Assessing the Role of Policy in the Evolution of Recreational Fisheries in Chinese Fishing Villages: An Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Delphi Method Analysis

Abstract

Recreational fisheries in Chinese fishing villages have undergone significant transformation due to supportive government policies. This study develops a comprehensive indicator to objectively assess the development of recreational fisheries under rural revitalization policies. Six key dimensions were identified using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Delphi method. The findings indicate that fishery resource conditions and environmental conditions are paramount, followed by service conditions, activities, policy conditions, and accommodation conditions. Key success indicators indicate the importance and priority of implementing policies, including “Tasting delicious aquatic products”, “Government support”, “Recreational fishing activities pricing”, and “Talent revitalization.” This study concludes by offering strategic recommendations to prioritize recreational fisheries within rural revitalization policies, utilizing identified indicators for policy implementation, and establishing a dedicated promotional group. These insights are essential for stakeholders and policymakers to promote sustainable and economically viable recreational fisheries in China.

1. Introduction

The development of recreational fisheries in fishing villages has gained attention as a viable strategy for sustainable community growth and economic diversification. Globally, recreational fishing has been recognized as an important sector that contributes to both the economy and social wellbeing of coastal communities [1]. Studies from various parts of the world highlight the multifaceted benefits of recreational fisheries, including economic gains, social cohesion, and environmental stewardship. For example, in many advanced countries, recreational fisheries have become a substantial part of the tourism industry, providing local communities with alternative livelihoods and promoting conservation efforts [2]. In the realm of fisheries, the development of recreational fishing holds a significant place not only as a leisure activity, but also as a crucial component of sustainable resource management. The success of recreational fisheries in fishing villages is influenced by a multitude of factors that intertwine biological, social, and economic aspects.

Recreational fisheries represent an industry deeply rooted in fishery traditions and development, merging tourism, leisure, sightseeing, and fishing activities into a comprehensive experience [3]. Beginning in the 1960s, the advancement of social economies heightened residents’ consumption demands, leading to the rise of recreational fisheries in several economically prosperous countries and regions [4]. Consequently, recreational fisheries amalgamate leisure, entertainment, tourism, dining, and cultural resources within fishing communities, offering unique tourist experiences, boosting fishermen’s incomes, and fostering the growth of these villages [5]. In recent years, China has advocated for rural revitalization policies that emphasize exploring sustainable development avenues for rural areas [6]. These policies aim to augment fishermen’s incomes, enhance living conditions, and improve overall quality of life. Since the initiation of the rural revitalization policy, numerous coastal cities have vigorously pursued the development of recreational fisheries to achieve both social and economic gains. A prevalent issue in the progression of traditional fisheries in China is an outdated development mindset and the absence of comprehensive long-term planning.

One pivotal aspect that emerges from the literature is the role of technology in shaping recreational fishing practices. Cooke et al. (2021) [7] discuss how technological innovations are revolutionizing recreational fishing, impacting everything from fish capture to information sharing among anglers and managers. This technological advancement not only enhances the fishing experience, but also necessitates adaptations in fisheries’ management and policies to align with these changes. Moreover, the nexus between recreational fishing and food security is highlighted by [8], emphasizing the contribution of recreational fishing to human nutrition through sustainable harvest practices. Human dimensions research plays a critical role in understanding and managing recreational fisheries within a social–ecological system framework, as emphasized by [9]. This research delves into the diverse actions of recreational fishers, the adaptation of governance and management approaches to changing conditions, and the dynamics of information sharing among fishers. Granek et al. (2008) [10] further underscore the importance of engaging recreational fishers in conservation and management activities, showcasing successful case studies from around the globe.

In Asia, the growth of recreational fisheries has followed a similar trajectory, albeit with distinct regional characteristics and challenges. Countries such as Japan and South Korea have successfully integrated recreational fishing into their coastal management practices, thereby enhancing local economies and fostering a greater appreciation for marine ecosystems [11,12]. The emphasis on community involvement and sustainable practices has been a critical factor in these successes, demonstrating the potential for recreational fisheries to contribute to both economic and environmental objectives. The COVID-19 pandemic brought to the forefront the value of recreational fisheries in the wellbeing of participants, highlighting the significance of outdoor recreation during challenging times, as evidenced by [1,13], who advocate for resilient recreational fisheries on a global scale through improved understanding of fish and fisher behaviors, emphasizing the contribution of recreational fisheries’ research to sustainable management strategies. Post (2012) [14] discusses the experimental nature of recreational fisheries, providing insights into assessing management policies within the broader fishery matrix. The harmonization of recreational fisheries with conservation objectives is a key consideration, as highlighted by [15], who stress the economic and social importance of recreational fisheries. Embke et al. (2019) [16] delve into the production dynamics of inland recreational fisheries, revealing the hidden overharvesting of fish stocks and the predominant role of recreational fisheries in utilizing wild fish resources. Griffiths et al. (2016) [17] delve into the subjective human dimensions of recreational fishing, emphasizing the need for standardized instruments to assess various factors influencing recreational fisheries. Arlinghaus et al. (2016) [18] recommend interdisciplinary studies to enhance the understanding of recreational fisheries as complex adaptive social–ecological systems. Hessenauer et al. (2015) [19] explore the metabolic differences in exploited and unexploited fish populations in recreational fisheries, shedding light on potential evolutionary impacts. Cooke and Sneddon (2007) [20] provide insights into animal welfare perspectives on recreational angling, calling for a holistic approach to responsible fisheries management.

Focusing on China and Taiwan, the development of recreational fisheries is a relatively recent phenomenon, but has shown promising results. In China, policy support and investment in infrastructure have been pivotal in promoting recreational fishing activities, leading to increased tourism and local income [21]. Taiwan, on the other hand, has leveraged its rich maritime culture and diverse marine resources to develop a vibrant recreational fishing sector. The island’s approach emphasizes sustainable practices and community participation, which have been instrumental in its success [22].

