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Volume 10
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

A Systematic Framework for Assessing the Temporally Variable Protective Capacity of Nature-Based Solutions Against Natural Hazards

by
Erik Kuschel
1,*,†,
Michael Obriejetan
2,*,†,
Tamara Kuzmanić
3,
Matjaž Mikoš
3,
Lukas Seifert
4,
Slaven Conevski
5,
Maria Wirth
6,
Eriona Canga
6,
Sérgio Fernandes
7,
Johannes Hübl
1 and
Rosemarie Stangl
2,*
1
Department of Landscape, Water and Infrastructure, Institute of Mountain Risk Engineering, BOKU University, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
2
Department of Landscape, Water and Infrastructure, Institute of Soil Bioengineering and Landscape Construction, BOKU University, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
3
UNESCO Chair on Water-Related Disaster Risk Reduction & Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova Cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
4
Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
5
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
6
Alchemia-Nova Research & Innovation Gemeinnützige GmbH, Climate Lab, Spittelauer Lände 45, 1090 Wien, Austria
7
ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Infrastructures 2025, 10(12), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10120318 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 8 October 2025 / Revised: 7 November 2025 / Accepted: 18 November 2025 / Published: 22 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Based Solutions and Resilience of Infrastructure Systems)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Natural hazards pose an increasing threat to infrastructures, lives, and livelihoods in alpine regions due to climate change and the growing demand for settlement space. While grey protective structures are commonly deployed to provide immediate safety, their sustainability, and thus protective function, is limited by cost-intensive maintenance. Nature-based solutions (NbS) can alleviate these shortcomings by offering cost-effective, adaptive protection that strengthens over time, making their deployment a key factor in building resilience to climate-induced hazards. This paper introduces a systematic methodology for the strategic deployment of NbS to enhance climate resilience. It

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kuschel, E.; Obriejetan, M.; Kuzmanić, T.; Mikoš, M.; Seifert, L.; Conevski, S.; Wirth, M.; Canga, E.; Fernandes, S.; Hübl, J.; et al. A Systematic Framework for Assessing the Temporally Variable Protective Capacity of Nature-Based Solutions Against Natural Hazards. Infrastructures 2025, 10, 318. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10120318

AMA Style

Kuschel E, Obriejetan M, Kuzmanić T, Mikoš M, Seifert L, Conevski S, Wirth M, Canga E, Fernandes S, Hübl J, et al. A Systematic Framework for Assessing the Temporally Variable Protective Capacity of Nature-Based Solutions Against Natural Hazards. Infrastructures. 2025; 10(12):318. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10120318

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kuschel, Erik, Michael Obriejetan, Tamara Kuzmanić, Matjaž Mikoš, Lukas Seifert, Slaven Conevski, Maria Wirth, Eriona Canga, Sérgio Fernandes, Johannes Hübl, and et al. 2025. "A Systematic Framework for Assessing the Temporally Variable Protective Capacity of Nature-Based Solutions Against Natural Hazards" Infrastructures 10, no. 12: 318. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10120318

APA Style

Kuschel, E., Obriejetan, M., Kuzmanić, T., Mikoš, M., Seifert, L., Conevski, S., Wirth, M., Canga, E., Fernandes, S., Hübl, J., & Stangl, R. (2025). A Systematic Framework for Assessing the Temporally Variable Protective Capacity of Nature-Based Solutions Against Natural Hazards. Infrastructures, 10(12), 318. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10120318

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