Randall’s Threadfin Bream (Nemipterus randalli, Russell 1986) Poses a Potential Threat to the Northeastern Mediterranean Sea Food Web
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Stomach Content Analysis
2.4. Modelling Approach
3. Results
3.1. Stomach Content Analysis
3.2. The Model
3.3. Model Data Quality
3.4. Model Summary Statistics
3.5. Mixed Trophic Impact Analysis
3.6. Keystoneness Analysis
3.7. Energy Flows
4. Discussion
Limitations and Future Considerations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Functional Groups | Original Value | Calibrated Value | Sources |
---|---|---|---|
Phytoplankton | |||
Biomass | 7.75 | 7.75 | [68] |
P/B | 195.1 | 195.1 | Calculated to match 151.2 gC/m2/y annual primary production as per [69] |
Zooplankton | |||
Biomass | 3.385 | 3.385 | [70] |
P/B | 30.42 | 30.42 | [71] |
Q/B | 92.18 | 92.18 | [18] |
Diet | [18] | ||
N. randalli | |||
Biomass | 0.0374 | 0.0374 | Trawl survey |
P/B | 0.936 | 0.936 | [72] |
Q/B | 9.781 | 7.781 | Empirical equation by [35] using length–weight relationship and L∞ values from [73] and aspect ratio from trawl survey |
Diet | Stomach content analysis, [28,53,74] | ||
Other benthic invertebrates | |||
Biomass | 0.0546 | 5.456 | Trawl survey |
P/B | 1.15 | 1.15 | [10] |
Q/B | 3.658 | 3.658 | [10] adjusted with Opitz’s correction factor [75] |
Diet | Modified from [10] | ||
Polychaetes | |||
Biomass | 1.62 | 3.24 | [76] |
P/B | 3.61 | 3.61 | [18] |
Q/B | 16.93 | 16.93 | [10] adjusted with Opitz’s correction factor [75] |
Diet | Modified from [10] | ||
Crabs | |||
Biomass | 0.0618 | 0.618 | Trawl survey |
P/B | 2.42 | 2.42 | [10] |
Q/B | 5.526 | 5.526 | [10] adjusted with Opitz’s correction factor [75] |
Diet | Modified from [10] | ||
Shrimps and prawns | |||
Biomass | 0.251 | 0.251 | Trawl survey |
P/B | 3.09 | 3.09 | [18] |
Q/B | 12.27 | 11.27 | [18] |
Diet | Modified from [10] | ||
Octopuses, cuttlefish and squids | |||
Biomass | 0.102 | 0.0612 | Trawl survey |
P/B | 2.652 | 2.652 | [10] |
Q/B | 14.22 | 14.22 | [10] adjusted with Opitz’s correction factor [75] |
Diet | [77] | ||
P. erythrinus | |||
Biomass | 0.140 | 0.0837 | Trawl survey |
P/B | 1.769 | 1.769 | [78] |
Q/B | 8.432 | 8.432 | Empirical equation by [35] using length–weight relationship and L∞ (as (weighted average of max length divided by 0.95 [79]) values from [80] |
Diet | [81] | ||
P. acarne | |||
Biomass | 0.230 | 0.161 | Trawl survey |
P/B | 1.94 | 1.94 | [82] |
Q/B | 10.69 | 10.69 | Empirical equation by [35] using length–weight relationship and L∞ values from [83] |
Diet | [83] | ||
Red mullets | |||
Biomass | 0.45 | 0.315 | Trawl survey |
P/B | 1.225 | 1.225 | [78] |
Q/B | 9.894 | 9.894 | Empirical equation by [35] using length–weight relationship and L∞ values from [78] |
Diet | [84] | ||
M. merluccius | |||
Biomass | 0.0209 | 0.0209 | Trawl survey |
P/B | 2.41 | 2.41 | [85] |
Q/B | 7.115 | 7.115 | Empirical equation by [35] using length–weight relationship and L∞ values from [85] |
Diet | [86] | ||
Gobius spp. | |||
Biomass | 0.0018 | 0.360 | Trawl survey |
P/B | 0.847 | 1.695 | Empirical equation by [34] using maximum age value from [87]. |
Q/B | 11.07 | 11.07 | Empirical equation by [35] using length–weight relationship and L∞ values from [87] |
Diet | [87] | ||
S. undosquamis | |||
Biomass | 0.0829 | 0.0829 | Trawl survey |
P/B | 1.76 | 1.76 | [88] |
Q/B | 8.285 | 8.285 | Empirical equation by [35] using length–weight relationship from [89] and L∞ from [88] |
Diet | [90] | ||
Sea breams and porgies | |||
Biomass | 0.419 | 0.293 | Trawl survey |
