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Article

Age, Growth and Population Structure Analyses of the Berryteuthis magister shevtsovi in the Japan Sea by Statolith Microstructure

by
Huajie Lu
1,2,3,4,*,
Yuzhe Ou
1,
Yurong Teng
1,
Ziyue Chen
1 and
Xinjun Chen
1,2,3,4
1
College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
2
Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Monitoring and Restoration Technologies, MNRs, Shanghai 201306, China
3
National Distant-Water Fisheries Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
4
Key Laboratory of Oceanic Fisheries Exploration, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fishes 2022, 7(5), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050215
Submission received: 29 July 2022 / Revised: 21 August 2022 / Accepted: 22 August 2022 / Published: 24 August 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Ecology)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Berryteuthis magister shevtsovi is a new subspecies in the Japan Sea, and thus, little is known about its fisheries biology, especially age and population structure. Based on the 296 samples collected by the Chinese commercial jigging vessel in December 2018 in the Japan Sea. The age, growth, and population structure of B. magister shevtsovi were studied based on the microstructure of the statolith. The results indicated that the range of mantle length (ML) was 90–148 mm for females and 94–141 mm for males, the body weight (BW) ranged from 49 to 116 g and 38 to 110 g for females and males, and the ages were estimated from 52 to 166 days for females and 51 to 143 days for males, respectively. The hatching date extended from March to October, with a peak from July to September, suggesting the presence of one spawning group (summer–autumn group). The ANCOVA showed that there was no significant sex difference between the ML and BW growth; however, there was a significant difference between the sexes in the relationship between ML–age and BW–age. The relationship between the ML and BW was best described by the power function, the ML–age relationship of females was best described by linear function; the ML–age relationship of males and BW–age relationships of females and males were best described by the exponential function. B. magister shevtsovi is a high-growing squid, and the growth rate seemed to be high at the young life stage and decreased after the subadult stage (60–120 days older). This study provided basic information on the age, growth, and population structure of B. magister shevtsovi.

1. Introduction

Berryteuthis magister shevtsovi is a cold-water oceanic pelagic cephalopod species with a wide distribution in the sea area of 35°00′ N–39°00′ N, 130°35′ E–134°00′ E and a distribution in the water layer of 200–600 m [1]. B. magister shevtsovi is a new subspecies [2] and has certain development potential. Some studies have been carried out on the existence of three subspecies of B. magister shevtsovi, which are abundant and geographically widespread in the North Pacific, including Japan, Okhotsk, the Bering Sea, and the Gulf of Alaska [2,3]. The annual life cycle of B. magister shevtsovi is approximately 1 year, similar to most oceanic cephalopods [4]. The subspecies in the Japan Sea is small, with a large fin, a bicuspid lateral tooth on radula, and weak differentiation between the central and marginal suckers on the tentacular club [1]. In recent years, little research has been done on the fisheries biology of the B. magister shevtsovi; only Wang Honghao [2], Chen Xuanyu [5], and Zhu Wenbin [6] have done research on basic biology.
The statolith structure exhibits a certain synchronization with the growth of the squid and can store rich life history information [7,8], which is characterized by a stable structure, corrosion resistance, and irreversible deposition [9]. Population genetic exchange and harsh environmental conditions can lead to changes in the morphology of statolith microstructures, so it is one of the important carriers for studying the life history of cephalopods [10,11]. Therefore, squid statoliths are often used as a tool for studying age and growth, population structure, and life history [2,12]. Consistent with the growth patterns of beak, statolith growth can be measured as one daily concentric increment representing one day at the larval stage; this makes it easy to determine the ages of squid [12,13]. In general, previous age and growth studies were mostly analyzed through statoliths for cephalopods, and the early age and growth pattern studies on squids were mainly analyzed by periodic deposition increments of statolith microstructure [14]. At present, there are a few studies on statoliths of the B. magister shevtsovi, and there are no studies on the age and population structure based on the B. magister shevtsovi statolith.
B. magister shevtsovi is one of the new subspecies in the Japan Sea, and little is known about its fisheries biology, especially age and population structure. The purpose of this study is to provide basic information on the age, growth, and population structure of B. magister shevtsov in this water based on statolith microstructure analysis according to the data collected by the jigging vessel of Zhouyu 678 in December 2018 to help in the assessment and management of this important species.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sampling

A total of 296 samples of B. magister shevtsovi were collected by the Chinese commercial jigging vessel Zhouyu 678 in December 2018 in the 35°00′ N–39°00′ N, 130°35′ E–134°00′ E area in the Japan Sea. About 15–20 samples were collected randomly once based on the different investigate locations and times. The samples were frozen on board immediately and brought back to the laboratory for further research. During the experiment, there were 34 statolith ages of B. magister shevtsovi were not obtained. The remaining 261 B. magister shevtsovi samples were analyzed in this paper, including 150 female samples and 111 male samples.