While recreational fishery in China and Taiwan is thriving, several issues and challenges are associated with it. (1) Sustainability Concerns: In Taiwan, the rapid growth of fishing tourism has raised concerns regarding sustainable development, particularly related to ineffective enforcement of regulations against illegal fishing, conflicts between commercial and recreational fishing, and improper behavior by anglers. These issues threaten the long-term sustainability of fishery resources [23]. (2) Conflicts of Interest: In certain areas, such as the no-take zones (NTZs) in Taiwan, there are increasing conflicts between local fisheries and recreational activities. The growth of recreational activities, including SCUBA diving, has led to significant disturbances to marine resources, creating friction among various stakeholders [24]. (3) Environmental Impact: In China, the development of recreational fisheries has not always been conducted in a responsible manner, with insufficient consideration of socioeconomic and environmental impacts. This lack of responsibility can lead to negative consequences for the environment and local communities if not managed properly [25]. (4) Management Challenges: There are ongoing challenges in managing the balance between tourism and fisheries, particularly in Taiwan’s outlying islands. The need for proper route planning, community involvement, and improvements in the operational environment for recreational fishery boats is critical for the success and sustainability of this sector [26].

Despite the growth and economic benefits of recreational fisheries in China and Taiwan, the sector faces significant challenges related to sustainability, conflicts of interest, environmental impacts, and management complexities. Addressing these issues is crucial for the long-term success and ecological health of recreational fisheries in these regions. The development of recreational fisheries in fishing villages hinges on a multifaceted approach that considers technological advancements, human dimensions, conservation efforts, and the socio-economic impact of recreational fishing. By drawing on global experiences and research findings, in this study, we can pave the way for sustainable and resilient recreational fisheries that not only benefit local communities, but also contribute to the conservation of aquatic biodiversity and promote the economy of fishing villages.

2. Progress of Recreational Fishing Diversification in China

This article delves into the key success factors that drive the development of recreational fisheries under rural revitalization policies. It explores in-depth the definitions, theories, and activities involved in this field. Developing recreational fisheries is a complex undertaking, as the government must carefully consider the needs of tourists, the essence of fisheries, and the current state of affairs in China and abroad. To this end, this paper argues that the successful development of recreational fisheries requires the establishment of evaluation indicators and the identification of unique success factors. This article is structured into five main parts, which are outlined below.

2.1. Analyzing the Policy for Revitalizing Rural Areas: A Critical Examination

The Rural Revitalization Strategy is a significant initiative by the Chinese government to promote rural modernization and narrow the urban–rural gap. Under the leadership of President Xi Jinping, this strategy has become crucial for China to achieve a moderately prosperous society and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation [27]. One of the key aspects of the Rural Revitalization Strategy is the preservation and development of traditional villages, which are important cultural and ecological resources. The Rural Revitalization Strategy aims to integrate the development of agriculture, rural areas, and farmers by focusing on the priorities of “industries prosperity, ecological livability, civilized local customs, effective governance and a prosperous life” [28]. According to scholars, the Rural Revitalization Strategy encompasses multiple dimensions, including industrial revitalization, rural cultural heritage preservation, ecological environment construction, improvement of rural governance systems, and enhancement of farmers’ living standards [29,30]. Chen and Li pointed out that this requires the government to formulate supporting policies for industry, ecology, culture, governance, and livelihood security [31]. Through the coordinated implementation of these policies, comprehensive rural revitalization can be achieved [32]. Zhang et al. [33] case studies on rural revitalization in China and abroad reveal that the successful implementation of rural revitalization relies on development models tailored to local conditions. They argue that different regions should develop rural tourism, specialty agricultural product processing, and other industries based on their unique resource endowments, industrial foundations, and cultural characteristics. Additionally, they should explore the unique cultural connotations of rural areas, promote ecological civilization construction, and enhance fishermen’s sense of gain and happiness [34].

In conclusion, the implementation of the Rural Revitalization Strategy requires the joint participation of the government, enterprises, and fishermen (Figure 1). Only by adhering to a systemic approach, ensuring policy coordination, and promoting work tailored to local conditions can comprehensive rural revitalization be achieved, thereby advancing the process of socialist modernization in China [35].

In the 1980s, the development of leisure fisheries in China began to receive attention. With the decline of fishery resources and the increase in fishing intensity, finding new development paths for the fishery industry became an important issue [34]. In 1985, the State Council issued the “Instructions on Relaxing Policies and Accelerating the Development of Aquaculture”, which laid the foundation for the development of leisure fisheries [36]. At the same time, educational and research institutions also began to pay attention to the development of leisure fisheries. In economically developed coastal areas and inland cities, fishery administrative departments began to research and demonstrate the development of leisure fisheries. In the 1990s, the development of leisure fisheries in China further accelerated. In 1996, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council first proposed to include recreational fishery development in the scope of industrial restructuring in the “Ninth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development”, marking the first policy encouragement for the development of leisure fisheries [31]. During this period, leisure fishery activities gradually increased, especially in coastal areas and inland cities. The 2000s were a period of rapid development for leisure fisheries in China. In 2001, “leisure fishery” was formally proposed for the first time and included in the “Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Agricultural and Rural Economic Development (2001–2005)”, marking a new stage of development for leisure fisheries [35]. Subsequently, the State Council and the Ministry of Agriculture successively issued a series of policies, such as the “National Marine Economic Development Plan Outline” and the “Provisional Regulations on the Use and Management of Special Funds for the Transfer of Occupations and Industries of Marine Fishing Fishermen”, to encourage and support the development of leisure fisheries [31]. These policies greatly promoted the rapid growth of the leisure fishery industry, and the output value of leisure fisheries increased significantly. In the 2010s, the development of leisure fisheries in China entered a significant growth phase. In 2011, the Ministry of Agriculture first included leisure fisheries in the fishery development plan and clarified it the leisure fishery industry as one of the five major industries of modern fishing in China. Since then, the Ministry of Agriculture has launched the establishment of leisure fishery demonstration bases and issued the “Opinions on Promoting the Sustainable and Healthy Development of Leisure Fishery”, making special arrangements for leisure fisheries. With the continuous promotion of policies, the leisure fishery industry has developed rapidly nationwide, with the output value and scale continuing to expand [37]. In the 2020s, the market size of the national recreational fishery industry reached nearly CNY 100 billion, specifically CNY 94.318 billion. However, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the market size of the recreational fishery industry experienced a decline for the first time in nearly a decade in 2020, decreasing to CNY 78.057 billion, representing a year-on-year decline of 17.24% [38].