P/B | 0.415 | 0.415 | Empirical equation by [34] capitalising on weighted averages of calculated Z values using maximum age values from [36] |
Q/B | 8.654 | 7.654 | Empirical equation by [35] using length–weight relationship from [91] and L∞ from [92] |
Diet | [93] | ||
Serranus spp. | |||
Biomass | 0.0123 | 0.0864 | Trawl survey |
P/B | 1.28 | 1.28 | [94] |
Q/B | 12.215 | 10.215 | Empirical equation by [35] using W∞ from [95] |
Diet | [96] | ||
Leiognathidae | |||
Biomass | 0.408 | 0.408 | Trawl survey |
P/B | 0.961 | 0.961 | [97] |
Q/B | 19.36 | 19.36 | Empirical equation by [35] using W∞ from [97] |
Diet | [98] | ||
Clupeidae | |||
Biomass | 0.00224 | 0.447 | Trawl survey |
P/B | 1.282 | 1.282 | [99] |
Q/B | 14.21 | 14.21 | Empirical equation by [35] using length–weight relationship and L∞ from [99] |
Diet | [100] | ||
E. encrasicolus | |||
Biomass | 0.00703 | 0.0703 | Trawl survey |
P/B | 2.73 | 2.73 | [18] |
Q/B | 12.23 | 12.23 | Empirical equation by [35] using length–weight relationship and L∞ from [101] |
Diet | [102] | ||
Horse mackerels | |||
Biomass | 0.095 | 0.095 | Trawl survey |
P/B | 1.66 | 1.6 | [101] |
Q/B | 11.80 | 11.80 | [101] |
Diet | [39,40] | ||
Detritus | |||
Biomass | 105.4 | 105.4 | Empirical equation by [103] using 151.2 gC/m2/y primary production and euphotic zone depth of 37 from [69] |
# | Prey/Predator | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Phytoplankton | 0.7 | 0.03 | |||||||||||||||||
2 | Zooplankton | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.1 | 0.338 | 0.11 | 0.284 | 0.15 | 0.725 | 0.97 | 1.0 | 0.975 | |||||||
3 | N. randalli | 0.01 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||||||
4 | Other benthic invertebrates | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.41 | 0.4 | 0.54 | 0.331 | 0.086 | 0.209 | 0.001 | 0.307 | 0.183 | 0.042 | 0.02 | 0.003 | |||||
5 | Polychaetes | 0.003 | 0.027 | 0.034 | 0.42 | 0.22 | 0.09 | 0.107 | 0.106 | 0.235 | 0.863 | 0.037 | 0.029 | 0.102 | 0.01 | 0.001 | ||||
6 | Crabs | 0.227 | 0.02 | 0.025 | 0.175 | 0.076 | 0.039 | 0.174 | 0.001 | 0.027 | 0.04 | 0.2 | 0.003 | |||||||
7 | Shrimps and prawns | 0.329 | 0.01 | 0.055 | 0.075 | 0.226 | 0.016 | 0.114 | 0.005 | 0.02 | 0.134 | 0.003 | ||||||||
8 | Octopuses, cuttlefish and squids | 0.02 | 0.023 | 0.001 | 0.041 | 0.015 | ||||||||||||||
9 | P. erythrinus | 0.01 | 0.05 | |||||||||||||||||
10 | P. acarne | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.05 | |||||||||||||||
11 | Red mullets | 0.005 | 0.134 | 0.035 | 0.126 | |||||||||||||||
12 | M. merluccius | 0.31 | ||||||||||||||||||
13 | Gobius spp. | 0.025 | 0.055 | 0.024 | 0.184 | 0.028 | 0.009 | 0.104 | ||||||||||||
14 | S. undosquamis | 0.008 | ||||||||||||||||||
15 | Sea breams and porgies | 0.016 | 0.013 | 0.164 | 0.08 | |||||||||||||||
16 | Serranus spp. | 0.062 | 0.128 | |||||||||||||||||
17 | Leiognathidae | 0.135 | 0.031 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||||||
18 | Clupeidae | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.277 | 0.378 | 0.036 | 0.01 | |||||||||||||
19 | E. encrasicolus | 0.143 | 0.07 | |||||||||||||||||
20 | Horse mackerels | 0.051 | 0.02 | |||||||||||||||||
21 | Detritus | 0.25 | 0.026 | 0.968 | 0.966 | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.232 | 0.382 | 0.101 | ||||||||||
Import |
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Functional Group | Species and Taxa Included |
---|---|
Detritus | Sediment and water-column detritus |
Phytoplankton | Planktonic algae |
Zooplankton | Fodder micro- and mesozooplankton |
