Coenzyme Q10 and Fish Oil Supplementation for Reducing Retinal Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Neonatal Intermittent Hypoxia (IH) Profiles
2.4. Supplementation
2.5. Sample Collection and Processing
2.6. Assay of Oxidants
2.7. Assay of Antioxidants
2.8. Total Cellular Protein Levels
2.9. Immunofluorescence
2.10. Real-Time PCR
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Histopathology
3.2. Oxidative Stress
3.3. Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
3.4. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
3.5. Catalase
3.6. Glutathione
3.7. Immunofluorescence
3.8. Mitochondrial RT2 Profiler PCR Array in the Retina
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Ethics Statement
References
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HIF1α | VEGF | SOD-1 | SOD-2 | SOD-3 | Catalase | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RA: | ||||||
Olive Oil | 529.8 ± 140.2 | 907.3 ± 199.0 | 949.6 ± 95.4 | 619.9 ± 64.4 | 674.3 ± 147.6 | 715.6 ± 91.2 |
CoQ10 | 133.1 ± 13.3 * | 869.2 ± 121.2 | 989.5 ± 90.8 | 919.2 ± 147.9 | 468.1 ± 99.7 | 283.8 ± 51.2 ** |
Fish Oil | 1029.3 ± 108.6 ** | 1958.0 ± 153.9 ** | 1599.7 ± 155.5 ** | 661.0 ± 123.9 | 945.0 ± 54.9 | 852.7 ± 123.8 |
50/12% IH: | ||||||
Olive Oil | 1399.1 ± 230.1 ## | 1150.1 ± 164.6 | 1297.5 ± 45.5 # | 1257.0 ± 191.9 ## | 1337.7 ± 134.9 ## | 1997.2 ± 173.1## |
CoQ10 | 276.6 ± 51.9 **# | 471.5 ± 46.1 **## | 1242.3 ± 86.9 | 712.6 ± 56.1 * | 115.6 ± 18.7 **## | 160.6 ± 15.5 **# |
Fish Oil | 1329.6 ± 219.0 | 1445.8 ± 112.1 ## | 985.0 ± 110.4 *## | 874.4 ± 126.8 | 770.0 ± 88.5 ** | 650.3 ± 125.9 ** |
21/12% IH: | ||||||
Olive Oil | 1145.8 ± 36.8 # | 1456.4 ± 96.4 | 1475.8 ± 128.2 ## | 1308.8 ± 63.2 ## | 970.3 ± 66.2 | 830.3 ± 122.8 |
CoQ10 | 257.1 ± 28.5 **# | 457.7 ± 47.9 **## | 1276.6 ± 75.4 # | 1144.2 ± 124.2 | 204.6 ± 14.9 **## | 150.2 ± 12.5 **# |
Fish Oil | 869.1 ± 84.0 ** | 1077.4 ± 83.5 **## | 1120.1 ± 81.8 *# | 1034.8 ± 79.1 # | 576.0 ± 54.8 **## | 877.6 ± 137.9 |
Genes of Interest | CoQ10 RA | Fish Oil RA | Olive Oil 50/12% | CoQ10 50/12% | Fish Oil 50/12% | Olive Oil 21/12% | CoQ10 21/12% | Fish Oil 21/12% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Membrane Polarization and Potential: | ||||||||
Bnip3 | −1.4 ± 0.09 | 23.9 ± 0.2 | 11.9 ± 0.2 | 17.8 ± 0.06 | 15.4 ± 0.16 | 21.9 ± 0.64 | 32.9 ± 0.68 | 20.1 ± 0.18 |
Gclc | 10.1 ± 0.36 | 4.7 ± 0.56 | 2.4 ± 0.37 | 14.1 ± 0.68 | 3.3 ± 0.53 | 4.4 ± 0.82 | 8.5 ± 0.48 | 3.9 ± 0.59 |