2.2. Basic Biological Determination and Statolith Extraction

The fishery biological data were measured after thawing the samples, and the mantle length (ML) and body weight (BW) were measured to accuracies of 1 mm and 1 g, respectively, and the sex and maturity stage were identified through visual examinations [15]. The female reproductive organs are mainly composed of nidamental gland, oviducal glands, and accessory glands. The male reproductive organs are mainly composed of spermatophoric gland, spermatophores, and accessory glands [16]. According to the original standard gonadal morphological characteristics, the samples of different sexes were divided into five maturity stages (immature: I and II; maturing: III; and mature: IV and V) [17,18]. In this experiment, 296 pairs of complete statolith samples from B. magister shevtsovi were extracted, washed, and stored in a centrifugal tube with 75% ethanol for age determination [19].

2.3. Statolith Processing and Aging

The improved statolith aging methodology was used in this study [20]. It is assumed that statoliths grow in one ring every day [21], and the number of daily rings was read to obtain the daily age data of statoliths of B. magister shevtsovi in this study. We chose the statoliths, as this region exhibits many dark, periodic longitudinal bands that can be easily used to interpret the age of the squid. After cleaning with water, the statoliths were placed flat in a plastic mold and hardened in a plastic mold with gradually caking epoxy [22]. The focal plane sample was ground on a sander with coarse sandpapers of different sizes (grit: 120, 600, 1200, and 2000) and then polished with an alumina solution on smooth sandpaper (2400) to remove scratches until the age cycle increments were clearly visible on the surface of the sample.
Different parts of the statoliths were observed using an Olympus microscope and photographed by a charge-coupled device (CCD) at different magnifications (×10, ×20, ×40, ×100, ×200, ×400). Then, an intact picture was consolidated using Photoshop CS 24.0 for the subsequent age estimation. Statolith microstructure was used to estimate cephalopod incremental readings with high accuracy and low coefficient of variation (CV% < 5%), indicating that the counting method was reliable [23]. To reduce bias in the age estimation process, the age information of a sample was considered to reflect the effective squid age when the difference between the average ages identified by two readers (each reader reads one statolith three times) was less than 10% [17]. Based on the statolith daily increments, we decided to back-calculate the hatching date and explore the growth patterns of the B. magister shevtsovi specimens living in the Japan Sea.

2.4. Data Analysis

Based on the obtained biological data, the following models were used to quantify the relationships between ML–BW, ML–age, and BW–age. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to evaluate whether differences existed in the ML–BW, ML–age, and BW–age growth patterns between females and males.
Linear function [24]:
Lt = a + b t
Exponential function [25]:
Lt = a e b t
Power function [26]:
Lt = a t b
Logarithmic function [27]:
Lt = a ln(t) + b
where Lt is the ML (in mm)/BW (in g) at age t; t is the squid age (in days); and a and b are the parameters to be estimated.
For the above four models, the Akaike information criterion (AIC) of each model was calculated using the following equation [28,29].
L ( d a t a / θ ) = ∏ i = 1 n 1 δ 2 π exp [ − ( y − f ( t ) ) 2 2 δ 2 ]  
AIC = −r 2 ln (Lmax) + 2 m
where L(data/θ) is the likelihood of observing the data given parameters θ; vector θ denotes parameters to be estimated; y and f(t) are the observed values for the featured parameters and the estimated values from the model, respectively; n is the number of observations; m is the number of model parameters; and Lmax is the maximum value of L(data/θ) [28,30]. Competing models were compared by the Akaike weight (AICw) [29,31] computed as:
A I C w ( M j × { M j } ) = e − 1 / 2 ( A I C j − A I C m i n ) ∑ j j e − 1 / 2 ( A I C j − A I C m i n )  
where Mj is the series of j competing models and AICmin is the lowest value among competing models. The Akaike weight (AICw) ranges between 0 and 1, with 1 indicating the best possible fit [31].
The absolute daily growth rates (AGRs, in mm/d or g/d) and instantaneous growth rates (IGRs, in %/d) of the ML and BW were estimated at each 20-day interval. The IGRs and AGRs were calculated using the following functions [19]:
AGR = (R2 − R1)/(t2 − t1)
IGR = [ln(R2) − ln(R1)]/(t2 − t1)
where R1 and R2 are the ML or BW means at the start (t1) and end (t2) of the time interval, respectively.
All statistical analyses were conducted in R (v.4.0.3 Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) and Excel (2019, Microsoft office, USA).

