Applicability of Field Aerobic Fitness Tests in Soccer: Which One to Choose?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Assessment of Maximal Oxygen Uptake
3. Assessment of Specific Intermittent Endurance
4. Performance Monitoring and Assessment of the Training Effects
5. Training Prescription
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Age and Gender of the Participants | Level of the Participants | Typical Error of Measurement Expressed as Coefficient of Variation | Typical Error of Measurement (Noise) | Smallest Worthwhile Change (0.2× between Subjects SD) | Usefulness of the Test | Training Type and Duration | Initial Level | Usually Observed Change (Signal) Following a Training Program | Usually Observed Change (Signal) Following a Training Program | Signal-to-Noise Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buchheit et al. (2013) [66] b | 14.5 ± 1.5 M | Elite | 3.5% | 0.57 km/h | 0.22 km/h | Marginal | ≈16.2 km/h | ||||
Los Arcos et al. (2015) [80] a | 15.5 ± 0.6 M | National, elite | 0.18 km/h | Marginal | HIIT l (6 w) | 16.8 km/h | 1.7% | 0.3 km/h | 0.5 | ||
Dupont et al. (2004) [81] a | 20.2 ± 0.7 M | National, elite, professional | 0.16 km/h | Marginal | HIIT s + RST(10 w) | 16.1 km/h | 8.1% | 1.3 km/h | 2.3 | ||
Faude et al. (2014) [82] c | 16.5 ± 0.8 M | High-level, professional conditions | 0.2 km/h | Marginal | HIIT s (4 w) | 17.8 km/h | −2.8% | −0.5 km/h | −0.8 | ||
Faude et al. (2013) [83] c | 15.9 ± 0.8 M | High-level, professional conditions | 0.21 km/h | Marginal | HIIT s (5.5 w) | 17.1 km/h | 1.5% | 0.25 km/h | 0.4 | ||
Dellal et al. (2012) [84] b | 26.3 ± 4.7 M | Amateur | n/a | / | HIIT s (6 w) | ≈15.8 km/h | 6.6% | ≈1 km/h | 1.9 | ||
Wong et al. (2010) [85] b | 24.6 ± 1.5 M | Elite, professional | 0.04 km/h | Marginal | HIIT s (8 w) | 15.9 km/h | 3.1% | 0.5 km/h | 0.9 | ||
Faude et al. (2014) [82] c | 15.9 ± 0.8 M | High-level, professional conditions | 0.2 km/h | Marginal | SSG (4 w) | 17.5 km/h | 1.7% | 0.3 km/h | 0.5 | ||
Los Arcos et al. (2015) [80] a | 15.5 ± 0.6 M | National, elite | 0.16 km/h | Marginal | SSG (6 w) | 17.0 km/h | −0.6% | −0.1 km/h | −0.2 | ||
Dellal et al. (2012) [84] b | 26.3 ± 4.7 M | Amateur | n/a | / | SSG (6 w) | ≈16.1 km/h | 5.1% | ≈0.8 km/h | 1.5 |
Study | Age and Gender of the Participants | Level of the Participants | Typical Error of Measurement Expressed as Coefficient of Variation | Typical Error of Measurement (Noise) | Smallest Worthwhile Change (0.2× between Subjects SD) | Usefulness of the Test | Training Type and Duration | Initial Level | Usually Observed Change (Signal) Following a Training Program | Usually Observed Change (Signal) Following a Training Program | Signal-to-Noise Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aziz et al. (2005) [67] | 27.2 ± 3.3 M | Elite, national team | 2.2% | 46 m | 36 m | Marginal | n/a (5 w) | 2.280 m | 7.9% | 180 m | 3.6 |