Gclm | 9.6 ± 0.35 | 4.6 ± 0.35 | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 7.8 ± 0.34 | 5.7 ± 0.33 | 7.9 ± 0.39 | 13.2 ± 0.35 | 8.0 ± 0.3 |
Sod1 | 10.7 ± 0.32 | 2.3 ± 0.36 | 4.1 ± 0.27 | 9.6 ± 0.34 | 8.3 ± 0.39 | 6.0 ± 0.28 | 11.9 ± 0.31 | 7.9 ± 0.3 |
Mitochondrial Transport and Targeting Proteins to Mitochondria: | ||||||||
Grpel1 | −1.4 ± 0.17 | 11.5 ± 0.24 | 8.6 ± 0.46 | 10.0 ± 0.22 | 9.2 ± 0.31 | 12.6 ± 0.46 | 17.7 ± 0.33 | 10.0 ± 0.24 |
Hsp90aa1 | 2.9 ± 0.03 * | 11.3 ± 0.08 | 5.3 ± 0.05 * | 8.7 ± 0.04 * | 9.8 ± 0.09 | 9.8 ± 0.08 | 15.5 ± 0.07 | 11.0 ± 0.08 |
Hspd1 | −1.6 ± 0.28 | 38.2 ± 0.95 | 11.8 ± 0.31 | 21.9 ± 0.35 | 26.7 ± 0.71 | 29.2 ± 0.77 | 46.6 ± 0.83 | 6.5 ± 0.05 * |
Mfn2 | 7.0 ± 0.53 | 11.1 ± 0.4 | 5.6 ± 0.41 | 9.5 ± 0.39 | 8.7 ± 0.44 | 9.9 ± 0.46 | 14.3 ± 0.42 | 8.9 ± 0.38 |
Mipep | 4.0 ± 39 | 8.3 ± 0.39 | 5.1 ± 0.41 | 6.2 ± 0.36 | 5.2 ± 0.37 | 7.4 ± 0.41 | 10.3 ± 0.38 | 5.7 ± 0.35 |
Mtx2 | −1.2 ± 18 | 13.6 ± 0.29 | 6.7 ± 0.31 | 12.3 ± 0.42 | 11.1 ± 0.28 | 9.7 ± 0.42 | 17.9 ± 0.33 | 11.1 ± 0.27 |
Timm10 | 12.2 ± 0.85 | 6.4 ± 0.78 | 13.7 ± 0.02 * | 21.0 ± 0.36 | 18.2 ± 0.24 | 13.1 ± 0.01 * | 26.3 ± 0.11 | 19.5 ± 0.42 |
Ucp1 | 11.2 ± 0.37 | −1.8 ± 0.3 | −1.1 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 0.4 | −1.7 ± 0.59 | 4.8 ± 0.93 | 10.6 ± 0.25 | −1.8 ± 0.36 |
Ucp2 | 3.6 ± 0.42 | 4.4 ± 0.37 | 2.7 ± 0.38 | 4.9 ± 0.73 | 3.4 ± 0.63 | 2.7 ± 0.43 | 8.9 ± 0.19 | 2.2 ± 0.49 |
Ucp3 | −1.9 ± 0.35 | −1.1 ± 0.38 | 1.8 ± 0.27 | 2.2 ± 0.46 | −1.8 ± 0.33 | 4.7 ± 0.19 | 2.3 ± 0.38 | −2.0 ± 0.42 |
Small Molecule Transport: | ||||||||
Slc25a12 | 8.4 ± 0.62 | 23.9 ± 0.8 | 8.9 ± 0.57 | 13.2 ± 0.49 | 12.1 ± 0.59 | 12.1 ± 0.54 | 20.1 ± 0.54 | 10.1 ± 0.41 |
Slc25a14 | 2.6 ± 0.28 | 10.5 ± 0.36 | 5.5 ± 0.37 | 8.8 ± 0.35 | 8.4 ± 0.41 | 8.8 ± 0.4 | 12.3 ± 0.35 | 9.2 ± 0.36 |
Slc25a16 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 12.3 ± 0.41 | 5.3 ± 0.36 | 9.2 ± 0.39 | 8.0 ± 0.38 | 8.5 ± 0.37 | 13.6 ± 0.35 | 8.8 ± 0.28 |
Slc25a17 | 1.5 ± 0.24 | 14.5 ± 0.42 | 7.3 ± 0.43 | 11.1 ± 0.36 | 11.3 ± 0.52 | 10.4 ± 0.41 | 16.6 ± 0.39 | 12.9 ± 0.43 |
Slc25a22 | 6.8 ± 0.55 | 12.0 ± 0.44 | 7.0 ± 0.48 | 9.7 ± 0.44 | 7.6 ± 0.43 | 8.1 ± 0.38 | 13.1 ± 0.4 | 5.6 ± 0.56 |
Slc25a23 | 10.7 ± 0.89 | 21.8 ± 0.67 | 17.8 ± 0.05 * | 21.4 ± 0.86 | 22.6 ± 0.09 | 22.9 ± 0.2 | 34.7 ± 0.43 | 15.8 ± 0.16 |
Slc25a27 | 4.3 ± 0.33 | 11.3 ± 0.37 | 6.7 ± 0.41 | 7.7 ± 0.3 | 8.1 ± 0.38 | 8.5 ± 0.36 | 13.9 ± 0.36 | 4.5 ± 0.39 |