3. Results

3.1. Individual Composition and Shape Features

The mantle of the B. magister shevtsovi was conical, with smaller body size and larger fins. Anterior and posterior fin edges straight; anterior lobes of fin distinct; lateral margins slightly rounded. The fin length was about 1/2 of the ML (Figure 1).
The ANCOVA results showed that there were significant differences in the ML (F = 14.622, p < 0.05) and BW (F = 24.282, p < 0.05) between the sexes; thus, the ML and BW composition in B. magister shevtsovi could be divided into males and females. For all samples, the ML and BW ranged from 90–148 mm and 38–116 g, respectively. Therefore, with group interval of 10 mm and 20 g, the samples were divided into six ML groups and five BW groups, respectively.
The range of ML was 90–148 mm with an average of 112.06 mm and a high concentration in 110–130 mm, accounting for approximately 74.70 percent for females, and 94–141 mm with an average of 116.88 mm and a high concentration in 101–120 mm, accounting for 70 percent for males (Figure 2a).
The range of BW was 49–116 g with an average of 58.48 g and a high concentration of 50–90 g, accounting for 68.5 percent for females, and 38–110 g with an average of 61.12 g and a high concentration of 50–70 g, accounting for 84.70 percent for males (Figure 2b).

3.2. Microstructures of the Statolith

The growth rings of the statolith of B. magister shevtsovi were composed of alternating light and dark rings. According to the changes in the brightness and width of growth rings, the statoliths were divided into three main growth zones found in the dorsal dome of B. magister shevtsovi from the nuclear (Figure 3a) toward the edge of the dorsal dome: the postnuclear zone (P, Figure 3b), dark zone (DZ, Figure 3c,d), and peripheral zone (PZ, Figure 3e) for all individuals were examined. Figure 3f was not in the reading direction of growth rings and was not used for counting to ensure the integrity of the statolith microstructure.
Growth increments in the DZ were significantly wider than those in the P and PZ. The focus was the starting point of statolith growth and was slightly darker (Figure 3g). The NZ was the zone within the zero ring, which was usually in the shape of a droplet and darker in color (Figure 3a). The lateral dome of the statolith, namely, P and DZ, was relatively dark in color, and subday increments were found in DZ (Figure 3d). The growth rings in these zones were clearly visible, the width and spacing of the rings were relatively uniform, and their growth rings were easy to read. The dorsal dome, that is, PZ, has uniform growth rings that are easy to read. Overall, from the NZ to the lateral dome, the brightness changes from dark to bright and then to dark, and the width of the growth rings changes from narrow to wide. From the lateral dome to the outer edge of the dorsal dome, the brightness was also from dark to bright and then to dark, but the width of the growth rings was from wide to narrow. Among them, PZ had the narrowest growth rings, followed by P, and DZ had the widest rings. There was no obvious boundary between these three zones, which cannot be clearly distinguished (Figure 3g).

3.3. Age Structure and Maturity

Results of this study, a total of 261 statolith ages were obtained, including 150 females and 111 males. The total sample ages ranged from 41–166 days (mean age 95.93 ± 20.329), with the majority (86.59%) of samples being from 60–120 days (Figure 4).
The age ranged from 52 to 142 days with an average of 93.39 days and a high concentration from 60–120 days, accounting for 88.29 percent for females (Figure 4). The ages ranged from 51 to 166 days with an average of 95.93 days and a high concentration from 60–140 days, accounting for 85.33 percent for males (Figure 4).
The youngest B. magister shevtsovi sample was male, with age of 51 days, the ML was 94 mm, the BW was 49 g, and the sexual maturity was stage II. The oldest B. magister shevtsovi sample was female, with an age of 166 days, the ML was 148 mm, the BW was 110 g, and the sexual maturity was stage IV.
The results of this study showed that most of the male and female sexual maturity of the B. magister shevtsovi were in stages I and II, the number of samples in stages III and IV was small, and no individuals in stage V were found. Among them, the proportion of female samples with stages I–IV sexual maturity was 52.67%, 32.00%, 12.00%, and 3.33%, respectively. The proportion of male samples with stage I–IV sexual maturity was 45.05%, 32.53%, 15.32%, and 7.20%, respectively (Figure 5).