Nemipterus randalli | N. randalli |
Other benthic invertebrates | Philine spp., Anseropoda placenta (Pennant, 1777); Echinaster (Echinaster) sepositus (Retzius, 1783); Pennatula phosphorea Linnaeus, 1758; Pennatula rubra (Ellis, 1764); Antedon spp.; Coscinasterias tenuispina (Lamarck, 1816) Gastropoda Bivalvia |
Polychaetes | All taxa |
Crabs | Pagurus prideaux Leach, 1815; Medorippe lanata (Linnaeus, 1767); Charybdis (Archias) longicollis Leene, 1938 |
Shrimps and prawns | Penaeus japonicus Spence Bate, 1888; Penaeus kerathurus (Forskål, 1775); Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846); Squilla mantis (Linnaeus, 1758); Erugosquilla massavensis (Kossmann, 1880) |
Octopuses, cuttlefish and squids | Eledone moschata (Lamarck, 1798); Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797; Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758; Illex coindetii (Vérany, 1839); Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798; Rhombosepion elegans (Blainville, 1827); Rhombosepion orbignyanum (Férussac, 1826); Sepietta oweniana (d’Orbigny, 1841) |
Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758) | P. erythrinus |
Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1827) | P. acarne |
Red mullets | Mullus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758 and Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758) | M. merluccius |
Gobius spp. | Gobius bucchichi Steindachner, 1870; Gobius niger Linnaeus, 1758; Vanderhorstia mertensi Klausewitz, 1974 |
Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, 1848) | S. undosquamis |
Sea breams and porgies | Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758); Dentex macrophthalmus (Bloch, 1971); Diplodus annularis (Linnaeus, 1758); Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758); Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817); Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758); Evynnis ehrenbergii (Valenciennes, 1830); Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus, 1758); Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758; Spicara flexuosum Rafinesque, 1810; Spicara smaris (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Serranus spp. | Serranus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1758); Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Leiognathidae | Equulites elongatus (Günther, 1874); Equulites klunzingeri (Steindachner, 1898) |
Clupeidae | Dussumieria elopsoides Bleeker, 1849; Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792); Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847; Sardinella maderensis (Lowe, 1838) |
Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) | E. encrasicolus |
Horse mackerels | Trachurus mediterraneus (Steindachner, 1868) and Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Group | Diet Item | Weight (%) |
---|---|---|
Crustaceans | Squilla spp. | 26.99 |
Charybdis longicollis | 10.95 | |
Unidentified crabs | 8.53 | |
Stamatopoda | 6.11 | |
Penaeus japonicus | 4.26 | |
Penaeus kerathurus | 2.95 | |
Unidentified shrimps | 1.28 | |
Unidentified crustaceans | 1.2 | |
Macropthalmus spp. | 0.94 | |
Penaeus spp. | 0.53 | |
Alpheidae | 0.12 | |
Other Decapoda | 0.09 | |
Fish | Clupea spp. | 12.32 |
Unidentified teleost fish | 8.93 | |
Serranus hepatus | 4.49 | |
Equulites elongatus | 2.53 | |
Vanderhorstia mertensi | 1.78 | |
Saurida undosquamis | 1.44 | |
Sparidae | 1.12 | |
Echinoderms | Ophiaderma longicaudum (Bruzelius, 1805) | 0.75 |
Anseropoda placenta | 0.11 | |
Other Echinodermata | 0.02 | |