2.2. The State of Recreational Fisheries and Their Future Outlook in China

Recreational fisheries are essential for adjusting and ensuring the sustainable development of the fishery industry structure [39,40]. Countries like the United States and Japan have well-established management systems, legal frameworks, and successful experiences in resource protection and scientific research support [41]. However, in China, challenges such as lack of planning, disorderly competition, resource degradation, inadequate funding, chaotic management, and underdeveloped legal systems hinder the optimal growth of recreational fisheries [42]. Drawing from the experiences of leading nations, it is imperative for China to focus on strategic planning, implementing scientific management systems, enhancing legal frameworks, diversifying funding sources, boosting scientific research, and improving information system management to foster the growth of recreational fisheries [43].

Recreational fisheries have evolved to become a significant component of global capture fisheries, with millions of individuals engaging in recreational fishing worldwide [44]. This shift highlights the increasing recognition of the economic, sociocultural, and ecological significance of recreational fishing [45]. As people’s living standards improve, there is a growing emphasis on enhancing life quality, leading to recreational fisheries becoming a vital aspect of leisure and entertainment activities in various countries [46]. Recreational fisheries not only contribute to the protection of fishery resources, but also play a crucial role in increasing the income of fisher communities and adjusting the overall fishery industry structure [22]. However, the development and management of recreational fisheries face deep-rooted challenges that need to be addressed to ensure sustainable growth [47].

A fundamental distinction between recreational fishing and traditional fishing lies in their underlying purposes and activities [48]. Traditional fishery production primarily focuses on obtaining economic income through fishing activities to sustain livelihoods, while recreational fishing aims to activate fishery resources to attract tourists seeking leisure experiences [49]. Recreational fishing serves the dual purpose of generating fishing income and providing recreational experiences for tourists, enriching their lives through leisure and relaxation opportunities [50]. Unlike traditional fisheries, recreational fisheries emphasize participation, shorter activity durations, and diverse activity forms, catering to the leisure preferences of tourists and enhancing their overall experience [51].

The economic impact of recreational fisheries is substantial, with the national leisure fishery output value in China amounting to CNY 70.842 billion, representing a significant portion of the total fishery industry’s economic output value [52]. The leisure fishery industry encompasses various sectors, including tourism-oriented leisure fishery, the leisure fishing and collection industries, and leisure fishing tackle, bait, and aquarium equipment, each contributing significantly to the overall economic value of the fishery sector [53]. The turnover from tourism-oriented recreational fisheries, both in freshwater and marine environments, underscores the economic importance of recreational fishing activities in China [52]. The freshwater sector dominates the economic output value in both tourism-oriented recreational fisheries and the leisure fishing and collection industries, highlighting the significance of inland recreational fisheries in the country’s overall fishery economy [54].

Recreational fisheries have emerged as a vital component of the global fishery industry, offering leisure opportunities, economic benefits, and resource protection. By learning from the experiences of leading nations, addressing key challenges, and focusing on sustainable development, countries can harness the full potential of recreational fisheries to meet the evolving needs of society while ensuring the long-term health of fishery resources.

2.3. Recreational Fishery Development in China Offers a Range of Distinct Advantages

Recreational fishery development in China offers numerous advantages that contribute significantly to various aspects of the local economy and society. One key benefit is how leisure fishery enriches tourism resources and helps in building the tourism brand. By diversifying the types of tourism products available in tourist destinations, especially those with limited resources, recreational fisheries can be strategically developed to become a prominent local tourism brand [55]. This not only attracts more tourists, but also enhances the overall appeal and competitiveness of the destination [31,41].

Moreover, recreational fisheries play a crucial role in addressing the issue of fishermen’s conversion and promoting the adjustment of the industry structure. With the depletion of marine fishery resources and challenges faced by traditional fishermen, the development of recreational fisheries provides new opportunities for fishermen, especially those who may be struggling due to limited fishing areas. By utilizing idle fishery equipment and human resources, recreational fisheries offer a viable alternative that can broaden employment opportunities and support the livelihoods of fishermen. Additionally, the development of recreational fisheries often stimulates growth in related industries such as transportation, catering, and accommodation, particularly in economically marginalized fishing villages [56].

Furthermore, recreational fisheries contribute to increasing economic income in fishing areas. Unlike traditional fisheries that may require substantial upfront investments, recreational fishery projects are characterized by lower capital requirements. This allows for the efficient utilization of existing resources, leading to quick and tangible economic benefits. By providing additional channels for fishermen to generate income, recreational fisheries not only boost the local fishery economy, but also enhance the overall tourism economy. This, in turn, has a positive cascading effect on economic, social, and ecological aspects, creating a more sustainable and resilient local economy [57,58].

Additionally, the development of recreational fisheries play a vital role in improving the quality of life for fishermen and in fostering a harmonious society. By integrating recreational fisheries with tourism, the industry undergoes a transformation from a primary sector focused on fishing to a tertiary sector emphasizing tourism. This shift in industry dynamics not only alters the roles and identities of fishermen, who transition into professional service providers, but also leads to improvements in their quality of life. As fishermen engage in more service-oriented roles, they are likely to adopt new lifestyles and shed old habits, contributing to the overall social harmony and development of the community [59].