Castagna et al. (2010) [49] | 14.4 ± 0.1 M | Elite | 3.6% | 59.5 m | 73.4 m | Good | 1653 m | ||||
Slettaløkken and Rønnestad (2014) [86] | 18–26 M | Semi-professional | 49.6 m | HIIT l (6 w) | ≈2.433 m | −6.4% | −155 m | −2.9 [67] | |||
Hill-Hass et al. (2009) [68] | 14.6 ± 0.9 M | Elite | 4.9% | 40 m | 26.2 m | Marginal | HIIT s + RST (7 w) | 2.258 m | 3.1% | 69 m | 0.6 |
Sanchez-Sanchez et al. (2019) [87] | 22.5 ± 2.2 M | Amateur | 86.2 m | Good | HIIT s (5 w) | 1.770 m | 20.5% | 362 m | 5.7 [49] | ||
Tønnessen et al. (2011) [88] | 16.4 ± 0.9 M | Elite | 57.6 m | Ok | RST (10 w) | 2.360 m | 5.7% | 144 m | 2.6 [67] | ||
Shalfawi et al. (2013) [89] | 19.4 ± 4.4 F | Elite | 61.6 m | Ok | RST + AgT (10 w) | 1.780 m | 16.8 % | 264 m | 4.7 [49] | ||
Hill-Hass et al. (2009) [68] | 14.6 ± 0.9 M | Elite | 4.9% | 40 m | 48 m | Ok | SSG (7 w) | 2.222 m | −0.7% | −16 m | −0.1 |
Study | Age and Gender of the Participants | Level of the Participants | Typical Error of Measurement Expressed as Coefficient of Variation | Typical Error of Measurement (Noise) | Smallest Worthwhile Change (0.2× between Subjects SD) | Usefulness of the Test | Training Type and Duration | Initial Level | Usually Observed Change (Signal) Following a Training Program | Usually Observed Change (Signal) Following a Training Program | Signal-to-Noise Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deprez et al. (2014) [69] | 12.5 ± 0.6 14.0 ± 0.5 16.2 ± 0.6 M | Sub-elite and Non-elite | U13: 17.3% U15: 16.7% U17: 7.9% | U13: 154 m U15: 171 m U17: 123 m | U13: 70.8 mU15: 88.8 mU17: 95.6 m | Marginal Marginal Marginal | U13: 890 m U15: 1.022 m U17: 1.556 m | ||||
Deprez et al. (2015) [70] | 13.9 ± 0.5 16.2 ± 0.6 18.1 ± 0.4 M | High-level | U15: 6.8% U17: 4.3% U19: 4.1% | U15: 137 m U17: 101 m U19: 107 m | U15: 94 m U17: 69.4 m U19: 67.4 m | Marginal Marginal Marginal | U15: 2.024 m U17: 2.404 m U19: 2.547 m | ||||
Castagna et al. (2019) [71] | 11.1 ± 0.9 M | 2 years’ experience | 5.1% | 51.7 m | 90.4 m | Good | 1.013 m | ||||
Krustrup et al. (2003) [26] | 28 M | Elite | 4.9% | 91.5 m | 14.4 m | Marginal | 1.867 m | ||||
Póvoas et al. (2016) [72] | 9.7 ± 0.7 F | Regional level competition | 10.1% | 71.2 m | 63.2 m | Ok | 705 m | ||||
Póvoas et al. (2016) [73] | 9.7 ± 0.7 M | Regional level competition | 11.1% | 121.9 m | 134.4 m | Ok | 1.098 m | ||||
Thomas et al. (2006) [43] | 24.4 ± 6.0 M | Recreational level | 8.7% | 107 m | 97.6 m | Ok | 1.030 m | ||||
Castagna et al. (2010) [49] | 14.4 ± 0.1 M | Elite | 3.8% | 28.9 m | 56.6 m | Good | 760 m | ||||
Castagna et al. (2009) [48] | 14.1 ± 0.2 M | Elite | 3.5% | 29.5 m | 70.4 m | Good | 842 m | ||||
Impellizzeri et al. (2008) [90] | 17.8 ± 0.6 M | High level | n/a | / | HIIT l (4 w) | ≈1.890 m | 12% | n/a | 1.6 [74] | ||
Özcan et al. (2018) [91] | 18.5 ± 1.5 M | Amateur, regional level | 71.9 m | Marginal | HIIT l (6 w) | 1.057.7 m | 89.1% | 769 m | 10.2 [43] | ||
