The Effects of Sex, Oral Contraception, and Menstrual Cycle Phase on Intraocular Pressure, Central Corneal Thickness, and Foveal Thickness: A Descriptive Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Sessions
2.3. Procedures
2.3.1. Intraocular Pressure
2.3.2. Central Corneal Thickness
2.3.3. Foveal Thickness
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Results
3.2. Intraocular Pressure, Central Corneal Thickness, and Foveal Thickness Analysis by Sex, Contraceptive Use and Menstrual Phase
3.3. Intraocular Pressure, Central Corneal Thickness, and Foveal Thickness Analysis by Sex, Race, and Ethnicity
3.4. Body Mass Index, Blood Glucose Level, and Blood Pressure Analysis by Sex, Contraceptive Use and Menstrual Phase
3.5. Relationships between Ocular Biometrics and Systemic Parameters
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Range | Mean ± S.D. | Median | |
---|---|---|---|
All subjects (n = 60) | 20–50 yrs | 25.9 ± 5.06 yrs | 24.0 yrs |
Men (n = 16) | 22–50 yrs | 27.9 ± 6.44 yrs | 26.5 yrs |
Women (n = 44) | 20–44 yrs | 25.2 ± 4.22 yrs | 24.0 yrs |
- Cycling (n = 28) | 21–44 yrs | 25.8 ± 5.01 yrs | 24.0 yrs |
- Oral contraceptive users (n = 16) | 20–28 yrs | 23.9 ± 1.72 yrs | 24.0 yrs |
IOP | CCT | FT | |
---|---|---|---|
(mmHg) | (μm) | (μm) | |
All subjects, n = 60 | 16.0 ± 3.90 (117) | 560 ± 44.7 (116) | 256 ± 23.3 (116) |
Men, n = 16 | 17.1 ± 4.97 (31) | 549 ± 38.6 (30) | 267 ± 25.6 (30) |
- 1st session | 16.9 ± 4.70 (16) | 547 ± 38.5 (16) | 268 ± 25.2 (16) |
- 2nd session | 17.2 ± 5.40 (15) | 551 ± 40.1 (14) | 267 ± 26.9 (14) |
Women, n = 44 | 15.7 ± 3.38 (86) | 564 ± 46.1 (86) | 252 ± 21.2 (86) |
- Follicular | 15.6 ± 3.79 (43) | 564 ± 49.4 (43) | 252 ± 20.5 (43) |
- Luteal | 15.7 ± 2.97 (43) | 566 ± 43.7 (43) | 252 ± 22.1 (43) |
Cycling women, n = 28 | 16.1 ± 3.54 (55) | 573 ± 43.6 (55) | 247 ± 13.9 (55) |
- Follicular | 15.9 ± 4.19 (28) | 569 ± 47.5 (28) | 247 ± 14.1 (28) |
- Luteal | 16.4 ± 2.76 (27) | 577 ± 39.8 (27) | 247 ± 13.9 (27) |
OC-users, n = 16 | 14.8 ± 2.95 (31) | 549 ± 47.2 (31) | 262 ± 27.8 (31) |
- Follicular | 15.1 ± 2.95 (15) | 551 ± 50.8 (15) | 262 ± 26.5 (15) |
- Luteal | 14.5 ± 3.02 (16) | 547 ± 45.1 (16) | 261 ± 29.8 (16) |
IOP | CCT | FT | |
---|---|---|---|
(mmHg) | (mm) | (mm) | |
Asian, n = 5 | 14.6 ± 2.45 (10) | 556 ± 49.1 (10) | 265 ± 31.4 (10) |
- Men, n = 3 | 14.6 ± 2.89 (6) | 541 ± 59.3 (6) | 279 ± 33.7 (6) |
- Women, n = 2 | 14.5 ± 2.04 (4) | 579 ± 14.6 (4) | 243 ± 6.56 (4) |
Black, n = 2 (all women) | 17.5 ± 3.76 (4) | 608 ± 52.1 (4) | 239 ± 15.6 (4) |
South Asian, n = 5 (all women) | 15.1 ± 4.12 (10) | 562 ± 47.3 (10) | 238 ± 16.2 (10) |
White, n = 48 | 16.2 ± 4.00 (93) | 559 ± 43.2 (92) | 258 ± 22.1 (92) |
- Men, n = 13 | 17.7 ± 5.22 (25) | 551 ± 33.1 (24) | 265 ± 23.1 (24) |
Hispanic, n = 2 | 12.0 ± 5.60 (4) | 525 ± 19.0 (4) | 241 ± 12.0 (4) |
Non-Hispanic, n = 11 | 18.8 ± 4.51 (21) | 556 ± 33.1 (20) | 269 ±21.9 (20) |
- Women, n = 35 | 15.7 ± 3.33 (68) | 561 ± 46.2 (68) | 256 ± 21.5 (68) |
Hispanic, n = 5 | 14.9 ± 3.07 (10) | 554 ± 54.8 (10) | 245 ± 11.2 (10) |
Non-Hispanic, n = 30 | 15.8 ± 3.38 (58) | 562 ± 45.0 (58) | 258 ± 22.3 (58) |
* BMI | BGL | SBP | DBP | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(kg/m2) | (mg/dL) | (mmHg) | (mmHg) | |
All subjects | 22.5; 6.50 (59) | 85.8 ± 12.2 (89) | 117 ± 12.0 (91) | 72.7 ± 8.09 (90) |
Men | 25.1; 6.90 (16) | 94.4 ± 12.8 (18) | 126 ± 17.1 (18) | 76.8 ± 9.10 (18) |
