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Article

The Inhibitory Effects and Positive Contributions of Live Foods on Protease Activities of Meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso 1801), Larvae In Vitro Assay

by
Gürkan Diken
1,*,
Orhan Demir
1 and
Mehmet Naz
2
1
Faculty of Eğirdir Fisheries, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta 32260, Turkey
2
Marine Science and Technology Faculty, Iskenderun Technical University, İskenderun, Hatay 31200, Turkey
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fishes 2019, 4(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010005
Submission received: 5 November 2018 / Revised: 19 January 2019 / Accepted: 21 January 2019 / Published: 4 February 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversification of Aquaculture with New Fish Species)
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Abstract

:
The determination of exogenous enzyme contributions in live food is important in larval feeding. This study investigated the potential inhibitory effects and contributions of live foods used from 3 to 32 days after hatching (DAH) on protease activities of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) larvae (ML), using in vitro techniques. Enriched rotifer (R), Artemia nauplii (A0), and Artemia metanauplii (A1) were tested. The highest values of protease activities of ML were determined to occur at 7 DAH for the years 2013 and 2014. The lowest values were observed at 15 DAH in 2013 and at 20 DAH in 2014. Protease activities of R, A0, and A1 were 21.76 ± 0.31, 36.00 ± 1.48–29.33 ± 0.93, and 416.44 ± 19.7–403.53 ± 11.85 U/mg protein, respectively (p < 0.05). The highest inhibitions of live foods were observed at 7 DAH. This situation was related to the inadequacy of protease contributions of live feeds, despite the highest protease value of larvae at 7 DAH (p < 0.05). The positive contributions of A1 live food on the protease activities of ML were significant (p < 0.05). The inhibitory effects and positive contributions of live foods on the survival and growth rates of ML should be taken into account for future studies considering the larvae of ML and other marine fish.

1. Introduction

Providing sufficient amounts of nutrients to marine fish species whose initial feeds are 35–100 μm is an important and controversial subject of larval nutrition that affects the development of rearing [1,2,3]. Although microdiets have been used with satisfactory results in fish species such as salmonid fishes and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) larvae, growth and survival rates observed were lower than those obtained in larvae fed on Artemia nauplii [4,5]. However, the larval stages of marine fish require live food organisms for optimal growth and survival. Cahu and Zambonino Infante indicated that the survival and growth of marine fish larvae fed solely on microdiet are known to be very poor, but supplementation with live foods usually results in a marked improvement [6]. To explain the success of live food over microdiets, some authors have shown that fish larvae had insufficient digestive enzyme capacity for the digestion of exogenous food [7,8,9]. However, additional information is needed to define the factors that influence the better use of live food by fish larvae when compared to microdiets. Therefore, recent studies have been focused on the contribution of digestive enzymes from Artemia and rotifers commonly used as the major food source in aquaculture [10,11]. García-Ortega et al. showed that the contribution of digestive enzymes from Artemia to the total digestion of food by catfish (Clarias gariepinus) larvae was less than 1% of the total amount of the proteolytic activity measured in the larval gut [11]. Some studies have demonstrated that proteases derived from live food had only a small contribution to the enzymatic activity measured in and seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sardine (Sardinops melanotictus) larvae [10,12]. Despite the results of the above studies, some unresolved issues still exist concerning the contribution of exogenous enzymes of digestion. For a sustainable aquaculture, studies on the effects of live foods that support the protease activity of larvae in critical feeding periods are key to understanding and solving nutritional problems. With this in mind, the inhibitory effects of the live foods used in larval feedings must be investigated in order to solve the nutritional problems. Studies carried out until now have focused on the changes in the biochemical compositions and enzymatic activities observed through the different developmental stages and the different periods, such as the enrichment and the starvation of live foods [13,14].
There are potential enzymatic differences associated with different live foods. Artemia, which is a feed source affected by environmental and seasonal effects, is commonly used as a live food source. However, in spite of its superiority as a feed source, the lack of copepods culture at the industrial level means that there may be differences in enzyme activities due to a lack of standardization—this represents an important problem when feeding live larvae [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23]. It has been reported that external enzymes in live foods, especially in Artemia, help the larval digestion to activate the zymogens present in the larval gut [24,25,26]. It was previously determined that live foods did not promote enzyme production or secretion in the lumen of the intestine—it was deficiencies in the pancreatic and intestinal enzyme levels of the larvae fed by live food or microdiet—and that the contribution of the external enzyme is limited by the autolytic process of live food on the larval intestine [25,26]. It has also been understood that the contribution of external digestive enzymes to the total digestive capacity of larvae can be neglected in many species [26]. On the other hand, Artemia has been reported to activate endocrine factors that stimulate the endocrine response, accelerate the bombesin hormone affecting digestion, and increase the use of microdiets [25]. Due to these important determinations of live food feeding in larva culture, it is important to present practical applications in order to improve the status and traceability of live food feeding.
In this study and the other studies related to the production of meagre (Argyrosomus regius), which is an important species for the Mediterranean Basin, it was determined that the larvae developed rapidly [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. This can be considered an important advantage for the feeding and culturing of meagre larvae. However, it is important to determine the changes in the ontogenetic and enzymatic activities of the larvae as well as larval development. In relation to this topic, there have also been studies dealing with the enzymatic changes of the meagre [31,33,34,35,36]. On the other hand, there is a lack of studies and an inadequacy of practical applications to evaluate the optimum potential of live food sources in terms of changes in larval development and enzymatic activities. Currently, a study on the inhibitory effects of live foods on protease activities of meagre larvae is not available. Studies carried out on this subject will help to provide more robust scientific evaluation as well as assist in industrial development.
Therefore, the aims of this research were (i) to evaluate the potential inhibitory effects of live foods commonly used in the routine feeding procedure of marine fish larvae, such as enriched rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis), Artemia nauplii, and Artemia metanauplii, on protease activities of meagre larvae using in vitro techniques, and (ii) to investigate the contribution of digestive proteases from live foods to the total digestion of food during critical larval stages of meagre larvae.