Slc25a3 | 58.2 ± 0.01 * | 15.0 ± 0.01 * | 24.7 ± 0.05 * | 43.4 ± 0.06 * | 30.6 ± 0.01 * | 27.4 ± 0.04 * | 41.7 ± 0.05 * | 6.1 ± 0.02 * |
Slc25a36 | 1.2 ± 0.22 | 18.2 ± 0.57 | 8.2 ± 0.53 | 9.2 ± 0.37 | 10.0 ± 0.49 | 7.2 ± 0.37 | 14.2 ± 0.39 | 11.6 ± 0.39 |
Slc25a4 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 28.7 ± 0.05 * | 14.5 ± 0.01 * | 23.3 ± 0.03 * | 20.9 ± 0.01 * | 16.2 ± 0.01 * | 34.7 ± 0.01 * | 25.0 ± 0.01 * |
Slc25a5 | 6.3 ± 0.83 | 20.5 ± 0.6 | 12.4 ± 0.97 | 18.6 ± 0.69 | 14.9 ± 0.77 | 13.2 ± 0.47 | 33.0 ± 0.84 | 18.2 ± 0.68 |
Mitochondrial Protein Import: | ||||||||
Cav2 | −4.4 ± 0.16 | 12.1 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.26 | 9.7 ± 0.41 | 10.2 ± 0.31 | 9.2 ± 0.24 | 12.1 ± 0.64 | 8.1 ± 0.22 |
Gpx1 | 11.3 ± 0.8 | 13.2 ± 0.7 | 9.3 ± 0.12 | 20.5 ± 0.01 * | 11.5 ± 0.05 * | 16.0 ± 0.35 | 17.8 ± 0.03 * | 14.0 ± 0.05 * |
Grpel1 | −1.4 ± 0.17 | 11.5 ± 0.24 | 8.6 ± 0.46 | 10.0 ± 0.23 | 9.2 ± 0.31 | 12.6 ± 0.46 | 17.7 ± 0.33 | 10.0 ± 0.24 |
Hspd1 | −1.6 ± 0.28 | 38.2 ± 0.05 * | 11.8 ± ±0.31 | 21.9 ± 0.35 | 26.7 ± 0.71 | 29.2 ± 0.03 * | 46.6 ± 0.03 * | 6.5 ± 0.53 |
Mipep | 4.0 ± 39 | 8.3 ± 0.39 | 5.1 ± 0.41 | 6.2 ± 0.36 | 5.2 ± 0.37 | 7.4 ± 0.41 | 10.3 ± 0.38 | 5.7 ± 0.35 |
Ppargc1a | 4.0 ± 0.19 | 10.6 ± 0.23 | 5.0 ± 0.19 | 10.2 ± 0.23 | 11.1 ± 0.42 | 8.7 ± 0.23 | 13.6 ± 0.22 | 9.7 ± 0.22 |
Sh3glb1 | 12.5 ± 0.64 | 29.0 ± 0.01 * | 11.5 ± 0.01 * | 23.2 ± 0.65 | 21.6 ± 0.01 * | 19.4 ± 0.57 | 32.0 ± 0.8 | 21.3 ± 0.12 |
Timm10 | 12.2 ± 0.85 | 6.4 ± 0.78 | 13.7 ± 0.02 * | 21.0 ± 0.36 | 18.2 ± 0.24 | 13.1 ± 0.01 * | 26.3 ± 0.11 | 19.5 ± 0.42 |
Outer Membrane Translocation | ||||||||
Tomm22 | 6.0 ± 0.38 | 4.4 ± 0.37 | 7.0 ± 0.53 | 12.3 ± 0.61 | 11.3 ± 0.49 | 12.6 ± 0.5 | 16.7 ± 0.36 | 12.3 ± 0.38 |
Tomm34 | 4.0 ± 0.34 | 19.6 ± 0.38 | 14.8 ± 0.03 * | 3.7 ± 0.4 | 7.0 ± 0.41 | 18.0 ± 0.03 * | 8.1 ± 0.36 | 7.2 ± 0.5 |
Tomm40 | 3.0 ± 0.39 | 6.0 ± 0.37 | 5.5 ± 0.44 | 6.8 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.38 | 11.1 ± 0.41 | 9.5 ± 0.4 | 3.9 ± 0.36 |
Tomm70 | 6.4 ± 0.34 | 17.4 ± 0.47 | 9.1 ± 0.5 | 13.5 ± 0.36 | 11.9 ± 0.48 | 11.6 ± 0.47 | 16.4 ± 0.28 | 11.3 ± 0.38 |
Inner Membrane Translocation: | ||||||||
Immp1l | 1.9 ± 0.17 | 16.7 ± 0.43 | 5.9 ± 0.22 | 12.0 ± 0.29 | 12.0 ± 0.47 | 5.0 ± 0.11 | 17.1 ± 0.29 | 7.9 ± 0.16 |
Opa1 | 1.8 ± 0.07 | 26.8 ± 0.58 | 12.5 ± 0.01 * | 21.1 ± 0.01 * | 19.3 ± 0.01 * | 21.3 ± 0.01 * | 30.4 ± 0.01 * | 28.2 ± 0.01 * |