The advantages of recreational fishery development in China are multifaceted and impactful, ranging from economic growth and employment opportunities to social transformation and enhanced tourism appeal. By strategically harnessing the potential of recreational fisheries, China can not only boost its local economies, but also create more sustainable and resilient communities that thrive on the synergies between fishing and tourism industries. This research aims to identify key issues within existing policies, assess their effectiveness, and propose improvements that align with sustainable development goals. Understanding these dynamics is critical for ensuring that the growth of recreational fisheries contributes positively to the broader goals of environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic resilience in China.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Assigning Weights to the Evaluation Index System

3.1.1. Model Construction

When addressing complex problems, it is essential to establish the logical relationships between different hierarchical levels, thereby structuring the problem more effectively [60]. A hierarchical model typically comprises three levels: the highest level (target level), the middle level (standard level), and the lowest level (program level). In this study, we constructed a model with three levels corresponding to a quality index system, which includes 6 first-level indices, 14 second-level indices, and 52 third-level indices [61]. Regarding the content of the key success factor for the development of recreational fisheries under the rural revitalization policy, an initial questionnaire was then developed.

3.1.2. Establishing the Expert Determine Matrix

The assignment of judgment matrices is a critical aspect of the AHP as it ensures the consistency of evaluative reasoning [62]. When these assignments lack rationality, the resulting weights may be unreliable, impacting the decision-making process [63]. In a study by [64], a 5-point Likert scale was employed to gauge the importance of various indicators, with experts providing value judgments that were then used to compute the importance weights through the AHP method [65]. To facilitate the process for experts in determining the significance of indicators across different levels, [64] fundamental 5-point scale was utilized, known for its simplicity and effectiveness [66].

3.1.3. Implementing the Expert Determination Framework

Various methods exist for calculating the weight coefficients of quality indices, including the geometric mean method (root mean square method), arithmetic average method (sum method), eigenvector method, and least square method [67]. In our research, we opted for the geometric mean method. For consistency testing, Saaty’s (1980) [68] consistency index (C.I.) and average random consistency index (R.I.) are frequently employed, with the ratio of C.I. to R.I. known as the consistency ratio (C.R.). For matrices of order n > 2, a C.R. of less than 0.10 indicates satisfactory consistency in the judgment matrix, whereas a C.R. greater than 0.10 necessitates adjustments to the matrix [69]. The concept of judgment matrices and their properties play a fundamental role in the decision-making processes, particularly in the context of rank preservation and reliability allocation [70].

3.1.4. Verifying Consistency

Ensuring consistency in matrices becomes challenging with a high number of paired comparisons when the matrix order n is large. To address this issue, the CI is employed to verify the matrix’s consistency under the AHP. The maximum eigenvalue of the matrix is calculated, and the CI is defined as follows:

$$\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda max-n}{n-1}} ,$$

(1)

where λmax is the maximum eigenvalue of the matrix and n is the order of the matrix. A smaller CI indicates greater consistency, with CI being zero if the matrix is perfectly consistent. The Random Consistency Index (R.I.) is a key component in evaluating the consistency of a pairwise comparison matrix in the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). R.I. values are predefined and are based on the size (n) of the matrix used in the analysis. These values represent the average consistency index for randomly generated pairwise comparison matrices. Recognizing that deviations in consistency may arise from random factors, the CR is introduced in Equation (2), as follows:

$$\mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{I}}{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{I}}}$$

(2)

3.1.5. Ensuring Quality Control

The entire process of expert consultation and research was conducted rigorously under the guidance of the research teams from the teaching and research department. During the preparation of the first-, second-, and third-round consultation questionnaires, the research team thoroughly reviewed the latest literature. The Delphi method targets experts and scholars for investigation, making the selection of appropriate participants a crucial factor influencing the accuracy of survey results. Three primary criteria are used for selecting experts and scholars: knowledge level, reliability, and accuracy [61]. However, suitable measurement tools are often lacking, and thus this process is not straightforward. It can only be assessed through alternative methods, such as self-evaluation by experts and scholars, peer evaluations, intelligence sources, and a sense of responsibility, authority, and professional knowledge [70,71,72]. Consequently, the selection of visiting experts and scholars is primarily based on their professional knowledge, experience, and sense of responsibility (willingness to cooperate and support the research). To meet these criteria, the research subjects were selected based on the following: (1) contact with recreational fishery experts, (2) more than ten years of teaching relevant courses, (3) ongoing engagement with domestic recreational fishery researchers, and (4) involvement in related enterprise management, holding decision-making positions as consulting objects. To avoid face-to-face contact, repeated questionnaires were utilized to conduct private consultations.

The concept of key success factors involves evaluating specific goals through measurable indicators [73]. These indicators are crucial in assessing the value of an event or decision-making process [74]. Key success factors entail gathering relevant data based on specific criteria to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the subject under evaluation [75,76]. The process aims to aid in enhancing service quality or to serve as a foundation for administrative management [77]. Indicators, as highlighted by the OECD, are parameters derived from data to describe phenomena, environments, or regional conditions. They serve as tools for judgment and measurement, reflecting the level of a given situation [77,78]. Therefore, key factor indicators are essential for evaluating and judging the value of the subject based on relevant standards or parameters.

3.2. Key Theories Regarding the Factors Critical for Successful Rural Revitalization

The function of key factor indicators lies in their ability to depict the current status and highlight the gap between the current state and the ideal standard, providing insights for improvement strategies [79]. These indicators not only offer an understanding of the present situation, but also serve as a basis for evaluating overall development potential. The selection principles of factor indicators are crucial in ensuring their relevance, importance, validity, reliability, objectivity, timeliness, and usefulness [80]. Additionally, indicators must be representative, theoretically grounded, stable, reliable, and credible, with a focus on simplicity and availability of data in real-world settings. Key factor indicators should reflect core issues effectively, adhering to principles such as effectiveness, availability, stability, understandability, relevance, importance, and practicality [81].

In essence, key factor indicators encompass both quantitative data and qualitative insights that reflect reality. The construction and utilization of these indicators must align with established principles while excluding potential interfering factors. It is imperative to involve experts in relevant fields during indicator selection to ensure accuracy and rationality [82]. The process of selecting indicators should be meticulous, considering various aspects to guarantee the effectiveness and reliability of the evaluation process.

