Effects of Mix Factors on the Mechanistic-Empirical Flexible Pavement Design
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
3. Dynamic Modulus (E*) Testing
- (a)
- Samples of 4-in. (100-mm) diameter and 6-in. (150-mm) height are prepared in the laboratory or field cores are collected.
- (b)
- The gauge points for the AMPT instrumentation are attached.
- (c)
- The full E* test is run on each specimen at three different temperatures of 4 °C, 20 °C, and 40 °C. The testing frequencies are 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz, and 10 Hz at each temperature with the exception that another (4th) frequency of 0.01 Hz is adopted for 40 °C.
- (d)
- N-value tests are run on two of the samples from each set of five at 50 °C.
4. Developing Dynamic Modulus Mastercurves for AASHTOWare
- = dynamic modulus
- ωr = reduced frequency, Hz
- Max = limiting maximum modulus, ksi
- Min = limiting minimum modulus, ksi
- β and γ = fitting parameters
- ωr = reduced frequency at the reference temperature
- ω = loading frequency at the test temperature
- Tr = reference temperature, °K
- T = test temperature, °K
- ∆Ea = activation energy (treated as a fitting parameter)
- a(T) = shift factor at temperature T
- limiting maximum dynamic modulus, psi
- VMA = voids in mineral aggregates, %
- VFA = voids filled with asphalt, %
- Max. |E*| (ksi): 3237.2 (22,304 MPa)
- Min. |E*| (ksi): 9.2 (63.39 MPa)
- Beta, β: −0.91764
- Gamma, γ: −0.54361
- ∆Ea: 239,361
- Coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.993
- Se/Sy = 0.06
5. Effects of Mix Factors on Performance
- (a)
- International roughness index (IRI);
- (b)
- Total rutting;
- (c)
- Rutting in asphalt layer (only);
- (d)
- Bottom-up fatigue cracking (FC) and;
- (e)
- Top-down longitudinal cracking (TDC).
- IRI (mm/km) = 1579.92 − 34.369 Vbe − 14.363 Va + 66.184 VMA + 17.604 VFA + 22.423 AC
- Total rutting (mm) = −12.11 − 0.5258 Vbe − 0.165 Va + 0.9525 VMA + 0.2515 VFA + 0.3048 AC
- Rutting in HMA (mm) = −14.2977 − 0.4775 Vbe − 0.198 Va + 0.922 VMA + 0.2388 VFA + 0.2134 AC
- FC (%) = −13.1366 − 0.461 Vbe − 0.1364 Va + 0.9536 VMA + 0.2036 VFA + 0.5026 AC
- TDC (m/km) = −467.33 − 19.12 Vbe − 7.7193 Va + 33.1948 VMA + 9.818 VFA + 11.2242 AC
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mix ID | NMAS, in. (mm) | Binder | Number of Gyrations |
---|---|---|---|
S (100) PG 64-22 | 0.75 (19) | PG 64-22 | 100 |
S (100) PG 76-28 | 0.75 (19) | PG 76-28 | 100 |
SMA PG 76-28 | 0.50 (12.5) | PG 76-28 | 100 |
SX (75) PG 58-28 | 0.50 (12.5) | PG 58-28 | 75 |
SX (75) PG 58-34 | 0.50 (12.5) | PG 58-34 | 75 |
SX (75) PG 64-22 | 0.50 (12.5) | PG 64-22 | 75 |
SX (75) PG 64-28 | 0.50 (12.5) | PG 64-28 | 75 |
SX (100) PG 58-28 | 0.50 (12.5) | PG 58-28 | 100 |
SX (100) PG 64-22 | 0.50 (12.5) | PG 64-22 | 100 |
SX (100) PG 64-28 | 0.50 (12.5) | PG 64-28 | 100 |
SX (100) PG 76-28 | 0.50 (12.5) | PG 76-28 | 100 |
Temperature (°C) | Frequency (Hz) | Dynamic Modulus (ksi) | Dynamic Modulus (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|
4 | 0.1 | 1206 | 8309 |
4 | 1.0 | 1750 | 12,058 |
4 | 10.0 | 2316 | 15,957 |
20 | 0.1 | 322 | 2219 |
20 | 1.0 | 638 | 4396 |
20 | 10.0 | 1110 | 7648 |
35 | 0.01 | 34 | 234 |
35 | 0.1 | 54 | 372 |
35 | 1.0 | 117 | 806 |
35 | 10.0 | 288 | 1984 |
No. | Temperature | Frequency (Hz) | |E*| | |E*| | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
°C | °F | Ksi | MPa | ||
1 | −10.0 | 14 | 25 | 2939 | 20,250 |
2 | −10.0 | 14 | 10 | 2867 | 19,754 |
3 | −10.0 | 14 | 5 | 2803 | 19,313 |
4 | −10.0 | 14 | 1 | 2613 | 18,004 |
5 | −10.0 | 14 | 0.5 | 2512 | 17,308 |
6 | −10.0 | 14 | 0.1 | 2227 | 15,344 |
7 | 4.4 | 40 | 25 | 2404 | 16,564 |
8 | 4.4 | 40 | 10 | 2234 | 15,392 |
9 | 4.4 | 40 | 5 | 2091 | 14,407 |
10 | 4.4 | 40 | 1 | 1717 | 11,830 |
11 | 4.4 | 40 | 0.5 | 1544 | 10,638 |
12 | 4.4 | 40 | 0.1 | 1137 | 7834 |