Timm10 | 12.2 ± 0.85 | 6.4 ± 0.78 | 13.7 ± 0.02 * | 21.0 ± 0.36 | 18.2 ± 0.24 | 13.1 ± 0.01 * | 26.3 ± 0.11 | 19.5 ± 0.42 |
Timm17a | 6.0 ± 0.46 | 11.3 ± 0.38 | 6.2 ± 0.42 | 8.9 ± 0.36 | 7.5 ± 0.39 | 8.1 ± 0.38 | 10.7 ± 0.33 | 7.5 ± 0.34 |
Timm22 | 6.4 ± 0.53 | 13.8 ± 0.43 | 6.6 ± 0.43 | 10.6 ± 0.4 | 8.8 ± 0.42 | 9.0 ± 0.4 | 14.8 ± 0.51 | 9.4 ± 0.38 |
Timm44 | 3.3 ± 0.33 | 10.1 ± 0.45 | 6.5 ± 0.42 | 9.2 ± 0.39 | 6.1 ± 0.36 | 9.8 ± 0.43 | 11.1 ± 0.36 | 8.6 ± 0.38 |
Timm8a1 | 8.1 ± 0.41 | 18.1 ± 0.25 | 8.2 ± 0.17 | 17.2 ± 0.36 | 12.7 ± 0.32 | 10.6 ± 0.11 | 21.2 ± 0.22 | 14.8 ± 0.31 |
Timm8b | 2.2 ± 0.56 | 15.2 ± 0.75 | 35.2 ± 0.05 * | 14.7 ± 0.86 | 10.8 ± 0.63 | 20.0 ± 0.04 * | 14.8 ± 0.66 | 12.8 ± 0.48 |
Timm9 | 3.0 ± 0.21 | 13.4 ± 0.34 | 5.1 ± 0.27 | 11.7 ± 0.36 | 8.8 ± 0.53 | 6.7 ± 0.49 | 13.1 ± 0.36 | 7.0 ± 0.38 |
Apoptosis: | ||||||||
Bnip3 | −1.4 ± 0.09 | 23.9 ± 0.2 | 11.9 ± 0.2 | 17.8 ± 0.06 | 15.4 ± 0.16 | 21.9 ± 0.64 | 32.9 ± 0.68 | 20.1 ± 0.18 |
Dnm1l | 4.7 ± 0.16 | 19.6 ± 0.45 | 10.1 ± 0.49 | 18.8 ± 0.36 | 16.1 ± 0.35 | 14.5 ± 0.4 | 21.7 ± 0.32 | 16.2 ± 0.29 |
Gpx1 | 11.3 ± 0.8 | 13.2 ± 0.07 * | 9.3 ± 0.12 | 20.5 ± 0.06 * | 11.5 ± 0.7 | 16.0 ± 0.35 | 17.9 ± 0.03 * | 14.0 ± 0.05 * |
Sh3glb1 | 12.5 ± 0.64 | 29.0 ± 0.01 * | 11.5 ± 0.01 * | 23.2 ± 0.65 | 21.6 ± 0.01 * | 19.4 ± 0.57 | 32.0 ± 0.8 | 21.3 ± 0.12 |
Sod2 | 11.4 ± 0.64 | 14.5 ± 0.48 | 25.2 ± 0.07 | 22.5 ± 0.09 | 26.9 ± 0.07 | 30.9 ± 0.01 | 20.6 ± 0.06 * | 28.4 ± 0.03 * |
P53 | 4.6 ± 0.46 | 9.8 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 0.39 | 6.2 ± 0.37 | 6.7 ± 0.39 | 6.0 ± 0.38 | 10.1 ± 0.53 | 6.6 ± 0.75 |
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Siddiqui, F.; Cai, C.; Aranda, J.V.; Beharry, K.D. Coenzyme Q10 and Fish Oil Supplementation for Reducing Retinal Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model. Vision 2023, 7, 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision7010020
Siddiqui F, Cai C, Aranda JV, Beharry KD. Coenzyme Q10 and Fish Oil Supplementation for Reducing Retinal Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model. Vision. 2023; 7(1):20. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision7010020
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiddiqui, Faisal, Charles Cai, Jacob V. Aranda, and Kay D. Beharry. 2023. "Coenzyme Q10 and Fish Oil Supplementation for Reducing Retinal Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model" Vision 7, no. 1: 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision7010020