The literature also emphasizes the importance of understanding the factors that influence the success or failure of projects or initiatives [74,81]. By identifying and utilizing key success factors, organizations can enhance their competitive advantage and improve their overall performance. The systematic identification and evaluation of these factors provides a structured approach to decision-making and strategic planning. Moreover, the availability of indicators facilitates the assessment of processes and the determination of best practices. By adhering to established principles and involving experts in the selection process, organizations can enhance their decision-making processes and drive success [83].

4. Factor Importance Analysis

During the testing period, a total of 16 reviewers were identified, with 14 meeting the inclusion criteria. Initially, 51 indicators were reviewed, and an additional 11 indicators were incorporated based on expert feedback after the first round. The analysis utilized the Delphi technique over two rounds. The second round involved a closed questionnaire, which presented the results from the first round along with detailed expert and scholar feedback. Participants were asked to review and provide further comments on the initial findings. This round consisted of three sections: a supplementary explanation of expert opinions from the first round, a re-evaluation of the indicators, and an open-ended section for additional expert feedback. This part of the results provides the basis for the AHP questionnaire. First, the indicator consistency results must be kept alive until confirmed, as shown in

Table 1. Overall reviewers were given C.I. and C.R. values for the AHP questionnaire.

Merits/Sub-Criteria	C.I. Value	C.R. Value	Consistency Check
Level 1	0.002	0.002	0.002
Level 2
b1 Recreational Fishery Resource Conditions	0.001	0.002	Consistent
b2 Recreational Fishery Environment Conditions	0.002	0.003	Consistent
b3 Recreational Fishery Accommodation Conditions	0.007	0.013	Consistent
b4 Recreational Fishery Service Conditions	0.0007	0.0008	Consistent
b5 Recreational Fishery Activity Conditions	0.002	0.003	Consistent
b6 Recreational Fishery Policy Conditions	0.001	0.002	Consistent
Level 3
b1-1 Natural Resources	0.001	0.002	Consistent
b1-2 Cultural Resources	0.002	0.001	Consistent
b1-3 Human Environment Conditions	0.0011	0.0012	Consistent
b1-4 Tourism Environment Conditions	0.0004	0.0008	Consistent
b1-5 Accommodation Environment	0.004	0.007	Consistent
b1-6 Accommodation Types	0.004	0.004	Consistent
b1-7 Reception Organization	0.001	0.003	Consistent
b1-8 Interpretation and Consulting Services	0.002	0.001	Consistent
b1-9 Service Staff Quality	0.003	0.002	Consistent
b1-10 Service Categories	0.0005	0.0009	Consistent
b1-11 Industrial Activity Environment	0.001	0.001	Consistent
b1-12 Industrial Activity Environment	0.006	0.007	Consistent
b1-13 Tourism Policy	0.006	0.005	Consistent
b1-14 Rural Revitalization	0.0004	0.0008	Consistent
Overall Level Consistency Index (CIH)	0.037		Consistent
Overall Level Random Index (RIH)	5.98		Consistent
Overall Level Consistency Ratio			Consistent
CRH = (CIH/RIH)	0.006

. The analysis demonstrated high consistency, with a Consistency Ratio (C.R.) of 0.01, well below the 0.1 threshold, indicating reliable judgments.

This study further conducted a weight analysis on the overall influencing factors based on the AHP (

Table 2. Priority and ranking of expert opinion calculated using the AHP method.

Level 1	Weight	Level 2	Weight	Weight Relative to Upper Level	Rank	Level 3	Weight	Overall Weight	Rank
Recreational fishery resource conditions	0.322	Natural resources	0.556	0.179	1	Natural scenery	0.665	0.119	1
						Climate conditions	0.334	0.059	5
		Cultural resources	0.443	0.142	3	Cultural scenery	0.443	0.063	4
						Fishery resources	0.556	0.079	2
Recreational fishery environment conditions	0.278	Human environment	0.443	0.123	4	Community/urban environmental analysis	0.154	0.019	13
						Cultural assets’ richness	0.258	0.032	9
						Special cultural activities	0.22	0.027	11
						Industrial resources	0.368	0.045	7
		Tourism environment	0.557	0.155	2	Fishing port	0.468	0.072	3
						International airport location	0.214	0.033	8
						Highway and bus stations	0.317	0.049	6
Recreational fishery accommodation conditions	0.063	Accommodation environment	0.556	0.035	9	Leisure facilities	0.217	0.007	23
						Environmental quality	0.391	0.014	17
						Living/accommodation	0.351	0.012	18
		Accommodation types	0.443	0.028	11	Bed and breakfast	0.128	0.003	26
						Hotels	0.094	0.002	27
						Houseboats	0.153	0.004	25
						Comfort level	0.285	0.008	22
						Accommodation Experience	0.34	0.009	21
Recreational fishery service conditions	0.107	Reception organization	0.188	0.02	13	Service area size and location	0.557	0.011	19
						Tourism service units	0.443	0.008	22
		Interpretation and consulting services	0.322	0.034	10	Environmental Introduction	0.443	0.015	16
						Consultants	0.557	0.019	13
		Service staff quality	0.265	0.028	11	Service staff attitude	0.665	0.018	14
						Service staff ability	0.335	0.009	21
		Service categories	0.224	0.024	12	Internet of Things	0.316	0.007	23
						Experience services	0.214	0.005	24
						Travel agencies	0.469	0.011	19
Recreational fishery activity conditions	0.112	Activity methods	0.443	0.05	7	Activity sites	0.194	0.009	21
						Fishing equipment and tools	0.215	0.010	20
						Activities	0.283	0.014	17
						Dining services	0.165	0.008	22
						Science popularization education	0.142	0.007	23
		Safety quality	0.557	0.062	6	Infrastructure	0.306	0.019	13
						Activity safety standards	0.258	0.016	15
						Activity safety promotion	0.307	0.019	13
						Activity safety insurance	0.128	0.008	22
Recreational fishery policy conditions	0.115	Fishery policy	0.335	0.038	8	Government Support	0.298	0.011	19
						Relevant national departments	0.227	0.008	22
						Legal system	0.261	0.010	20
						Financing policy	0.069	0.002	27
						Management policy	0.052	0.002	27
						Sustainable development policy	0.092	0.003	26
		Rural revitalization	0.665	0.076	5	Talent revitalization	0.329	0.025	12
						Cultural revitalization	0.400	0.030	10
						Industrial revitalization	0.271	0.020	13

). Among the first-level factors, respondents prioritized recreational fisheries’ resource conditions at 0.322, followed by recreational fisheries’ environmental conditions at 0.278, recreational fisheries’ policy conditions at 0.115, recreational fisheries’ activity conditions at 0.112, recreational fisheries’ service conditions at 0.107, and recreational fisheries’ accommodation conditions at 0.063. The data indicate that respondents generally consider recreational fisheries’ resource conditions and environmental conditions as the most important indicators.

