651 | 0.673 | ||||
SJN | 0.823 | 0.567 | 0.525 | 0.626 | |||||
PBC | 0.852 | 0.576 | 0.674 | ||||||
PSU | 0.756 | 0.597 | |||||||
BIU | 0.872 |
Hypothesis Path | Urban | Rural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standardized Estimates (β) | t-Value | Result | Standardized Estimates (β) | t-Value | Result | |
H1: Perceived benefits product → perceived sustainability | 0.308 | 6.501 ** | Accepted | 0.278 | 7.260 ** | Accepted |
H2: Perceived benefits product → attitude | 0.260 | 8.056 ** | Accepted | 0.170 | 5.999 ** | Accepted |
H3: Perceived benefits product → behavioral intention | 0.128 | 37.371 ** | Accepted | 0.134 | 40.168 ** | Accepted |
H4: Perceived service → perceived sustainability | 0.113 | 27.158 ** | Accepted | 0.122 | 28.429 ** | Accepted |
H5: Perceived service → attitude | 0.224 | 4.875 ** | Accepted | 0.226 | 5.985 ** | Accepted |
H6: Perceived service → behavioral intention | 0.138 | 47.227 ** | Accepted | 0.154 | 50.398 ** | Accepted |
H7: Perceived cultural → perceived sustainability | 0.237 | 5.379 ** | Accepted | 0.289 | 7.951 ** | Accepted |
H8: Perceived cultural → attitude | 0.309 | 7.567 ** | Accepted | 0.365 | 11.429 ** | Accepted |
H9: Perceived cultural → behavioral intention | 0.152 | 44.137 ** | Accepted | 0.143 | 42.296 ** | Accepted |
H10: Perceived emotional → perceived sustainability | 0.161 | 2.903 ** | Accepted | 0.124 | 2.683 ** | Accepted |
H11: Perceived emotional → attitude | 0.171 | 30.248 ** | Accepted | 0.196 | 31.156 ** | Accepted |
H12: Perceived emotional → behavioral intention | 0.130 | 43.009 ** | Accepted | 0.141 | 46.383 ** | Accepted |
H13: Attitude → perceived sustainability | 0.124 | 26.491 ** | Accepted | 0.114 | 26.868 ** | Accepted |
H14: Attitude → behavioral intention | 0.152 | 43.909 ** | Accepted | 0.143 | 42.956 ** | Accepted |
H15: Subjective norm → behavioral intention | 0.145 | 40.881 ** | Accepted | 0.144 | 41.428 ** | Accepted |
H16: Perceived behavioral control → behavioral intention | 0.150 | 39.519 ** | Accepted | 0.148 | 42.198 ** | Accepted |
Constructs and Indicators | Urban (n = 1301) | Rural (n = 1565) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standardized Estimates (λ) | t-Value | R2 | Standardized Estimates (λ) | t-Value | R2 | |
Perceived benefits | (AVE = 0.659, CR = 0.885) | (AVE = 0.701, CR = 0.903) | ||||
PCB1 | 0.741 | 52.975 ** | 0.549 | 0.749 | 58.346 ** | 0.560 |
PCB2 | 0.881 | 109.863 ** | 0.776 | 0.872 | 120.966 ** | 0.761 |
PCB3 | 0.793 | 69.202 ** | 0.629 | 0.860 | 106.013 ** | 0.740 |
PCB4 | 0.826 | 80.965 ** | 0.683 | 0.861 | 111.114 ** | 0.741 |
Perceived service | (AVE = 0.718, CR = 0.910) | (AVE = 0.730, CR = 0.915) | ||||
PCS1 | 0.836 | 85.638 ** | 0.700 | 0.840 | 94.182 ** | 0.705 |
PCS2 | 0.881 | 116.702 ** | 0.776 | 0.878 | 123.420 ** | 0.770 |
PCS3 | 0.860 | 100.956 ** | 0.739 | 0.861 | 107.957 ** | 0.741 |
PCS4 | 0.810 | 74.339 ** | 0.656 | 0.837 | 93.277 ** | 0.701 |
Perceived cultural | (AVE = 0.714, CR = 0.909) | (AVE = 0.672, CR = 0.891) | ||||
PCC1 | 0.830 | 77.816 ** | 0.689 | 0.792 | 67.648 ** | 0.627 |
PCC2 | 0.825 | 77.210 ** | 0.681 | 0.817 | 77.505 ** | 0.667 |
PCC3 | 0.872 | 105.197 ** | 0.761 | 0.849 | 94.814 ** | 0.721 |
PCC4 | 0.851 | 92.382 ** | 0.724 | 0.820 | 81.479 ** | 0.673 |
Perceived emotional | (AVE = 0.715, CR = 0.909) | (AVE = 0.719, CR = 0.911) | ||||
PCE1 | 0.812 | 73.766 ** | 0.659 | 0.813 | 80.678 ** | 0.661 |
PCE2 | 0.884 | 119.263 ** | 0.782 | 0.901 | 144.998 ** | 0.813 |