2. Results

In this study, results revealed the inhibition effects and the digestive protease contributions of live foods such as enriched rotifer, Artemia nauplii, and Artemia metanauplii on protease activities of meagre larvae from 3 to 32 DAH. Further, the growth parameters (the total length and wet weight values) of meagre larvae from 3 to 32 DAH were determined. Total length and wet weight of meagre larvae values from 3 DAH to 32 DAH were 3.19 ± 0.02–21.61 ± 0.22 mm and 0.53 ± 0.02–118.00 ± 1.09 mg in 2013 and 3.22 ± 0.02–20.95 ± 0.30 mm and 0.54 ± 0.02–89.21 ± 0.91 mg in 2014, respectively (Figure 1).
Figure 2 and Figure 3 show protease activities of meagre larvae and inhibition values and contributions of live foods on protease activities of meagre larvae in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The differences observed in protease activities of meagre larvae from 3 to 32 DAH were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The highest value of protease activities of meagre larvae at 7 DAH was 211.21 ± 12.56 and 393.97 ± 7.9 U/mg protein in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The lowest values of protease activities of meagre larvae in 2013 and 2014 were 5.95 ± 0.60 U/mg protein at 15 DAH and 9.64 ± 1.25 U/mg protein at 20 DAH, respectively. Results revealed that the fluctuations in protease activities of the larvae feed of live food at the larva unit were sharper than those of the live food co-fed with the microdiet in the weaning unit.
The changes observed in protease activities, inhibitions, and digestive protease contributions of live foods are given in Table 1. The differences observed in protease activities of live foods were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Protease activities of live foods tested in the current study such as enriched rotifer, Artemia nauplii, and Artemia metanauplii were 21.76 ± 0.31, 36.00 ± 1.48, and 29.33 ± 0.93, and 416.44 ± 19.70 and 403.53 ± 11.85 U/mg protein, respectively. The differences observed between rotifer and Artemia nauplii were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Moreover, the differences in Artemia metanauplii tested were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The highest and lowest protease activities of live foods were found in Artemia metanauplii (A1–SL; 416.44 ± 19.70 U/mg protein) and enriched rotifer (R; 21.76 ± 0.31 U/mg protein), respectively.
According to the results of the inhibitory effects of live foods on protease activities of meagre larvae, the high inhibitions of protease activities were obtained when extracts were incubated in the presence of solutions prepared with live foods used in this study. The highest inhibitions of live foods tested in this study were observed in enriched rotifer (51.60 ± 0.97%), Artemia nauplii (38.46 ± 1.23% and 40.29 ± 1.20%), and Artemia metanauplii (32.46 ± 1.35% and 43.57 ± 1.13%) at 7 DAH.
On the other hand, the positive contributions of live foods such as enriched rotifer, Artemia nauplii, and Artemia metanauplii on protease activities of meagre larvae were determined during the sampling period. The highest contributions of enriched rotifer, Artemia nauplii, and Artemia metanauplii on protease activities of meagre larvae were 23.06 ± 6.77% (10 DAH), 24.52 ± 2.44% (25 DAH), and 247.55 ± 39.92% (20 DAH)–531.53 ± 23.88% (27 DAH), respectively. Artemia metanauplii from 3 to 32 DAH had positive contributions from 1.46 ± 2.34% to 531.53 ± 23.88% during the study, except for the inhibitions mentioned above. Digestive protease contributions of rotifer and Artemia nauplii were only identified in 10 DAH, including in the live food period, while the digestive protease contributions of Artemia metanauplii were observed in all feeding periods.
By contrast, different live food contributions were identified on different days of larval proteases, which were still low in 2014 (p < 0.05). On the first day (3 DAH) when the mouth opened, inhibitory effects were observed in live food sources. In addition, attention had to be given to the effects of inhibition of live food in the first ten days (3–10 DAH). Even in this period, Artemia metanauplli inhibition effects were identified.