Among the second-level indicators, the top five ranked factors are natural resources at 0.179, recreational fisheries’ tourism environment at 0.155, cultural resources at 0.142, recreational fisheries’ cultural environment at 0.123, and rural revitalization at 0.076. This result highlights the significance of natural resources. Furthermore, in the third-level influencing factors, natural scenery within the natural resources category, is identified as a critical success factor and important indicator for the development of recreational fisheries under rural revitalization policies, with a weight value of 0.119. The subsequent factors include fishery resources within cultural resources at 0.079, fishing ports within recreational fisheries’ tourism environment at 0.072, cultural scenery within cultural resources at 0.063, climate conditions within natural resources at 0.059, highways and bus stations within recreational fisheries’ tourism environment at 0.049, the recreational fisheries industry within recreational fisheries’ cultural environment at 0.045, location of international airports within recreational fisheries’ tourism environment at 0.033, richness of cultural assets within recreational fisheries’ cultural environment at 0.032, and cultural revitalization within rural revitalization at 0.020; these are the top ten critical factors. These top ten critical factors are also significant for the development of recreational fisheries under rural revitalization policies.

When the weight values of each indicator are obtained, the indicator system is completed. The results, as presented in

Table 3. The key success factors and recommended indicators of recreational fishery development under the rural revitalization policy.

Merits/Evaluation Scope (%)	Criteria/Evaluation Item (%)	Sub-Criteria
Resource conditions (32%)	Natural resources (55%)	Natural scenery, climate conditions
	Cultural resources (44%)	Cultural scenery, fishery resources
Environment conditions (28%)	Human environment (44%)	Community/urban environmental analysis, richness of cultural assets, special cultural activities, industrial resources
	Tourism environment (56%)	Fishing port, location of international airport, highways and bus stations
Accommodation conditions (6%)	Accommodation environment (55%)	Leisure facilities, environmental quality, living/accommodation
	Accommodation types (44%)	Bed and breakfast, hotels, houseboats, comfort level, accommodation experience
Service conditions (11%)	Reception organization (19%)	Service area size and location, tourism service units
	Interpretation and consulting services (32%)	Environmental introduction, consultants
	Service staff quality (26%)	Service staff attitude, service staff ability
	Service categories (22%)	Internet of Things, experience services, travel agencies
Activity conditions (11%)	Activity methods (44%)	Activity sites, fishing equipment and tools, activity methods, dining services, science popularization education
	Safety quality (56%)	Infrastructure, activity safety standards, activity safety promotion, activity safety insurance
Policy conditions (11%)	Fishery policy (33%)	Government support, relevant national departments, legal system, financing policy, management policy, sustainable development policy
	Rural revitalization (66%)	Talent revitalization, cultural revitalization, industrial revitalization

, reveal that resource conditions emerged as the most critical factor with the highest weight of 0.322, followed by environment conditions (0.278) and policy conditions (0.115). Activity conditions and service conditions ranked fourth and fifth with weights of 0.112 and 0.107, respectively, while accommodation conditions was deemed least important with a weight of 0.063.

Once established, this indicator system can provide priorities for future policies. These findings underscore the paramount importance of natural and cultural resources in developing recreational fisheries, highlighting the need for policymakers and stakeholders to prioritize resource management and environmental preservation. Furthermore, the study’s methodology, combining the Delphi method for expert consensus and AHP for quantitative assessment, provides a robust framework for evaluating complex multi-faceted development strategies in the context of rural revitalization. The established indicator system offers concrete policy guidance by identifying key priorities such as natural and cultural resource management. Specifically, policies should focus on the following. (1) Environmental Conservation: Prioritize the preservation of natural landscapes and ecosystems to attract tourists and sustain recreational fisheries. (2) Cultural Resource Promotion: Develop and protect local cultural heritage, integrating it into the tourism experience. (3) Infrastructure Development: Improve access to natural and cultural sites through better transportation and facilities (e.g., roads, fishing ports). (4) Sustainable Practices: Implement regulations that ensure fisheries and tourism activities do not deplete resources or harm the environment. By following these targeted areas, policymakers can effectively support the sustainable growth of recreational fisheries while contributing to rural revitalization goals.

5. Policy Analysis and Discussion

5.1. Strategic Implications and Regional Considerations

The sustainability of fishing villages worldwide faces significant threats due to declining fish stocks, environmental changes, and market volatility. To counter these challenges, many communities have turned to recreational fisheries as a sustainable alternative. This shift not only brings economic benefits, but also supports cultural heritage and environmental conservation. This discussion synthesizes the recent literature on the development of recreational fisheries in fishing villages, with a focus on economic impacts and the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for optimization.