3.4. Hatching Date and Group

All of the samples in this study hatched from March to October 2018, suggesting that B. magister shevtsovi likely spawned throughout the year. The hatching dates of the squid samples were estimated by combining the age data and catching date information. The hatching dates of the B. magister shevtsovi samples collected in 2018 ranged from March to October, with the majority (80.5%) being distributed from August to September (Figure 6).
The results showed that the hatching date of female squid was from March to October 2018. Male hatching dates were from April to October 2018. The peak period of female and male hatching was from August to September 2018, accounting for 79.24% and 81.76%, respectively (Figure 6). This demonstrated one dominant autumn group for B. magister shevtsovi squid.

3.5. Growth Pattern

The ANCOVA results showed that there were no significant differences between the sexes in the relationship between ML and BW of B. magister shevtsovi (F = 0.442, p = 0.592 > 0.05), but there were significant differences between the sexes in the relationship between ML–age (F = 18.787, p = 0.000 < 0.05) and BW–age (F = 10.243, p = 0.002 < 0.05).
Based on the lowest derived AIC value (Table 1), the BW–ML relationship was best described by the power growth model (Figure 7a), the ML–age relationship of females was best described by linear growth model (Figure 7b), the ML–age of males and BW–age relationships of females and males were best described by the exponential growth models (Figure 7b,c).
BW–ML growth model:
W = 0.001 L2.3273 (R2 = 0.7420, n = 261)
ML–age growth model for females:
ML = 0.4328 Age + 75.893 (R2 = 0.5939, n = 150)
ML–age growth model for males:
ML = 74.092 e0.0044Age (R2 = 0.6155, n = 111)
BW–age growth model for females:
BW = 26.769 e0.0091Age (R2 = 0.6088, n = 150)
BW–age growth model for males:
BW = 20.046 e0.0113Age (R2 = 0.6397, n = 111)

3.6. Growth Rate

The ANCOVA indicated that both the average of IGRs for ML (p = 0.020 < 0.05) and BW (p = 0.023 < 0.05) and the AGRs for ML (p = 0.031 < 0.05) and BW (p = 0.046 < 0.05) differed significantly between sexes. With the increase of age, the AGRs and IGRs of ML and BW of females were higher than males. The average AGRs and IGRs for ML were 1.787 mm/d and 1.790 for females and 1.764 mm/d and 1.328 for males, respectively, and the average AGRs and IGRs for BW were 3.12 g/d and 4.209 for females and 2.656 g/d and 2.876 for males, respectively (Table 2).
The maximum AGR (Figure 8a) and IGR (Figure 8b) values for ML were 2.84 mm/d and 2.389%/d for the females, within 101–120 days, and the maximum AGR (Figure 8a) and IGR (Figure 8b) values were 2.32 mm/d and 2.15%/d for males within 61–80 days.
The maximum AGR (Figure 9a) and IGR (Figure 9b) values for BW were 4.11 g/d and 5.87%/d for the females, respectively, within 101–120 days. For the male samples, the AGR peaked value of 2.94 g/d within 61–80 days; the lowest value was 2.105 g/d within 101–120 days (Figure 9a). The IGR trend gradually increased and then decreased, and the IGR value peaked at 3.32%/d (Figure 9b, Table 2).

4. Discussion

4.1. Morphological Characteristics

B. magister shevtsovi lives in the sea with high latitude and low sea surface temperatures [1]. Compared with the external morphology of squid belonging to the same genus, the ML of B. magister shevtsovi was stout and cylindrical, with a smaller body size and larger fins, which may be caused by the different hydrological environments [1,32]. The ML of B. magister shevtsovi was generally less than 200 mm [4], and the maximum ML in this study was 148 mm, which was consistent with the above conclusion. The rhomboid fin of B. magister shevtsovi was approximately 50% of the ML, which might be related to the complex ocean currents in the Japan Sea. Under the action of the Japanese warm current and Kuril cold current, the cold and warm currents converged to form a flow barrier, which brought abundant baits [33]. The developed fins of B. magister shevtsovi can increase its swimming speed [34], thus improving its hunting efficiency.
The results of this study showed that the proportion of males was larger when ML < 110 mm, while the proportion of females increased rapidly when ML > 110 mm. The BW distribution was similar to ML. When BW < 50 g, the proportion of males was larger, while when BW > 50 g, the proportion of females increased rapidly. This may be related to the different stages of growth and development of B. magister shevtsovi. The reproduction of the B. magister shevtsovi is carried out in deep water. As the juvenile stage gradually grow into the subadult stage, the living layer of the B. magister shevtsovi transitions to the middle and upper layer [16], which may be the reason for the different percentage of ML and BW of females and males in different periods. In addition, studies have shown that the female body size of the B. magister shevtsovi of the Japan Sea is smaller than northwest Pacific and have lower fecundity but higher survival rates [1,35], which may be related to the specific marine conditions in the Japan Sea.