3. Discussion

The purpose of in this present study was to determine the potential effects of live foods on protease activities of meagre larvae. The growth parameters (the total length and wet weight values) of meagre larvae from 3 to 32 DAH were also determined in the study. The fluctuations in the protease activities of meagre larvae throughout the study were observed. Zambonino Infante and Cahu indicated that the decline observed in specific activities of enzymes is not due to a diminution in enzyme synthesis but is the result of an increase in tissue protein concentration [37].
Results showed that rotifer (B. plicatilis) protease activity level was lower than what Naz and Yúfera [19] identified, higher than Diken et al. [22], and similar to Haközü [20]. Additionally, Munilla-Moran et al. [7] showed that the rotifer had the lowest enzymatic activity compared to Artemia sp. and copepods. On the other hand, Artemia nauplii protease activity level was similar to Haközü [20] and Diken et al. [22]. Artemia metanauplii’s protease activity level was lower than Diken et al. [22], higher than Haközü [20] and Diken et al. [23], and similar to Naz and Yúfera [19]. The differences between the protease activity of enriched rotifer and Artemia metanauplii and also between Artemia nauplii and Artemia metanauplii [18] agree with the results obtained in this study. Munilla-Moran et al. [7] indicated that the enzymatic activity of Artemia changed depending on the nutritional status and developmental stage. The results found on protease activities of live foods showed that the protease activity of Artemia metanauplii (A1–SL) was higher than those of rotifer and Artemia nauplii tested in the study, while A1–SL and A1–EG had similar protease activities. In addition, protease activity values of enriched rotifer and Artemia nauplii were similar to each other. These differences may be the result of the developmental status as previously mentioned by Naz [14] and Munilla-Moran et al. [7]. The results of this study and the results obtained by Naz [14] results revealed that the highest digestive protease contribution from live food to fish larvae used commonly in marine fish culture was provided by Artemia metanauplii. It has also been reported that the majority of Artemia eggs belong to a cysteine protease group affecting the contribution of the external enzyme, which is effective in the breakdown of proteins [38]. Yufera et al. [39] found that the foods of larvae in the first month after post-hatching were digested mainly by the action of alkaline proteases, and the pH of the gastrointestinal tract was alkaline. Therefore, in the fish in the larval stage that do not have a functional stomach, contributions of the digestive enzymes of Artemia reduced. Furthermore, the cysteine protease group is not active at alkaline pH [38]. It may be neutralized when such proteases are in contact with the alkaline contents of larval gut. Thus, these proteases might be meaningless to the fish larvae if the intestine is around a pH of 8.
Our results showed that live foods, such as enriched rotifer and Artemai nauplii, caused significant inhibitions on protease activities of meagre larvae. However, Artemia metanauplii had the lower inhibitions on the protease activities of larvae. Warner et al. [40] showed that encysted embryos and larvae of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana contain a cysteine protease which represents over 90% of the protease activity in these organisms. It is known that cysteine proteases are active in acid but not in alkali mediums. Therefore, the inhibitions observed in live foods such as enriched rotifer and Artemai nauplii may be the result of cysteine protease, which represents over 90% of the protease activity found in Artemia embryos and larvae. The high positive contributions determined in live foods such as Artemia metanauplii may be the result of the decrease in cysteine proteases following the developmental status.
Cahu and Zambonino Infante [6] indicated that the survival and growth of marine fish larvae solely fed on microdiet are very poor, but supplementation with live foods usually results in a marked improvement. Results of this study along with those of Diken et al. [23] and Naz and Yúfera [19] showed that the contributions of Artemia metanauplii on protease activities of larvae were high, while the contributions of rotifer (B. plicatilis) and Artemia nauplii were low. Yúfera et al. [39] reported that during feeding gilthead seabream larvae, the contribution of rotifer on protease activity of larval intestines was not significant, thus supporting the situation of rotifer contributions in protease activities of meagre larvae. Therefore, contributions and inhibitions of live food on the digestive proteases of marine fish larvae should be taken into account during the optimization of feeding procedures.
According to current study, contributions of Artemia metanauplii on the protease activities of meagre larvae at 10–32 DAH were higher than that of gilthead seabream larvae at the 34–81 DAH weaning period [23] (Table 2). The current study showed that the contributions of Artemia metanauplii on the protease activities of meagre larvae at the end of the weaning at 30–32 DAH were lower than that of gilthead seabream at the beginning of the weaning at 34 DAH reported by Diken et al. [23]. The contributions of Artemia metanauplii on the protease activities of gilthead seabream at 34 DAH were similar to that of meagre larvae at 15 and 25 DAH and higher than that of meagre larvae at 17 DAH [23]. The contributions of Artemia metanauplii on the protease activities of European seabass at the 35–67 DAH weaning period were higher than that of gilthead seabream larvae at the weaning period [23]. The contributions of Artemia metanauplii on the protease activities of European seabass at 35, 46, and 57 DAH were generally higher than that of meagre larvae at 10–32 DAH, except 10, 12, and 20 DAH [23]. The highest contributions of rotifer (B. plicatilis) on the protease activities of gilthead seabream were observed at 25 DAH and were higher than the highest protease activities of meagre observed at 10 DAH [20]. Similarly, the highest contributions of Artemia nauplii on the protease activities of gilthead seabream were observed at 5 DAH and were higher than the highest protease activities of meagre observed at 25 DAH [20]. On the other hand, the highest contributions of Artemia metanauplii on the protease activities of gilthead seabream were observed at 25 DAH and were higher than the highest protease activities of meagre observed at 20 and 27 DAH [20]. As a result, the protease activities of larvae and live foods should be evaluated based on the inhibitions and contributions of live food on the protease activity of larvae. It has been observed that there have been fluctuations in the inhibition and contribution of live food on the protease activities of larvae due to the growth status of the fast-growing larvae, especially at the pre-weaning of feeding period. Therefore, early feeding of fast-growing species with microdiets may increase the inadequate exogenous enzyme contributions of live food. In this context, the results of the study reveal the importance of species-specific studies.
In the current study, when Artemia digestive enzymes were compared to other live food digestive enzymes, the contributions of Artemia metanauplii on the protease activities of meagre larvae supported the idea that microdiet use may increase depending on the co-feeding of the Artemia and microdiet [8,25,41]. The positive effects of live food on the days when meagre larva protease activity is low supported the idea that contribution of the exogenous enzyme is important for feeding larvae [7]. Our results were supported by the research conducted on the contributions of rotifer (B. plicatilis) on sardine larvae [10], fluctuations in protease activity of larvae due to the decrease in the amount of Artemia feed in African catfish fish cultivation [11], and Artemia contributions to European seabass and gilthead seabream, [42,43,44].