Ferrari Bravo et al. (2008) [92] | 21.1 ± 5.1 M | Professional and amateur | 65.8 m | Marginal | HIIT l (7 w) | 1.846 m | 12.5% | 231 m | 1.7 [74] | ||
Fanchini et al. (2014) [74] | 17 ± 1 M | Professional, 4th national division | 7.3% | 140 m | 66.9 m | Marginal | HIIT l + RST + SSG(11 w) | 1.911 m | 14.5% | 277 m | 1.9 |
Buchheit and Rabbani (2014) [58] | 15.4 ± 0.5 M | National level | 51.4 m | Marginal | HIIT li + SSG (8 w) | 1.031 m | 35% | 360.9 m | 4.8 [74] | ||
Arslan et al. (2020) [93] | 14.2 ± 0.5 M | Regional level | 15 m | Marginal | HIIT s (5 w) | 1.240 m | 16.4% | 244 m | 2.2 [74] | ||
Wong et al. (2010) [85] | 24.6 ± 1.5 M | Elite, professional | 15 m | Marginal | HIIT s (8 w) | 1510 m | 19.7% | 298 m | 2.7 [74] | ||
Ouerghi et al. (2014) [94] | 22.9 ± 1.7 M | Amateur players, 3rd national division | n/a | HIIT s (12 w) | ≈1.440 m | ≈70% | 1.6 km/h≈1024 m | 8 [43] | |||
Hill-Hass et al. (2009) [68] | 14.6 ± 0.9 M | Elite | 9% | 116 m | 51.2 m | Marginal | HIIT s + RST (7 w) | 1.764 m | 21.9% | 387 m | 2.4 |
Taylor et al. (2016) [95] | 24.1 ± 4.1 M | Semi-professional | 54.8 m | Marginal | RST Sl (2 w) | 1.830 m | 24% | 439 m | 3.3 [74] | ||
Taylor et al. (2016) [95] | 24.1 ± 4.1 M | Semi-professional | 120 m | Ok | RST COD (2 w) | 1.691 m | 31% | 524 m | 4.2 [74] | ||
Beato et al. (2019) [96] | 21 ± 2.4 M | Amateur | 73 m | Marginal | RST Sl (2 w) | 1.642 m | 11% | 180 m | 1.5 [74] | ||
Beato et al. (2019) [96] | 21 ± 2.4 M | Amateur | 71.8 m | Marginal | RST COD (2 w) | 1.686 m | 7.4% | 124 m | 1 [74] | ||
Soares-Caldeira et al. (2014) [97] | 21.4 ± 5.5 M | Professional futsal, regional level | 72.6 m | Marginal | RST (4 w) | 1.280 m | 31.2% | 373 m | 4.3 [74] | ||
Kavaliauskas et al. (2017) [98] | 22 ± 8 M | Semi-professional | 81.8 m | Marginal | RST uphill 7% (6 w) | 1.468 m | 11.9% | 175 m | 1.6 [74] | ||
Eniseler et al. (2017) [99] | 16.9 ± 1.1 M | Elite, national level | 50.4 m | Marginal | RST (6 w) | 2.306.6 m | 7.5% | 173.4 m | 1 [74] | ||
Ferrari Bravo et al. (2008) [92] | 21.1 ± 5.1 M | Professional and amateur | 87.8 m | Marginal | RST (7 w) | 1.917 m | 28.1% | 538 m | 3.8 [74] | ||
Nedrehagen and Saeterbakken (2015) [100] | 19.9 ± 2.5 F 22.0 ± 2.7 M | Semi-professional female and amateur male | 37.6 m | Marginal | RST (8 w) | 1.455 m | 15.3% | 222 m | 2.1 [74] | ||
Shalfawi et al. (2013) [101] | 21.2 ± 2.6 F | Elite | 58.6 m | Marginal | RST Sl (8 w) | 920 m | 27.5% | 253 m | 3.8 [74] | ||
Shalfawi et al. (2013) [101] | 21.2 ± 2.6 F | Elite | 54.8 m | Marginal | RST COD (8 w) | 1.025 m | 9.3% | 95 m | 1.3 [74] | ||
Beato et al. (2019) [102] | 18–21 M | Elite | 44.6 m | Marginal | RST Sl (8 w) | 2.472 m | 5.3% | 132 m | 0.7 [74] | ||
Beato et al. (2019) [102] | 18–21 M | Elite | 49.2 m | Marginal | RST COD (8 w) | 2.500 m | 7.8% | 196 m | 1.1 [74] | ||