4.2. Statolith Microstructure

In this study, it was found that in the statolith of B. magister shevtsovi from the NZ to PZ, the brightness of the rings changed from dark to light and then to dark, and the distance between the rings changed from narrow to wide and then to the narrowest. The transition zone between P and DZ was the darkest, and the width of the growth rings changed from narrow to wide, which was easy to count, while PZ was the opposite, which was difficult to count. This is consistent with other methods to read the age of squid statolith from NZ to P, then to DZ, and finally to PZ [12].
According to the analysis, the growth characteristics of each zone in the microstructure of the statolith are closely related to the development of the individual [19]. The P is formed in the larval stage, the DZ in the juvenile stage, and the PZ in the subadult and adult stages [36,37]. The microstructures of the statolith of B. magister shevtsovi showed that the larvae were in the endogenous nutrition stage and did not start predation, so the growth was relatively slow, and the distance between the rings in the P was narrow. In the juvenile stage, individuals are in the stage of exogenous nutrition, taking in food from the outside and growing faster, so the distance between the ringlets in the DZ was wider [37,38]. Combined with the development characteristics of B. magister shevts’vi’s life history and the changes in the microstructure of statolith, it can be fully proven that it was scientific and effective to judge the growth characteristics of statolith by using the microstructure. In addition, some scholars believe that the ordering pattern of squid statolith rings is related to individual growth [37], sex maturity [2], habitat, and food [39]. The energy obtained in the juvenile stage is mainly used for its growth and development, while the energy obtained in the subadult and adult stages is mainly used for sex maturity [1]. In the adult stage, the individual growth was basically stable, which explained the slow growth of the PZ of the statolith microstructure of B. magister shevtsovi.
Other studies have shown that the arrangement of the DZ and PZ of the statolith microstructure of cephalopods was related to feeding habits [37] and vertical movement [27]. With the development of B. magister shevtsovi, the intensity of feeding changed, which affected the microstructure of the statolith to a certain extent [2]. The subday increments are incomplete rings in the middle of the dark band of the day increments, which has no obvious ring [40]. This study also found that there were many subday increment rings during the transition from P to DZ, which were also found in the studies of Dosidicus gigas [41]. The appearance of the subday increments had a certain degree of influence on the counting of the rings, so in the counting of growth rings, we must pay attention to the distinction between the sun and the subday increments.

4.3. Age Structure and Maturity

The age and growth patterns of several cephalopods reported in previous studies can be reliably assessed by the daily increments on the beak by comparing statolith increments observed under artificial feeding conditions [24,42]. The age ranged from 52 to 166 days and 51 to 143 days, both with a high concentration in 61–140 d, accounting for 95.34 and 97.30 percent for females and males, respectively (Figure 5). The longevity of the samples in this study was similar to the squid from the ETPO equatorial waters [43] and the Bay of Bengal [44], where the estimated longevity of this squid was no more than 6 months. The B. magister shevtsovi age was mainly 60–120 days (3–4 months). It was confirmed that males more quickly reached the mature stage than females at the same age stage [45], and this phenomenon was also commonly found in other Ommastrephidae species [46,47]. The longevity of squid shows geographic variation, and many factors affect this phenomenon, such as temperature and food availability [48]. Generally, squid living in cold waters with lower temperatures and higher food availability have a longer life span than those living in tropical waters [48]. However, in this study, the life span of B. magister shevtsovi was relatively short, and we speculate that the age composition of B. magister shevtsovi may be related to its own growth characteristics. B. magister shevtsovi has a life span of one year and dies after spawning, which was also found in a previous study, similar to a common phenomenon in squid growth [4].
In this study, the majority of sexual maturity of B. magister shevtsovi was most in stages I and II, a small number of samples were in stages III and IV. With the increase of sexual maturity, the proportion of male and female B. magister shevtsovi samples decreased gradually, and no individual was found in stages V, which may be related to the reproductive characteristics of the B. magister shevtsovi that die after spawning [1]. In this study, the proportion of males which were in stages I–IV was larger than females, this phenomenon confirmed that male B. magister shevtsovi had earlier sexual maturation than females [16]. In addition, males of the northwestern Indian Ocean Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis reached the mature stage faster than females too [49], which may be due to the marine environmental conditions and its own growth characteristics. In general, most of the B. magister shevtsovi samples collected this time did not reach sexual maturity. In the future study, we will extend the sampling time and increase the number of samples, to provide reference for the scientific analysis and protection of B. magister shevtsovi resources.