Other | Lophotrochozoa | 1.88 |
Digested organic material | 0.39 | |
Endoparasites | 0.29 |
Group/Species | Trophic Level (TL) | Biomass (t km−2) | P/B (y−1) | Q/B (y−1) | EE | P/Q | Landings (Tonnes km−2 y−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
By Seiners | By Trawlers | |||||||
Phytoplankton | 1 | 7.75 | 195.1 | 0.14 | ||||
Zooplankton | 2.05 | 3.385 | 21.9 | 92.18 | 0.43 | 0.24 | ||
N. randalli | 3.94 | 0.037 | 0.94 | 7.78 | 0.45 | 0.12 | ||
Other benthic invertebrates | 2.03 | 5.456 | 1.15 | 3.66 | 0.87 | 0.31 | ||
Polychaetes | 2.04 | 3.24 | 3.61 | 16.93 | 0.85 | 0.21 | ||
Crabs | 2.94 | 0.618 | 2.42 | 5.53 | 0.93 | 0.44 | 6.51 × 10−5 | |
Shrimp and prawns | 2.91 | 0.251 | 3.09 | 11.27 | 0.95 | 0.27 | 0.016 | |
Octopuses, cuttlefish and squids | 3.40 | 0.061 | 2.65 | 14.22 | 0.93 | 0.19 | 0.008 | |
P. erythrinus | 3.48 | 0.084 | 1.77 | 8.43 | 0.88 | 0.21 | 0.009 | |
P. acarne | 3.04 | 0.161 | 1.94 | 10.69 | 0.83 | 0.18 | ||
Red mullets | 2.80 | 0.315 | 1.23 | 9.89 | 0.89 | 0.12 | 0.013 | |
M. merluccius | 4.51 | 0.021 | 2.41 | 7.11 | 0.93 | 0.34 | 0.001 | |
Gobius spp. | 3.06 | 0.36 | 1.69 | 11.07 | 0.85 | 0.15 | 0.001 | |
S. undosquamis | 4.16 | 0.083 | 1.76 | 8.29 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.001 | |
Sea breams and porgies | 3.41 | 0.293 | 0.41 | 7.65 | 0.91 | 0.05 | 0.018 | |
Serranus spp. | 3.63 | 0.086 | 1.28 | 10.21 | 0.96 | 0.13 | ||
Leiognathidae | 2.91 | 0.408 | 0.96 | 19.36 | 0.38 | 0.05 | ||
Clupeidae | 3.05 | 0.447 | 1.28 | 14.21 | 0.86 | 0.09 | 0.042 | |
E. encrasicolus | 3.05 | 0.07 | 2.73 | 12.23 | 0.84 | 0.22 | 0.001 | |
Horse mackerels | 3.08 | 0.095 | 1.67 | 11.8 | 0.36 | 0.14 | 0.003 | |
Detritus | 1 | 105.35 | 0.11 |
Parameter | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
Sum of all consumption | 423.93 | t/km2/year |
Sum of all exports | 1270.62 | t/km2/year |
Sum of all respiratory flows | 241.38 | t/km2/year |
Sum of all flows to detritus | 1424.15 | t/km2/year |
Total system throughput | 3360.08 | t/km2/year |
Sum of all production | 1609.76 | t/km2/year |
Total net primary production | 1512 | t/km2/year |
Net system production | 1270.62 | t/km2/year |
Total biomass (excluding detritus) | 23.22 | t/km2 |
Total biomass/total throughput (B/T) | 0.007 | year |
Total primary production/total respiration (Pp/R) | 6.26 | - |
Total primary production/total biomass (Pp/B) | 65.11 | /year |
Transfer efficiency from primary producers | 5.77 | % |
Transfer efficiency from detritus | 12.56 | % |
Mean transfer efficiency (TE) | 9.77 | % |
Connectance index | 0.30 | - |
System omnivory index (SOI) | 0.13 | - |
Shannon diversity index | 1.90 | - |
Total catch | 0.11 | t/km2/year |
Mean trophic level of catch (mTLc) | 3.14 | - |
Gross efficiency (catch/net primary production) | 0.0001 | - |
Mean trophic level of community (≥3.25) | 3.61 | - |
Primary production required to sustain catches (PPRc) | 0.68 | % |
Predatory cycling index (PCI) | 3.49 | % |
Finn’s cycling index (FCI) | 2.24 | % |
Finn’s mean path length (PL) | 2.22 | - |
Ascendancy | 48.3 | % |
Overhead | 51.7 | % |
Capacity | 7954 | flowbits |
Ecopath pedigree index | 0.63 | - |
Indicators | This Study | Israeli Coast [17] | Cyprus Coast [16] | North Aegean Sea [10] | Pagasitikos Gulf, Aegean Sea [13] | Thermaikos Gulf, Aegean Sea [12] | Saronikos Gulf, Aegean Sea [14] | North Aegean Sea [11] | North and Central Adriatic Sea [55] | South Catalan Sea [56] | Mersin Bay, Levant Sea [18] | Mediterranean Sea [39] | Unit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 2019 | 2008–2012 | 2015.2017 | 2003–2006 | 2008 | 1998–2000 | 1998–2000 | 1993 | 1990s | 1994 | 2009–2013 | 2000s | |