Sanchez-Sanchez et al. (2019) [103] | 14.4 ± 0.5 M | Regional level | 65.9 m | Marginal | RST COD(8 w) | 914 m | 8.1% | 71 m | 1.1 [74] | ||
Sanchez-Sanchez et al. (2019) [103] | 14.7 ± 0.5 M | Regional level | 66.7 m | Marginal | RST COD (8 w) | 1.764 m | 2% | 34 m | 0.3 [74] | ||
Campos-Vazquez et al. (2015) [104] | 18.1 ± 0.8 M | Top-level national | 60.4 m | Marginal | RST + ST (8 w) | 2.297 m | 3.5% | 80 m | 0.5 [74] | ||
Haugen et al. (2014) [105] | 17 ± 1 F & M | High-school level | 133.8 m | Ok | RST (9 w) | 1.583 m | 17.4% | 275 m | 2.4 [74] | ||
Nyberg et al. (2016) [106] | 23.5 ± 4.0 M | Semi-professional, 2nd national league | 66 m | Marginal | RST (9 w) | 1.803 m | 11.6% | 324 m | 1.6 [74] | ||
Hostrup et al. (2019) [107] | 24.9 ± 5.4 M | Sub-elite, 2nd amateur league | 111.4 m | Marginal | RST (10 w) | 1.910 m | 1.6% | 30 m | 0.2 [74] | ||
Macpherson and Weston (2015) [108] | 25 ± 4 M | Semi-professional | 98.6 m | Marginal | SIT (2 w) | 1.523 m | 18.1% | 275 m | 2.5 [74] | ||
Howard & Stavrianeas (2017) [109] | 15.1 ± 0.8 M | High-shool level | 61.5 m | Marginal | SIT (10 w) | 741.6 m | 44% | 326 m | 6 [74] | ||
Arslan et al. (2020) [93] | 14.2 ± 0.5 M | Regional level | 30.4 m | Marginal | SSG (5 w) | 1.284 m | 12.8% | 188 m | 1.8 [74] | ||
Eniseler et al. (2017) [99] | 16.9 ± 1.1 M | Elite, national level | 77.6 m | Marginal | SSG (6 w) | 2.320 m | 4.8% | 112 m | 0.7 [74] | ||
Özcan et al. (2018) [91] | 18.4 ± 1.5 M | Amateur, regional level | 73.6 m | Marginal | SSG (6 w) | 1.235.5 m | 63.1% | 711 m | 7.2 [43] | ||
Hill-Hass et al. (2009) [68] | 14.6 ± 0.9 M | Elite | 9% | 116 m | 69 m | Marginal | SSG (7 w) | 1.488 m | 17.1% | 254 m | 1.9 |
Dello Iacono et al. (2019) [110] | 18.6 ± 0.6 M | International level | 27.6 m | Marginal | SSG (8 w) | 1.646 m | 20,9% | 344 m | 2.9 [74] |
Study | Age and Gender of the Participants | Level of the Participants | Typical Error of Measurement Expressed as Coefficient of Variation | Typical Error of Measurement (Noise) | Smallest Worthwhile Change (0.2× between Subjects SD) | Usefulness of the Test | Training Type and Duration | Initial Level | Usually Observed Change (Signal) Following a Training Program | Usually Observed Change (Signal) Following a Training Program | Signal-to-Noise Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Enright et al. (2018) [75] | 18.3 ± 0.2 M | Elite | 4.2% | 34 m | 31,2 m | Ok | 920 m | ||||
da Silva et al. (2011) [76] | 14 ± 0.8 M | Regional level | 11% | 49 m | 13.6 m | Marginal | 445.5 m | ||||
Thomas et al. (2006) [43] | 24.4 ± 6.0 M | Recreational level | 12.7% | 41 m | 22 m | Marginal | 325 m | ||||
Krustrup et al. (2006) [77] | 22–30 17–35 M | Healthy and elite | 9.6% | 65.5 m | 9.2 m | Marginal | Socc T (8 w) | 730 m | 42% | n/a | 4.4 |
Fanchini et al. (2014) [74] | 17 ± 1 M | Professional, 4th national division | 7.1% | 53.5 m | 33.2 m | Marginal | HIIT l + RST + SSG (11 w) | 718 m | 8.8% | 71 m | 1.2 |