4.4. Hatching Date and Population Structure

According to the statolith age, the hatching population B. magister shevtsovi could be calculated by combining with the catch date. The hatching peak of the squid was mainly in July, August, and September, so we speculated that they belonged to the autumn group. The squid has a short life span of only one year and dies after spawning [4]. In addition, the hydrology of the squid is special, and its vertical distribution in the Japan Sea is not uniform. Its distribution depth varies from 50–120 m to 300–500 m in different periods [1]. At present, there are few studies on the spawning and early life history of B. magister shevtsovi, and the hatching group division is not clear, which is largely related to the uniqueness of growth and development [36]. Due to the influence of geographical isolation, different subspecies diverge. Some studies have shown that there are significant differences between the populations of B. magister shevtsovi in the Northwest Pacific Ocean and in the Japan Sea [1]. The results of a study on squid from the Northwest Pacific Ocean showed that the spawning period was long, with at least two peak spawning periods in summer, autumn, and winter [3,50]. The growth and reproduction of cephalopods are related to their own growth characteristics [21], appropriate temperature, and habitat water layer [2]. The most notable feature of B. magister shevtsovi in the Japan Sea is that the temperature of the habitat area is low, ranging from 0.2–1.5 °C, which may have a certain impact on population growth. In this study, only the autumn group was found in the study of B. magister shevtsovi in the Japan Sea. The population division of B. magister shevtsovi was initially discussed through a single annual sampling, and the sampling time and sample size will be extended in a subsequent study.

4.5. Growth Models

In the relationship between ML and BW, conditional factor a and allometric growth factor b were important parameters in the assessment of fishery resources [51]. Factor a can represent the environmental conditions of population growth, which change with changes in food, hydrology, and other environmental factors in the habitat [52]. The results of this study showed that a was higher in the relationship between ML and BW (a = 0.001), which indicated that the marine environment in the catch area had better hydrological conditions and was suitable for the growth of B. magister shevtsovi. B < 3 (b = 2.3273) indicated negative allometric growth in this population, namely, the growth rate of ML was faster than that of BW [53]. This may be due to the complex and varied seabed topography in this area, which provided abundant nutrients and natural shelter [54] and promoted the growth of B. magister shevtsovi.
We described the ML–age and BW–age relationships separately of males and females because significant differences were found between the sexes. The best growth models for the ML–age of females and males were expressed by linear and exponential, respectively. The best growth models for the BW–age of females and males were both expressed by exponential models. At present, there is a lack of studies on the growth model of the B. magister shevtsovi. Compared with other cephalopods, the growth model of the B. magister shevtsovi was partially similar. For example, linear growth model was the best fit for ML–age relationships of the autumn population of S. oualaniensis in the Northwest Indian Ocean [49]. Exponential growth model was the best fit for the ML–age relationships of S. oualaniensis in the South China Sea [55]. Power and linear growth models best described the ML–age relationship of winter population of Illex argentinus, while exponential and logarithmic growth models were the best fit for the ML–age relationship in an autumn population [12]. The age and growth of squid are both affected by many factors, and optimal growth equations may differ among different squid sexes, populations, and different growth stages [27]. With the growth of the B. magister shevtsovi, its habitat water layer changed [1], which may be an important factor affecting its growth.

