Optical Sensitivity of Camera-Like Eyes to White Light
Abstracts
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Histology and Microscopy
2.3. Morphometry
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spatial Resolving Power and Optical Sensitivity of a Camera-like Eye
3.2. The Influence of the Optical Sensitivity to White Light on the Spatial Resolving Power of the Camera-like Eyes of Mollusks and Humans
3.2.1. Mollusk
3.2.2. Human
4. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Retinal Region | Mollusk | References |
---|---|---|---|
Size of the eye (anteroposterior × horizontal axis), μm | - | 189 × 228 | [15] |
Focal length of the optical system of the eye f, μm | - | 162 | [15] |
Distance between the centers of neighboring single photoreceptor cells of the first/second type p, μm | center | 11/6.0 | [15] |
periphery | 19 ± 0.5 */11 ± 0.2 * (n = 10/5) | - | |
Spatial resolving power of the eye for single photoreceptor cells of the first/second type R, rad−1 | center | 8.5/15.8 | [15] |
periphery | 4.9 */8.5 * | ||
Diameter of the pupil A, μm | - | 103 | [15] |
Area of the pupil S, μm2 | - | 8328 | |
Cross-sectional diameter of the light-sensitive part of a single photoreceptor cell of the first/second type d, μm | center | 8.0/2.0 | [15] |
periphery | 12.8 ± 0.3 */2.5 ± 0.09 * (n = 10/6) | - | |
Absorption coefficient of the visual pigment of a single photoreceptor cell of the first/second type k, μm−1 | - | 0.0067/0.0067 | [30] |
Length of the light-sensitive part of a single photoreceptor cell of the first/second type l, μm | center | 11/2.2 | [15] |
periphery | 8.0 ± 0.09 */2.1 ± 0.13 * (n = 10/6) | - | |
Total fraction of the incident light absorbed by the light-sensitive part of a single photoreceptor cell of the first/second type F | center | 0.031/0.0064 | - |
periphery | 0.023 */0.0061 * | - | |
Optical sensitivity of the eye to white light for a single photoreceptor cell of the first/second type Sw, μm2·sr | center | 0.5/0.006 | [15] |
periphery | 0.9 */0.009 * | - |
The Ratio of the Parameters | Retinal Region | Mollusk |
---|---|---|
Diameter and length of the light-sensitive part of a single photoreceptor cell of the first/second type | center | 0.7/0.9 |
periphery | 1.6/1.2 | |
Cross-sectional diameter of the light-sensitive part of a single photoreceptor cell of the first/second type in the center and in the periphery | - | 0.6/0.8 |
Length of the light-sensitive part of a single photoreceptor cell of the first/second type in the center and in the periphery | - | 1.4/1.1 |
Total fraction of the incident light absorbed by the light-sensitive part of a single photoreceptor cell of the first/second type in the center and in the periphery | - | 1.4/1.1 |
Optical sensitivity of the eye to white light for a single photoreceptor cell of the first/second type in the center and in the periphery | - | 0.6/0.7 |
Cross-sectional diameter of the light-sensitive part of a single photoreceptor cell of the first and second type | center | 4.0 |
periphery | 5.1 | |
Length of the light-sensitive part of a single photoreceptor cell of the first and second type | center | 5.0 |
periphery | 3.8 | |
Total fraction of the incident light absorbed by the light-sensitive part of a single photoreceptor cell of the first and second type | center | 4.8 |
periphery | 3.8 | |
Optical sensitivity of the eye to white light for a single photoreceptor cell of the first and second type | center | 83 |
periphery | 100 |
Parameter | Retinal Region | Human | References |
---|---|---|---|
Size of the eye (anteroposterior × horizontal axis), mm | 22.0–24.8 × 24.2 | [31] | |
Focal length of the optical system of the eye f, mm | 22.3 | [32] | |
Distance between the centers of neighboring single rods/cones p, μm | center | –/1.5 | [33] |