Iaia et al. (2017) [111] | 17.0 ± 1.0 M | Sub-elite | 33.8 m | Ok | RST sh. rest (5 w) | 1.000 m | 11.4% | 111 m | 2.7 [75] | ||
Iaia et al. (2017) [111] | 17.0 ± 1.0 M | Sub-elite | 43.4 m | Good | RST lo. rest (5 w) | 1.016 m | 6.5% | 56 m | 1.5 [75] | ||
Sagelv et al. (2019) [112] | 16–19 M | High-level national | n/a | / | RST (22 w) | ≈890 m | 9.1% | / | 2.2 [75] | ||
Christensen et al. (2011) [113] | 23.4 ± 3.5 M | Elite, 3rd national level | 11.2 m | Marginal | SIT + SSG (2 w) | 937 m | 6.1% | 57 m | 1.5 [75] | ||
Thomassen et al. (2010) [114] | 23.4 ± 0.8 M | Elite | 11.2 m | Marginal | SIT + SSG (2 w) | 937 m | 6.1% | 57 m | 1.5 [75] | ||
Iaia et al. (2015) [115] | 18.5 ± 1 M | Professional, national level | 37 m | Ok | SIT (2′ rest) (3 w) | 927 m | 10.1% | 93 m | 2.4 [75] | ||
Iaia et al. (2015) [115] | 18.5 ± 1 M | Professional, national level | 45.2 m | Good | SIT (40″ rest) (3 w) | 989 m | 3.8% | 37 m | 0.9 [75] | ||
Mohr and Krustrup (2016) [116] | 19 ± 1 M | Sub-elite, university level | 13.6 m | Marginal | SIT (4 w) | 680 m | 49.7% | 298 m | 7 [74] | ||
Ingebrigtsen et al. (2013) [117] | 16.9 ± 0.6 M | Elite | 26.6 m | Marginal | SIT (6 w) | 559 m | 11.3% | 63 m | 1.6 [74] | ||
Mohr and Krustrup (2016) [116] | 19 ± 1 M | Sub-elite, university level | 10.4 m | Marginal | SSG (4 w) | 693 m | 25.8% | 165 m | 3.6 [74] |
Study | Age and Gender of the Participants | Level of the Participants | Typical Error of Measurement Expressed as Coefficient of Variation | Typical Error of Measurement (Noise) | Smallest Worthwhile Change (0.2× between Subjects SD) | Usefulness of the Test | Training Type and Duration | Initial Level | Usually Observed Change (Signal) Following a Training Program | Usually Observed Change (Signal) Following a Training Program | Signal-to-Noise Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Čović et al. (2016) [63] | 22.8 ± 4.3 F | Elite | 1.8% | 0.31 km/h | 0.2 km/h | Marginal | 17.1 km/h | ||||
Thomas et al. (2016) [64] | 25.5 ± 4.3 M | Semi-professional | 2.5% | 1.0 km/h | 0.7 km/h | Marginal | n/a | ||||
Valladares-Rodríguez et al. (2017) [65] | 24.4 ± 5.6 M 23.3 ± 4.5 F | Professional futsal players | M: 1.5% M F: 1.5% F | M: 0.32 km/h F: 0.21 km/h | M: 0.34 km/hF: 0.26 km/h | Ok Ok | M: 20.2 km/h F: 17.4 km/h | ||||
Buchheit and Rabbani (2014) [58] | 15.4 ± 0.5 M | National level | 0.22 km/h | Marginal | HIIT l + SSG (8 w) | 17.4 km/h | 7% | 1.2 km/h | 4.7 [65] | ||
Dellal et al. (2012) [84] | 26.3 ± 4.7 M | Amateur | n/a | / | HIIT s (6 w) | ≈19.4 km/h | 5.8% | ≈1.3 km/ | 3.9 [65] | ||
Arazi et al. (2017) [118] | 23.4 ± 1.3 F | Semi-professional, regional level | 0.7 km/h | Marginal | HIIT s (6 w) | 12.7 km/h | 28.3% | 3.6 km/h | 11.3 [64] | ||
Paul et al. (2019) [119] | 16.2 ± 0.8 M | National level | 0.22 km/h | Marginal | HIIT s + SSG (4 w) | 17 km/h | 8.2% | 1.4 km/h | 5.5 [65] | ||