- 1st session | -- | 90.4 ± 11.3 (9) | 125 ± 15.9 (9) | 74.7 ± 9.55 (9) |
- 2nd session | -- | 98.4 ± 13.6 (9) | 127 ± 19.1 (9) | 78.9 ± 8.64 (9) |
Women | 22.2; 4.10 (43) | 83.7 ± 11.1 (71) | 114 ± 9.22 (73) | 71.7 ± 7.57 (72) |
- Follicular | -- | 85.2 ± 11.1 (36) | 114 ± 10.2 (37) | 71.7 ± 7.45 (36) |
- Luteal | -- | 82.8 ± 10.4 (35) | 115 ± 8.51 (36) | 71.5 ± 7.90 (36) |
Cycling women | 22.5; 4.40 (28) | 85.7 ± 11.1 (43) | 114 ± 9.50 (45) | 70.4 ± 6.44 (44) |
- Follicular | -- | 86.9 ± 11.4 (22) | 115 ± 10.6 (23) | 71.7 ± 10.6 (22) |
- Luteal | -- | 84.4 ± 10.8 (21) | 113 ± 8.41 (22) | 69.1 ± 6.14 (22) |
OC users | 21.5; 7.30 (15) | 80.7 ± 10.7 (28) | 116 ± 8.85 (28) | 73.7 ± 8.72 (28) |
- Follicular | -- | 82.6 ± 10.4 (14) | 114 ± 9.95 (14) | 71.7 ± 8.89 (14) |
- Luteal | -- | 80.4 ± 9.77 (14) | 118 ± 8.08 (14) | 75.4 ± 9.02 (14) |
All Subjects | Men | Women | Cycling Women | OC Users | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IOP vs. | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
- CCT | 0.401 (<0.001) | 0.446 (0.014) | 0.457 (<0.001) | 0.621 (<0.001) | 0.116 (0.549) |
- FT | −0.065 (0.482) | −0.214 (0.255) | −0.061 (0.750) | −0.101 (0.461) | 0.078 (0.688) |
- BMI † | 0.153 (0.327) | 0.279 (0.314) | 0.059 (0.707) | 0.099 (0.616) | 0.166 (0.554) |
- BGL | −0.046 (0.665) | 0.069 (0.786) | −0.048 (0.686) | −0.077 (0.625) | −0.161 (0.396) |
- SBP | 0.057 (0.589) | 0.224 (0.371) | 0.029 (0.803) | 0.066 (0.667) | 0.027 (0.886) |
- DBP | 0.036 (0.735) | 0.295 (0.234) | −0.023 (0.843) | 0.113 (0.464) | −0.083 (0.663) |
CCT vs. | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
- FT | −0.224 (0.015) | −0.473 (0.008) | 0.078 (0.481) | −0.105 (0.446) | 0.011 (0.955) |
- BMI † | −0.113 (0.394) | 0.001 (0.998) | −0.062 (0.693) | 0.017 (0.932) | −0.254 (0.402) |
- BGL | −0.262 (0.012) | −0.397 (0.103) | −0.162 (0.172) | −0.301 (0.050) | −0.175 (0.355) |
- SBP | −0.175 (0.094) | 0.034 (0.895) | −0.176 (0.131) | −0.379 (0.010) | 0.098 (0.607) |
- DBP | −0.046 (0.666) | −0.121 (0.631) | 0.038 (0.746) | −0.184 (0.231) | 0.337 (0.068) |
FT vs. | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
- BMI † | 0.113 (0.394) | 0.235 (0.381) | −0.020 (0.899) | 0.010 (0.960) | 0.102 (0.718) |
- BGL | 0.360 (<0.001) | 0.779 (<0.001) | 0.125 (0.292) | 0.019 (0.902) | 0.344 (0.063) |
- SBP | 0.363 (<0.001) | 0.635 (0.005) | 0.102 (0.384) | 0.250 (0.097) | −0.023 (0.904) |
- DBP | 0.346 (<0.001) | 0.628 (0.005) | 0.176 (0.133) | 0.276 (0.070) | 0.057 (0.765) |
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Fortepiani, L.; Foutch, B.K.; Wilson, M.R. The Effects of Sex, Oral Contraception, and Menstrual Cycle Phase on Intraocular Pressure, Central Corneal Thickness, and Foveal Thickness: A Descriptive Analysis. Vision 2021, 5, 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision5040048
Fortepiani L, Foutch BK, Wilson MR. The Effects of Sex, Oral Contraception, and Menstrual Cycle Phase on Intraocular Pressure, Central Corneal Thickness, and Foveal Thickness: A Descriptive Analysis. Vision. 2021; 5(4):48. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision5040048
Chicago/Turabian StyleFortepiani, Lourdes, Brian K. Foutch, and Molly R. Wilson. 2021. "The Effects of Sex, Oral Contraception, and Menstrual Cycle Phase on Intraocular Pressure, Central Corneal Thickness, and Foveal Thickness: A Descriptive Analysis" Vision 5, no. 4: 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision5040048