4.6. Growth Rate

The average AGRs and IGRs for ML were 1.787 mm/d and 1.790 for females and 1.764 mm/d and 1.328 for males, respectively, and the average AGRs and IGRs for BW were 3.12 g/d and 4.209 for females and 2.656 g/d and 2.876 for males, respectively. The maximum AGRs and IGRs for ML were 2.84 mm/d and 2.39 for females and 2.32 mm/d and 2.15 for males, and the maximum AGRs and IGRs for BW were 4.11 g/d and 5.87 for females and 2.32 g/d and 2.15 for males in this study. With increasing age, the AGR of individual males and females of B. magister shevtsovi showed similar patterns, with two similar peaks. The ML of females increased rapidly from 41–120 days and gradually decreased after 120 days, while the ML of males peaked at 60–80 days and then decreased gradually. The AGR for BW of males and females of B. magister shevtsovi also showed similar peaks at 61–100 d and 100–140 d, respectively. Therefore, we speculated that the AGR for ML and BW continued to increase before B. magister shevtsovi reached first maturity. The results of this study showed that the male sexual maturation stage was earlier than that of the female, which was also found in other cephalopods [56]. Males reached the first sexual maturation at 80–100 days (3 months), and females reached the first sexual maturation at 120–140 days (4 months). The results of this study are similar to those of other cephalopods at the age of reaching primary sexual maturity (3–5 months), such as I. argentinus [24], Illex coindetii [57,58], and D. gigas [46,59]. This may be because before reaching sexual maturity, the energy intake of the B. magister shevtsovi is mostly used for individual growth, and when the individual reaches a certain length, more energy is used for gonadal development [2]. In addition, the age and growth of cephalopods are affected and acted upon by many factors. The size, food source, and environmental factors of the squid have obvious effects on their growth style and life span [60]. It has been shown that lower temperatures reduce growth rates and delay maturation of squid and that higher temperatures promote growth rates and maturation in warmer low–latitude waters [48]. However, B. magister shevtsovi is distributed in cold and high latitude waters, and the specific effects of the environment on its growth and development need to be further studied.

5. Conclusions

In this study, we studied the growth, age composition, and population division of B. magister shevtsovi based on statolith microstructure, which proved the feasibility of using statolith microstructure to determine age. The results showed that most of the samples of B. magister shevtsovi were autumn populations. The period from 80–120 days (3–4 months) was considered to correspond to the subadult stage in the whole life history of B. magister shevtsovi in the Japan Sea. Research on the growth and age of B. magister shevtsovi is still lacking, and the optimal growth model may be different in different environments. In addition, the existence of other populations of B. magister shevtsovi needs to be further explored. Therefore, to study the growth and population division of B. magister shevtsovi, in future, we will extend the sampling time, expand the sampling area, and increase the sampling volume to provide a scientific basis for the exploitation and utilization of B. magister shevtsovi resources.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.L. and X.C.; methodology, H.L.; software, Y.O.; validation, H.L., Y.O. and Y.T.; formal analysis, Y.O.; investigation, Y.T.; resources, H.L.; data curation, H.L.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.O.; visualization, Z.C.; supervision, Z.C.; project administration, H.L.; funding acquisition, H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 41506184) and National Key Research and Development Program of China 489 (2019YFD0901402).

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Code of Ethics of the University Department of Marine Studies (No. nhdf2022-07); we only used specimens obtained from the surveys that were already dead.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