Sum of all respiratory flows | 241.38 | - | - | 269.48 | 486 | 417 | 571 | 271.68 | 421.09 | 327.16 | 254.63 | 290 | t/km2/year |
Sum of all flows to detritus | 1424.15 | - | - | 562.53 | 761 | 868 | 1297 | 566.46 | 1387.46 | 416.91 | 292.12 | 1467 | t/km2/year |
Total system throughput | 3360.08 | 631.89 | 841 | 1976 | 2951 | 3185 | 3925 | 1984.75 | 3844 | 1657 | 1149.53 | 4000 | t/km2/year |
Total net primary production | 1512 | - | - | 535.48 | 712 | 923 | 1243 | 535.47 | 1149.85 | 386.68 | 368.65 | 1610 | t/km2/year |
Net system production | 1270.62 | - | - | 265.99 | 227 | 506 | 672 | 263.80 | 728.76 | 59.52 | 114.2 | 1320 | t/km2/year |
Total biomass (excluding detritus) | 23.22 | 8.69 | 18.77 | 33.04 | 78 | 40 | 38.94 | 33.98 | 130.3 | 59.99 | 23.49 | 42.74 | t/km2 |
Total biomass/total throughput | 0.007 | - | - | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | - | year |
Total primary production/total respiration | 6.26 | 4.26 | 2.04 | 1.99 | 1.47 | 2.21 | 2.17 | 1.97 | 2.73 | 1.18 | 1.45 | 5.55 | - |
Mean transfer efficiency | 9.77 | 19 | 16.93 | 17.4 | - | - | 14.77 | - | 10 | 12.6 | 9.37 | 9.2 | % |
Connectance index | 0.30 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.332 | 0.28 | - | 0.20 | 0.27 | 0.1 | - |
System omnivory index | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.2 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.27 | - |
Total catch | 0.11 | 0.93 | 0.65 | 2.35 | - | - | 2.75 | 2.93 | 2.44 | 5.36 | 0.42 | - | t/km2/year |
Mean trophic level of catch | 3.14 | 3.37 | 3.25 | 3.47 | - | - | 3.36 | 3.47 | 3.07 | 3.12 | 3.29 | 3.08 | - |
Gross efficiency (catch/net primary production) | 0.0001 | - | - | 0.004 | - | - | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.002 | 0.0014 | 0.001 | 0.00026 | - |
Primary production required to sustain catches | 0.68 | 11.34 | 7.07 | 3.45 | - | - | 4.66 | - | 6.59 | 9.45 | 6.79 | 1.46 | % |
Predatory cycling index | 3.49 | - | - | - | - | - | 14.77 | - | 3.97 | 3.33 | 3.67 | 10.96 | % |
Finn’s cycling index | 2.24 | 5.78 | 9.3 | 14.6 | - | - | 12.53 | - | 14.7 | 25.19 | 10.09 | 4.98 | % |
Finn’s mean path length | 2.22 | 2.63 | 3.21 | - | - | - | 3.121 | - | 5.41 | 4.27 | - | - | - |
Ascendancy | 48.3 | - | - | 21.6 | - | - | 24.5 | - | 27 | 25.5 | 24.32 | 42.9 | % |
Overhead | 51.7 | - | - | 78.4 | - | - | 75.5 | - | 73 | 74.5 | 75.66 | 57.1 | % |
Capacity | 7954 | - | - | 9162.5 | - | - | 15,785 | - | 15,406.7 | 7119.3 | 4773.98 | - | flowbits |
Ecopath pedigree index | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.65 | - | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.63 | - | - |
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Akgun, Y.; Akoglu, E. Randall’s Threadfin Bream (Nemipterus randalli, Russell 1986) Poses a Potential Threat to the Northeastern Mediterranean Sea Food Web. Fishes 2023, 8, 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080402
Akgun Y, Akoglu E. Randall’s Threadfin Bream (Nemipterus randalli, Russell 1986) Poses a Potential Threat to the Northeastern Mediterranean Sea Food Web. Fishes. 2023; 8(8):402. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080402
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkgun, Yagmur, and Ekin Akoglu. 2023. "Randall’s Threadfin Bream (Nemipterus randalli, Russell 1986) Poses a Potential Threat to the Northeastern Mediterranean Sea Food Web" Fishes 8, no. 8: 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080402