Recreational fisheries have proven to be a vital component in diversifying the economies of fishing villages. Arlinghaus et al. (2019) [62] highlight that these fisheries attract tourists, thereby generating income through services like boat rentals, guided tours, and local hospitality industries. Additionally, they help stabilize fishermen’s incomes by reducing reliance on fluctuating fish stocks and markets [10]. Successful case studies from coastal villages in Japan and Norway show that integrating recreational fishing with eco-tourism can revitalize local economies [84]. These initiatives typically involve collaboration among local governments, fishing communities, and tourism operators, underscoring the importance of community involvement and strategic planning. In academic research on recreational fisheries, the use of expert questionnaires to evaluate consistency among scholars and professionals is critical. This process involves selecting individuals well-versed in leisure fishing, such as scholars, university professors, leisure fishing associations, and governmental bodies [62,85,86]. Implementing AHP in these surveys requires respondents to have a comprehensive understanding of recreational fishing and related fields, as well as proficiency in completing questionnaires to ensure consistency [62,85]. From 22 October to 15 November 2022, AHP questionnaires were distributed, yielding 13 completed responses. These were analyzed for consistency using pairwise comparison matrices, indices, and ratios to determine the overall hierarchical consistency ratio [62,86]. A stringent acceptance criterion of a consistency ratio ≤0.1 ensured data reliability, resulting in the exclusion of one inconsistent response and leaving 12 valid questionnaires for further analysis [86].

Emerging trends in recreational fisheries include the integration of technology and digital marketing. Online platforms and mobile applications are increasingly used to attract tourists and manage bookings, providing additional revenue streams and improving operational efficiency [87]. Furthermore, incorporating educational and conservation activities into recreational fisheries can enhance their appeal and sustainability. The synthesis of individual consistency assessments from valid questionnaires through geometric averaging established a collective expert consensus. This consensus guided the construction of pairwise comparison matrices, computation of feature vectors and relative weights, determination of the maximum eigenvalue, and verification of the overall hierarchical consistency ratio. Adopting the hierarchical feature vector with a consistency ratio adhering to the stipulated standard ensured robust and aligned assessments derived from the valid questionnaires [63,88].

5.2. Key Factors for Developing Recreational Fisheries in Chinese Fishing Villages

Based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis, the relative weights of the key success factors and indicators for the development of recreational fisheries under the consideration of rural revitalization policies were determined. Among the six evaluation dimensions on the first level, the priority is given to the conditions of recreational fisheries resources (0.322), followed by environmental conditions (0.278), policy conditions (0.115), activity conditions (0.112), service conditions (0.107), and accommodation conditions (0.063). At the second level, among the 13 evaluation factors, rural revitalization (0.665) was deemed to be the most crucial, followed by the tourism environment of recreational fisheries (0.557) and safety quality (0.557). These results highlight the significance of rural revitalization. This study concludes that the key success factors and indicators for the development of recreational fisheries primarily hinge on rural revitalization, which includes the revitalization of talent, culture, and industry. Additionally, the tourism environment of recreational fisheries, encompassing fishing ports and the proximity to international airports, highways, and bus stations, is also vital.

The radar chart analysis of recreational fishing policy conditions (Figure 2) reveals a robust and well-balanced policy framework. The chart shows high scores across multiple dimensions, with most indicators scoring above 4 on a 5-point scale. Notably, Sustainable Development and Talent Cultivation are the strongest aspects, both scoring 4.54, highlighting a strong focus on long-term viability and human resource development in the sector. Government Support also scores highly at 4.53, suggesting a favorable regulatory environment. Conversely, the Financing System, scoring 4.08, while above average, indicates a relative weakness that could potentially hinder the sector’s growth and innovation capacity. The Legal System and Ecological Protection Policy both score 4.38, reflecting a solid foundation for regulatory compliance and environmental stewardship. Activity Pricing and Cultural Promotion, both scoring 4.46, suggest effective strategies in market positioning and heritage preservation. The balanced nature of these scores suggests a comprehensive approach to policy-making, although there is room for improvement, particularly in financial mechanisms. Future policy interventions should focus on strengthening the financing system while maintaining the current strong performance in other areas. The AHP analysis provides a clear hierarchy of factors that influence the success of recreational fisheries. The high weight assigned to natural and cultural resources implies that these elements are foundational to the industry’s appeal and sustainability. In practical terms, it suggests that investment in the conservation of natural and cultural assets will yield the most significant returns in terms of attracting tourists and supporting local economies. The lower weight given to factors such as accommodation conditions and recreational fisheries policy conditions suggests that while these are still important, they are less critical than the core environmental and cultural factors. Policymakers should, therefore, prioritize the development of policies that protect and enhance natural and cultural resources, as these will have the most substantial impact on the industry’s success. The study provides a roadmap for stakeholders in recreational fisheries to focus their efforts and resources on the factors that matter most to their target audience, thereby maximizing the effectiveness of their strategies and contributing to the broader goals of rural revitalization.

The study’s outcomes contribute to a comprehensive national and regional discourse, emphasizing tailored strategies to address diverse regional developmental needs. Region-specific planning that integrates local nuances and characteristics is crucial, as it discourages generic replication and promotes bespoke approaches for community development [62,85]. In regions where recreational fishing thrives, optimizing fishing vessel utilization by enabling docking at general fishing ports and facilitating sea excursions enhances port services. Transforming basic port facilities to accommodate both fishing vessels and tourist boats diversifies revenue streams, benefiting port authorities and the tourism sector [85,86]. Efforts to enhance accommodation facilities for recreational fishing enthusiasts and align residential esthetics with the local environment underscore the importance of fostering a conducive living environment. Leveraging local resources to create distinctive community environments holds promise in enhancing local landscapes [87]. Tailoring leisure fishing services to engage tourists through comprehensive experiences epitomizes the convergence of technology and esthetics in tourist locales [88]. Enhancing transportation infrastructure in fishing communities through safety measures, navigational infrastructure development, and the creation of esthetically pleasing ports underpins the blueprint for improving fishing community transportation services [89]. Initiating talent acquisition programs to foster innovation and entrepreneurship in the fishing industry highlights the importance of creating a conducive ecosystem and supporting intellectual endeavors in fishing innovation and entrepreneurship [3,90].