We would like to express our thanks to support for two scientific surveys made by “Zhouyu 678” is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks for the partial support of the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 41506184) and National Key Research and Development Program of China 489 (2019YFD0901402). Finally, we thank the editor and the anonymous reviewers whose comments greatly improved the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Fishes 07 00215 g001 550
Figure 1. Appearance of B. magister shevtsovi.
Figure 1. Appearance of B. magister shevtsovi.
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Figure 2. Distribution of ML (a) and BW (b) of B. magister shevtsovi.
Figure 2. Distribution of ML (a) and BW (b) of B. magister shevtsovi.
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Fishes 07 00215 g003a 550Fishes 07 00215 g003b 550
Figure 3. Statolith microstructure of B. magister shevtsovi (female with mantle length 110 mm, body weight 63 g, age 138 d). (a) showing the nuclear zone (N) within the zero ring; (b) showing the postnuclear zone (P); (c,d) showing the dark zone (DZ), and (d) showing the day increments and subday increments; (e) showing the peripheral zone (PZ); (f) ensure the integrity of the statolith microstructure; (g) showing three distinct growth zones with different incremental width.
Figure 3. Statolith microstructure of B. magister shevtsovi (female with mantle length 110 mm, body weight 63 g, age 138 d). (a) showing the nuclear zone (N) within the zero ring; (b) showing the postnuclear zone (P); (c,d) showing the dark zone (DZ), and (d) showing the day increments and subday increments; (e) showing the peripheral zone (PZ); (f) ensure the integrity of the statolith microstructure; (g) showing three distinct growth zones with different incremental width.
Fishes 07 00215 g003aFishes 07 00215 g003b
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Figure 4. Age frequency distribution of B. magister shevtsovi by sex.
Figure 4. Age frequency distribution of B. magister shevtsovi by sex.
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Figure 5. Maturity stage compositions of the B. magister shevtsovi by sex.
Figure 5. Maturity stage compositions of the B. magister shevtsovi by sex.
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Figure 6. Hatching date frequency distribution of B. magister shevtsovi by sex.
Figure 6. Hatching date frequency distribution of B. magister shevtsovi by sex.
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Figure 7. ML–BW (a), ML–age (b), and BW–age (c) relationships of B. magister shevtsovi.
Figure 7. ML–BW (a), ML–age (b), and BW–age (c) relationships of B. magister shevtsovi.
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Figure 8. Relationships between the ML growth rate and age of B. magister shevtsovi samples: (a) AGR; (b) IGR.
Figure 8. Relationships between the ML growth rate and age of B. magister shevtsovi samples: (a) AGR; (b) IGR.
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Figure 9. Relationships between the BW growth rate and age of B. magister shevtsovi samples: (a) AGR; (b) IGR.
Figure 9. Relationships between the BW growth rate and age of B. magister shevtsovi samples: (a) AGR; (b) IGR.
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Table
Table 1. Parameters of the linear, power, exponential, and logarithmic growth models fitted to the BW–ML, ML–age and BW–age relationships of the B. magister shevtsovi samples.
Table 1. Parameters of the linear, power, exponential, and logarithmic growth models fitted to the BW–ML, ML–age and BW–age relationships of the B. magister shevtsovi samples.
YearGrowth ModelLinearPowerExponentialLogarithmic
R2AICR2AICR2AICR2AIC
ML–BW0.73621077.09010.7420861.20170.7388861.20900.7259861.2140
FemalesML–age0.59391268.35080.59141306.30090.59181270.10610.58481452.1809
BW–age0.56861202.23700.5581251.19590.60881200.76630.51281203.5403
MalesML–age0.61251273.80080.59251278.93510.62141269.56820.57611270.8557
BW–age0.60251299.30640.60301349.90670.63971299.08340.55401300.8069
Table
Table 2. Instantaneous relative growth rates (IGRs) and absolute growth rate (AGR) for mantle length (ML) and body weight (BW) of the autumn group of B. magister shevtsovi in the Japan Sea.
Table 2. Instantaneous relative growth rates (IGRs) and absolute growth rate (AGR) for mantle length (ML) and body weight (BW) of the autumn group of B. magister shevtsovi in the Japan Sea.
Age-Class (d)Sample NumberMantle LengthBody Weight
Average of ML (mm)IGRAGR
(mm−1)		Average of
BW (g)		IGRAGR
(g−1)
females41–602120.000.180.2167.500.701.27
61–8034115.151.441.6862.064.983.32
81–10052116.771.862.2263.344.043.21
101–12042117.382.392.8464.975.874.11
121–14015120.931.742.1362.274.843.88
141–1603111.671.922.1063.673.022.40
161–1802113.001.181.3365.006.013.67
males41–602110.001.091.2059.000.472.44
61–8029109.242.152.3154.173.322.94
81–10043110.841.561.7956.142.612.79
101–12026114.001.702.0561.624.102.11
121–14010119.101.231.4771.103.883.00
141–1601121.00//75.00//
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Lu, H.; Ou, Y.; Teng, Y.; Chen, Z.; Chen, X. Age, Growth and Population Structure Analyses of the Berryteuthis magister shevtsovi in the Japan Sea by Statolith Microstructure. Fishes 2022, 7, 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050215

AMA Style

Lu H, Ou Y, Teng Y, Chen Z, Chen X. Age, Growth and Population Structure Analyses of the Berryteuthis magister shevtsovi in the Japan Sea by Statolith Microstructure. Fishes. 2022; 7(5):215. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050215

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Lu, Huajie, Yuzhe Ou, Yurong Teng, Ziyue Chen, and Xinjun Chen. 2022. "Age, Growth and Population Structure Analyses of the Berryteuthis magister shevtsovi in the Japan Sea by Statolith Microstructure" Fishes 7, no. 5: 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050215

APA Style

Lu, H., Ou, Y., Teng, Y., Chen, Z., & Chen, X. (2022). Age, Growth and Population Structure Analyses of the Berryteuthis magister shevtsovi in the Japan Sea by Statolith Microstructure. Fishes, 7(5), 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050215

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