PCE3 | 0.873 | 110.063 ** | 0.762 | 0.889 | 130.723 ** | 0.790 |
PCE4 | 0.811 | 75.571 ** | 0.658 | 0.783 | 69.735 ** | 0.612 |
Attitude | (AVE = 0.713, CR = 0.908) | (AVE = 0.688, CR = 0.898) | ||||
ATT1 | 0.817 | 74.160 ** | 0.667 | 0.785 | 67.631 ** | 0.617 |
ATT2 | 0.835 | 83.023 ** | 0.697 | 0.848 | 95.056 ** | 0.720 |
ATT3 | 0.856 | 96.207 ** | 0.732 | 0.854 | 100.232 ** | 0.729 |
ATT4 | 0.868 | 103.101 ** | 0.753 | 0.830 | 88.480 ** | 0.689 |
Subjective norm | (AVE = 0.682, CR = 0.895) | (AVE = 0.677, CR = 0.893) | ||||
SJN1 | 0.831 | 75.270 ** | 0.691 | 0.818 | 72.932 ** | 0.668 |
SJN2 | 0.883 | 102.798 ** | 0.779 | 0.896 | 109.485 ** | 0.803 |
SJN3 | 0.792 | 64.414 ** | 0.627 | 0.747 | 57.540 ** | 0.558 |
SJN4 | 0.793 | 64.715 ** | 0.629 | 0.823 | 72.142 ** | 0.678 |
Perceived behavioral control | (AVE = 0.712, CR = 0.908) | (AVE = 0.726, CR = 0.914) | ||||
PBC1 | 0.793 | 63.813 ** | 0.629 | 0.783 | 70.395 ** | 0.613 |
PBC2 | 0.836 | 81.881 ** | 0.699 | 0.873 | 105.349 ** | 0.761 |
PBC3 | 0.867 | 101.527 ** | 0.752 | 0.855 | 106.117 ** | 0.730 |
PBC4 | 0.876 | 107.015 ** | 0.768 | 0.893 | 120.129 ** | 0.798 |
Perceived sustainability | (AVE = 0.563, CR = 0.794) | (AVE = 0.572, CR = 0.800) | ||||
PSU1 | 0.779 | 48.880 ** | 0.607 | 0.763 | 49.852 ** | 0.582 |
PSU2 | 0.752 | 45.595 ** | 0.565 | 0.783 | 52.007 ** | 0.614 |
PSU3 | 0.719 | 44.334 ** | 0.517 | 0.722 | 47.224 ** | 0.521 |
Behavioral intention | (AVE = 0.786, CR = 0.936) | (AVE = 0.761, CR = 0.927) | ||||
BIU1 | 0.901 | 145.947 ** | 0.812 | 0.870 | 130.831 ** | 0.757 |
BIU2 | 0.872 | 108.074 ** | 0.761 | 0.855 | 106.210 ** | 0.731 |
BIU3 | 0.869 | 102.439 ** | 0.755 | 0.872 | 112.511 ** | 0.761 |
BIU4 | 0.903 | 127.911 ** | 0.815 | 0.892 | 120.575 ** | 0.795 |
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Champahom, T.; Chonsalasin, D.; Theerathitichaipa, K.; Watcharamaisakul, F.; Jomnonkwao, S.; Ratanavaraha, V.; Kasemsri, R. Exploring Behavioral Intentions and Sustainability Perspectives for the China–Laos High-Speed Rail Service Among Thai People: A Comparative Study of Urban and Rural Zones. Infrastructures 2025, 10, 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10050116
Champahom T, Chonsalasin D, Theerathitichaipa K, Watcharamaisakul F, Jomnonkwao S, Ratanavaraha V, Kasemsri R. Exploring Behavioral Intentions and Sustainability Perspectives for the China–Laos High-Speed Rail Service Among Thai People: A Comparative Study of Urban and Rural Zones. Infrastructures. 2025; 10(5):116. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10050116
Chicago/Turabian StyleChampahom, Thanapong, Dissakoon Chonsalasin, Kestsirin Theerathitichaipa, Fareeda Watcharamaisakul, Sajjakaj Jomnonkwao, Vatanavongs Ratanavaraha, and Rattanaporn Kasemsri. 2025. "Exploring Behavioral Intentions and Sustainability Perspectives for the China–Laos High-Speed Rail Service Among Thai People: A Comparative Study of Urban and Rural Zones" Infrastructures 10, no. 5: 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10050116
APA StyleChampahom, T., Chonsalasin, D., Theerathitichaipa, K., Watcharamaisakul, F., Jomnonkwao, S., Ratanavaraha, V., & Kasemsri, R. (2025). Exploring Behavioral Intentions and Sustainability Perspectives for the China–Laos High-Speed Rail Service Among Thai People: A Comparative Study of Urban and Rural Zones. Infrastructures, 10(5), 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10050116