13 | 21.1 | 70 | 25 | 1338 | 9219 |
14 | 21.1 | 70 | 10 | 1108 | 7634 |
15 | 21.1 | 70 | 5 | 942 | 6490 |
16 | 21.1 | 70 | 1 | 607 | 4182 |
17 | 21.1 | 70 | 0.5 | 489 | 3369 |
18 | 21.1 | 70 | 0.1 | 284 | 1957 |
19 | 37.8 | 100 | 25 | 443 | 3052 |
20 | 37.8 | 100 | 10 | 325 | 2239 |
21 | 37.8 | 100 | 5 | 255 | 1757 |
22 | 37.8 | 100 | 1 | 144 | 992 |
23 | 37.8 | 100 | 0.5 | 113 | 779 |
24 | 37.8 | 100 | 0.1 | 68 | 469 |
25 | 54.4 | 130 | 25 | 118 | 813 |
26 | 54.4 | 130 | 10 | 87 | 599 |
27 | 54.4 | 130 | 5 | 70 | 482 |
28 | 54.4 | 130 | 1 | 45 | 310 |
29 | 54.4 | 130 | 0.5 | 38 | 262 |
30 | 54.4 | 130 | 0.1 | 28 | 193 |
Groups | Climate Station | AADTT |
---|---|---|
S (100) PG 64-22 | Denver 12342 | 7000 |
S (100) PG 76-28 | Denver 12342 | 7000 |
SMA PG 76-28 | Denver 12342 | 7000 |
SX (75) PG 58-28 | Gunnison 93007 | 3000 |
SX (75) PG 58-34 | Gunnison 93007 | 3000 |
SX (75) PG 64-22 | Pueblo 93058 | 3000 |
SX (75) PG 64-28 | Gunnison 93007 | 3000 |
SX (100) PG 58-28 | Gunnison 93007 | 7000 |
SX (100) PG 64-22 | Colorado Spring 93037 | 7000 |
SX (100) PG 64-28 | Pueblo 93058 | 7000 |
SX (100) PG 76-28 | Trinidad 23070 | 7000 |
Vbe (%) | Va (%) | VMA (%) | VFA (%) | AC (%) | Pit | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18180 P3 14 | 12.24 | 6.66 | 17.1 | 61.2 | 5.00 | Morrison, Plate River |
18180 P4 14 | 10.31 | 6.66 | 17.9 | 63.4 | 5.00 | Morrison, Plate River |
18842 P10 14 | 11.63 | 5.00 | 18.3 | 62.8 | 5.30 | Tezak Fountain/I25 |
18842 16 14 | 11.39 | 6.98 | 18.4 | 62.4 | 5.30 | Tezak Fountain/I25 |
18842 P22 14 | 11.44 | 6.52 | 18.1 | 64.3 | 5.30 | Tezak Fountain/I25 |
19128 P81 14 | 13.18 | 6.90 | 17.6 | 60.8 | 5.50 | Evans |
19202 P107 14 | 11.94 | 6.00 | 18.8 | 64.2 | 6.34 | Four Corners |
19202 P112 14 | 11.29 | 6.00 | 18.3 | 61.2 | 5.95 | Four Corners |
19275 P1 14 | 13.41 | 5.78 | 17.0 | 66.3 | 5.65 | --- |
19275 P2 14 | 13.41 | 6.60 | 18.1 | 65.9 | 5.65 | --- |
19275 P5 14 | 13.41 | 6.14 | 17.3 | 65.2 | 5.65 | --- |
19300 P34 14 | 12.04 | 5.64 | 16.7 | 66.4 | 6.00 | Craig Ranch |
19655 P18 14 | 11.05 | 6.06 | 16.7 | 64.3 | 5.60 | Valardi |
19904 P14 15 | 13.43 | 6.40 | 17.1 | 62.5 | 5.50 | Spec Agg/Riverbend/Cottonwood |
Vbe (%) | Va (%) | VMA (%) | VFA (%) | AC (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IRI | 4 Increases 4 Decreases 3 N/A | 5 Increases 4 Decreases 2 N/A | 6 Increases 3 Decreases 2 N/A | 6 Increases 3 Decreases 2 N/A | 4 Increases 2 Decreases 5 N/A |
Total Rutting | 4 Increases 4 Decreases 3 N/A | 5 Increases 4 Decreases 2 N/A | 6 Increases 3 Decreases 2 N/A | 6 Increases 3 Decreases 2 N/A | 3 Increases 3 Decreases 5 N/A |
Rutting in HMA | 4 Increases 3 Decreases 4 N/A | 4 Increases 4 Decreases 3 N/A | 7 Increases 3 Decreases 1 N/A | 5 Increases 3 Decreases 3 N/A | 3 Increases 3 Decreases 5 N/A |
FC (%) | 4 Increases 4 Decreases 3 N/A | 5 Increases 4 Decreases 2 N/A | 6 Increases 3 Decreases 2 N/A | 6 Increases 3 Decreases 2 N/A | 3 Increases 3 Decreases 5 N/A |
TDC | 4 Increases 4 Decreases 3 N/A | 5 Increases 4 Decreases 2 N/A | 6 Increases 3 Decreases 2 N/A | 7 Increases 2 Decreases 2 N/A | 4 Increases 2 Decreases 5 N/A |
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Islam, M.R.; Kalevela, S.A.; Nesselhauf, S.K. Effects of Mix Factors on the Mechanistic-Empirical Flexible Pavement Design. Designs 2019, 3, 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs3030036
Islam MR, Kalevela SA, Nesselhauf SK. Effects of Mix Factors on the Mechanistic-Empirical Flexible Pavement Design. Designs. 2019; 3(3):36. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs3030036
Chicago/Turabian StyleIslam, Md Rashadul, Sylvester A. Kalevela, and Shelby K. Nesselhauf. 2019. "Effects of Mix Factors on the Mechanistic-Empirical Flexible Pavement Design" Designs 3, no. 3: 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs3030036