periphery | 6.0/20 | [34,35] | |
Spatial resolving power of the eye for single rods/cones R, rad−1 | center | –/8577 | |
periphery | 2144/645 | ||
Diameter of the pupil A, mm | 1.1–8.0 | [36] | |
Area of the pupil S, mm2 | 0.95–50.24 | ||
Cross-sectional diameter of the outer segment of a single rod/cone d, μm | Center | –/1.0 | [33] |
periphery | 5.5/10 | [26] | |
Absorption coefficient of the visual pigment of a single rod/cone, k μm−1 | 0.028/0.035 | [2] | |
Length of the outer segment of a single rod/cone l, μm | Center | –/35 | [33] |
periphery | 25/13 | [37] | |
Total fraction of the incident light absorbed by the outer segment of a single rod/cone F | Center | –/0.348 | |
periphery | 0.233/0.165 | ||
Optical sensitivity of the eye to white light for a single rod/cone Sw, μm2·sr (at A = 1.1–8.0 mm) | Center | –/0.00053–0.028 | |
periphery | 0.011–0.575/0.025–1.319 | ||
Cross-sectional diameter of the outer segments of the group of 600 rods/10 cones d, μm | periphery | 3300/100 | |
Optical sensitivity of the eye to white light for the group of 600 rods/10 cones Sw, μm2·sr (at A = 1.1–8.0 mm) | periphery | 3859–204,094/2.5–131 |
The Ratio of the Parameters | Retinal Region | Human |
---|---|---|
Minimum and maximum diameter of the pupil | - | 0.14 |
Minimum and maximum area of the pupil | - | 0.02 |
Absorption coefficient of the visual pigment of a single rod/cone | - | 0.8 |
Cross-sectional diameter and length of the outer segment of a single rod/cone | center | –/0.03 |
periphery | 0.2/0.8 | |
Optical sensitivity of the eye to white light for a single rod/cone (at A = 1.1–8.0 mm) | center | –/0.02 |
periphery | 0.02/0.02 | |
Cross-sectional diameter of the outer segment of a single cone in the center and in the periphery | - | 0.1 |
Length of the outer segment of a single cone in the center and in the periphery | - | 2.7 |
Total fraction of the incident light absorbed by the outer segment of a single cone in the center and in the periphery | - | 2.1 |
Optical sensitivity of the eye to white light for a single cone in the center and in the periphery (at A = 1.1–8.0 mm) | - | 0.02–0.02 |
Cross-sectional diameter of the outer segment of a single rod and cone in the periphery | - | 0.55 |
Length of the outer segment of a single rod and cone in the periphery | - | 1.9 |
Total fraction of the incident light absorbed by the outer segment of a single rod and cone in the periphery | - | 1.4 |
Optical sensitivity of the eye to white light for a single rod and cone in the periphery (at A = 1.1–8.0 mm) | - | 0.44–0.44 |
Optical sensitivity of the eye to white light for a single rod and the group of 600 rods in the periphery (at A = 1.1–8.0 mm) | - | 0.0000028–0.0000028 |
Optical sensitivity of the eye to white light for a single cone and the group of 10 cones in the periphery (at A = 1.1–8.0 mm) | - | 0.01–0.01 |
Optical sensitivity of the eye to white light for a single cone in the center and the group of 10 cones in the periphery (at A = 1.1–8.0 mm) | - | 0.0002–0.0002 |
Optical sensitivity of the eye to white light for the group of 600 rods and the group of 10 cones in the periphery (at A = 1.1–8.0 mm) | - | 1544–1558 |
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Shepeleva, I.P. Optical Sensitivity of Camera-Like Eyes to White Light. Vision 2021, 5, 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision5040044
Shepeleva IP. Optical Sensitivity of Camera-Like Eyes to White Light. Vision. 2021; 5(4):44. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision5040044
Chicago/Turabian StyleShepeleva, Irina P. 2021. "Optical Sensitivity of Camera-Like Eyes to White Light" Vision 5, no. 4: 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision5040044