Assessing the Validity and Reliability of the PNO for Measuring Cardiometabolic Outcomes During Walking Exercise
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Design and Procedures
2.3. Instruments
2.4. Validity Assessment
2.5. Reliability Assessment
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Reliability
3.2. Validity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 21) | Women (n = 6) | Men (n = 15) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 22.76 ± 3.85 | 21 ± 3 | 23.47 ± 3.93 |
Height (cm) | 169.38 ± 9.69 | 157.67 ± 3.77 | 174.07 ± 6.99 |
Weight (kg) | 64.19 ± 11.92 | 50.17 ± 2.61 | 69.8 ± 9.28 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.20 ± 2.58 | 21.86 ± 1.44 | 22.33 ± 2.90 |
IPAQ level 1 (Low) | 28.6% (6/21) | 0% (0/6) | 40% (6/15) |
IPAQ level 2 (Moderate) | 19.0% (4/21) | 33.3% (2/6) | 13.3% (2/15) |
IPAQ level 3 (High) | 52.4% (11/25) | 66.7% (4/6) | 46.7% (7/15) |
Bruce Protocol | Level 1 1.7 mph × 10% | Level 2 2.5 × 12% | Level 3 3.4 × 14% | Level 4 4.2 × 16% |
---|---|---|---|---|
HR (bpm) | ||||
Visit 1 Visit 2 ICC (95% CI) CV (%) | 111.47 ± 14.70 113.06 ± 12.16 0.51 (0.12–0.77) * 12.4 | 123.28 ± 17.46 123.43 ± 12.50 0.65 (0.32–0.84) * 10.5 | 141.44 ± 19.48 142.35 ± 15.38 0.84 (0.64–0.93) * 7.4 | 163.97 ± 21.20 165.21 ± 16.61 0.90 (0.77–0.96) * 5.5 |
VO2 (mL/min/kg) | ||||
Visit 1 Visit 2 ICC CV (%) | 18.03 ± 5.59 17.65 ± 5.91 0.80 (0.57–0.91) * 18.9 | 24.41 ± 6.96 22.66 ± 6.97 0.82 (0.61–0.92) * 15.9 | 31.52 ± 8.81 30.84 ± 9.33 0.86 (0.68–0.94) * 16.2 | 39.27 ± 10.91 37.79 ± 11.68 0.81 (0.58–0.92) * 19.0 |
VCO2 (mL/min/kg) | ||||
Visit 1 Visit 2 ICC CV (%) | 13.66 ± 4.43 13.79 ± 4.90 0.81 (0.59–0.91) * 18.4 | 19.32 ± 5.71 18.28 ± 5.84 0.87 (0.70–0.94) * 15.1 | 26.77 ± 7.72 26.77 ± 8.26 0.86 (0.69–0.94) * 15.1 | 36.81 ± 10.39 36.15 ± 11.12 0.82 (0.61–0.92) * 17.9 |
RER | ||||
Visit 1 Visit 2 ICC CV (%) | 0.76 ± 1.07 0.79 ± 0.13 0.79 (0.55–0.91) * 10.3 | 0.80 ± 1.03 0.82 ± 0.13 0.85 (0.67–0.94) * 8.0 | 0.85 ± 1.09 0.88 ± 0.14 0.85 (0.66–0.94) * 7.8 | 0.97 ± 0.18 0.97 ± 0.15 0.51 (0.11–0.77) * 17.5 |
Tidal Volume (L) | ||||
Visit 1 Visit 2 ICC CV (%) | 1.24 ± 0.38 1.35 ± 0.34 0.72 (0.43–0.88) * 20.8 | 1.56 ± 0.34 1.56 ± 0.41 0.88 (0.73–0.95) * 11.4 | 1.98 ± 0.52 2.01 ± 0.53 0.93 (0.84–0.97) * 8.1 | 2.35 ± 0.60 2.35 ± 0.60 0.99 (0.98–1.0) * 3.4 |
EE (kcal/min/kg) | ||||
Visit 1 Visit 2 ICC CV (%) | 0.08 ± 0.03 0.08 ± 0.03 0.81 (0.59–0.92) * 15.8 | 0.12 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.03 0.83 (0.62–0.93) * 13.9 | 0.15 ± 0.04 0.14 ± 0.04 0.88 (0.72–0.95) * 12.5 | 0.19 ± 0.05 0.18 ± 0.05 0.81(0.58–0.92) * 16.0 |
Bruce Protocol | Level 1 1.7 mph × 10% | Level 2 2.5 mph × 12% | Level 3 3.4 mph × 14% | Level 4 4.2 mph × 16% |
---|---|---|---|---|
HR (bpm) | ||||
Pearson’s r | ||||
Absolute Mean % Difference | 0.57 * 0.55 | 0.74 * 1.50 | 0.89 * 0.37 | 0.95 * 0.18 |
VO2 (mL/min/kg) | ||||
Pearson’s r | ||||
Absolute Mean % Difference | 0.67 * 6.54 | 0.65 * 6.07 | 0.53 * 12.90 | 0.58 * 14.00 |
VCO2 (mL/min/kg) | ||||
Pearson’s r | ||||
Absolute Mean % Difference | 0.66 * 1.40 | 0.67 * 0.66 | 0.55 * 5.50 | 0.62 * 5.49 |
RER | ||||
Pearson’s r | ||||
Absolute Mean % Difference | 0.12 0.01 | −0.07 0.03 | −0.30 0.04 | −0.27 0.05 |
VT (L) | ||||
Pearson’s r | ||||
Absolute Mean % Difference | 0.62 * 17.16 | 0.74 * 16.67 | 0.62 * 21.39 | 0.86 * 25.53 |
EE (kcal/ min/kg) | ||||
Pearson’s r | ||||
Absolute Mean % Difference | 0.69 * 6.97 | 0.69 * 5.97 | 0.58 * 13.07 | 0.63 * 14.40 |
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Kwok, M.M.Y.; Ng, S.S.M.; Myers, J.; So, B.C.L.
Assessing the Validity and Reliability of the PNO
Kwok MMY, Ng SSM, Myers J, So BCL.
Assessing the Validity and Reliability of the PNO
Kwok, Manny M. Y., Shamay S. M. Ng, Jonathan Myers, and Billy C. L. So.
2025. "Assessing the Validity and Reliability of the PNO
Kwok, M. M. Y., Ng, S. S. M., Myers, J., & So, B. C. L.
(2025). Assessing the Validity and Reliability of the PNO