Rabbani et al. (2019) [120] | 24.1 ± 3.723.2 ± 2.2 M | Semi-professional, 2nd national level | 0.22 km/h 0.24 km/h | Marginal | HIIT s + SSG (4 w) | 19.5 km/h19.2 km/h | 6.9% & 6.2% | 1.3 & 1.2 km/h | 4.6 [65] 4.1 [65] | ||
Dellal et al. (2012) [84] | 26.3 ± 4.7 M | Amateur | n/a | / | SSG (6 w) | ≈19.5 km/h | 5.1% | ≈1 km/h | 3.4 [65] | ||
Campos-Vazquez et al. (2017) [121] | 27.7 ± 4.3 M | Professional, 2nd national level | 0.16 km/h | Marginal | Socc T + M (4 w) | 20.1 km/h | 5% | 1 km/h | 3.3 [65] |
Field Aerobic Fitness Test | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
UMTT/Vam Eval | Moderate to high reliability High criterion-related validity—best solution for the assessment of VO2max SWC smaller than one stage of the test Best for prescription of long format HIIT | Low to moderate sensitivity Marginal usefulness Athletic track required for testing |
20mSRT | Short-distance course required for testing Low end-test running speeds Short testing time High sensitivity Ok to good usefulness | Low to moderate reliability Moderate criterion-related validity for the assessment of VO2max SWC larger than one stage of the test Unsuitable for training prescription |
Yo-YoIRT1 | Short-distance course required for testing High sensitivity | Low reliability Low criterion-related validity for the assessment of VO2max Marginal usefulness SWC larger than one stage of the testUnsuitable for training prescription |
Yo-YoIRT2 | Short-distance course required for testing High sensitivity Very short testing time Medium usefulness SWC smaller than one stage of the test Appropriate for players with high aerobic and anaerobic fitness | Low reliability Very low criterion-related validity for the assessment of VO2max Not appropriate for players with low aerobic fitness Unsuitable for training prescription |
30-15IFT | Medium-size-distance course required for testing High reliability Excellent sensitivity Medium usefulness SWC smaller than one test stage Best for prescription of short format HIIT | Low criterion-related validity for the assessment of VO2max |
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Bok, D.; Foster, C. Applicability of Field Aerobic Fitness Tests in Soccer: Which One to Choose? J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6, 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6030069
Bok D, Foster C. Applicability of Field Aerobic Fitness Tests in Soccer: Which One to Choose? Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2021; 6(3):69. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6030069
Chicago/Turabian StyleBok, Daniel, and Carl Foster. 2021. "Applicability of Field Aerobic Fitness Tests in Soccer: Which One to Choose?" Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 6, no. 3: 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6030069