With the implementation of rural revitalization policies, coastal cities have increasingly focused on developing recreational fisheries to achieve local socio-economic benefits. Recreational fisheries represent a promising future direction for the fishery and leisure industries. This study aims to construct a comprehensive set of indicators to objectively evaluate the key success factors for recreational fisheries’ development under rural revitalization policies, enabling the analysis and comparison of relevant support measures and the formulation of strategic industry plans. This research employs a literature review and the Delphi method, involving two rounds of expert and scholar evaluations to identify the critical success factors and formulate a set of indicators for recreational fisheries development within the context of rural revitalization policies. This study identifies six essential dimensions: fishery resources, environmental conditions, accommodation, services, activities, and recreational fisheries policies.

Upon analyzing the central tendencies, 52 factors critical to the development of recreational fisheries were identified. The most crucial dimensions were found to be fishery resources and environmental conditions, followed by service conditions, activities, policy conditions, and accommodation conditions. Experts and scholars highlighted three primary indicators of concern: “Tasting delicious aquatic products”, “Government support: whether the government has included the project into development and support plans”, and “Pricing of recreational fishing activities”, as well as “Talent revitalization: cultivating talents for the development of secondary and tertiary industries in fishing villages”.

• Based on these findings, the following recommendations are proposed:
• Utilize each identified indicator as a basis for policy implementation (indicators include natural resources, cultural resources, infrastructure, environmental conditions, and rural revitalization).
• Establish a dedicated promotional group for recreational fisheries.
• Formulate key implementation strategies across the six identified dimensions.

5.3. Challenges and Sustainability Concerns in China

The meticulous application of the AHP methodology in evaluating expert opinions within recreational fisheries research underscores the importance of methodological rigor in academic research. The synthesis of expert insights, region-specific strategies, and cultural heritage preservation contributes to sustainable recreational fishing ecosystems. By intertwining esthetics, cultural narratives, and robust infrastructure, a holistic framework emerges to nurture vibrant and sustainable recreational fishing domains, fostering sustainability and cultural enrichment in fishing communities. Future research should explore the long-term impacts of recreational fisheries on local economies and ecosystems, investigate new technologies for enhancing tourist experiences, and develop advanced models for optimizing resource management in these communities. Additionally, comparative studies across different regions could provide deeper insights into best practices and innovative approaches to recreational fisheries development.

The transformation of Chinese fishing villages into recreational fisheries has been significantly influenced by government policies. Through various policy measures, the government has provided robust support and guidance, facilitating the rapid development of recreational fisheries. These policies have both positive and negative impacts. Positive policy impacts include comprehensive support and financial aid. The Central No. 1 Document has consistently emphasized the development of leisure agriculture and rural tourism, providing a clear policy direction for the transformation of fishing villages [91]. Additionally, joint departmental documents, such as the Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Finance’s “Notice on Actively Developing Multiple Functions of Agriculture and Vigorously Promoting Leisure Agriculture” and the “Guiding Opinions on Vigorously Developing Leisure Agriculture”, offer detailed support and guidance [92]. Financial support has been crucial, with the government integrating fiscal funds, encouraging public–private partnerships (PPP), and utilizing crowdfunding to attract social capital investment, thus providing essential financial support for these transformations [93]. Planning guidance and standard setting have also been instrumental. The government promotes “multi-planning integration”, incorporating leisure agriculture and rural tourism into broader urban and rural development frameworks, thereby providing strategic planning guidance [94]. Establishing and improving regulatory standards for food safety, fire safety, and environmental protection have significantly enhanced the service quality and safety of recreational fisheries [95].

Brand creation and promotion are other key areas of government support. Initiatives such as creating national leisure agriculture and rural tourism demonstration counties and promoting beautiful leisure villages have increased the brand influence and market competitiveness of fishing villages [96]. Government-organized promotional activities during holidays and major agricultural festivals have further expanded the visibility and influence of these villages [22]. Education and training have also received considerable attention. The government encourages higher education institutions and vocational schools to offer relevant courses, cultivating specialized talents in planning, design, creative planning, and market marketing, thereby supporting the transformation of fishing villages [97]. For this specific case, here are more concrete and targeted policy recommendations: (1) Brand development for fishing villages. (2) Designating national demonstration zones. (3) Promotion through seasonal festivals. (4) Targeted educational programs. (5) Market Expansion and Product Diversification: Support local fisheries in diversifying their tourism offerings, such as creating fishing-themed lodging, culinary tours using local seafood, and eco-tours emphasizing environmental conservation. Establish marketing campaigns focusing on these diversified experiences to attract a broader range of tourists. Strengthening occupational skills training improves service quality in reception, education, and interpretation, enhancing the reception capacity and service levels of these communities. However, despite the positive impacts, several negative effects may arise during the transformation process. Overdevelopment and ecological damage are significant concerns. Without adequate emphasis on ecological protection, overdevelopment can lead to environmental degradation, adversely affecting the sustainable development of fisheries [98]. Homogenized competition and resource wastage can result from a lack of scientific and rational planning guidance, leading to severe homogenization of leisure agriculture projects and intensified competition [99]. (6) Unequal benefit distribution and social conflicts may also occur if the benefit distribution mechanism is not well designed, causing some fishermen to suffer losses and leading to social unrest [26]. Lastly, excessive reliance on government policy support may hinder the self-development capacity of fishing villages. If policies are adjusted or withdrawn, these villages could face significant developmental challenges [100].

In summary, while government policies have significantly facilitated the transformation of Chinese fishing villages into recreational fisheries, it is crucial to remain vigilant about the potential negative impacts and address them during the implementation process.

6. Conclusions

The overall indicators are divided into six aspects and fifty-two indicators, and key sustainable implementation strategies are provided and formulated. The most important dimensions for promoting recreational fisheries are resource and environmental conditions, followed by service conditions, activities and policy conditions, and, ranking third, accommodation conditions. The four indicators that experts and scholars are most concerned about are “5-4. Taste delicious aquatic products”, “6-1. Government support: whether the government will include the project in development support”, “6-5. Pricing of recreational fishing activities”, and “ 6-10. Talent promotion”. Finally, three suggestions were put forward: (1) Make recreational fisheries an important target of the country’s rural revitalization policy. (2) Use various indicators as the basis for policy implementation. (3) Establish a recreational fishery promotion group.