4. Materials and Methods

This study was approved by the Local Ethical Committee of Animal Experiments of the Süleyman Demirel University (Ref. Number: B.08.6.YÖK.2.SD.0.05.0.07.00-22).

4.1. Larval Rearing and Sampling

The larval rearing and sampling stage of the present study was carried out at the EGEMAR Aquaculture Food Industry and Commercial Incorporated Company. The larval rearing and sampling protocol are shown in Table 3.

4.2. Analytical Methods

4.2.1. Extracts of Larvae

The samples were rinsed in distilled water after thawing, and then the extracts of whole larvae were homogenized and centrifuged (16,000− g, 30 min 4 °C).

4.2.2. Extracts of Live Foods

Five live foods enriched rotifer (B. plicatilis; R), Artemia nauplii (AF 480, INVE Aquaculture; A0–AF), Artemia nauplii (Artemia Cysts, Vinh Chau-Bac Lieu Artemia Co.Op; A0–AC), Artemia metanauplii (EG, Salt Lake Artemia Great Salt Lake Brine Shrimp Cooperative, Inc.; A1–SL), and Artemia metanauplii (EG, INVE Aquaculture Salt Lake City Utah/USA; A1–EG) were tested with in vitro techniques in this study. Extracts of live foods prepared by homogenization (100 mg/mL in distilled water) followed by centrifugation (15,000− g, 10 min) were used in protease inhibition analyses.

4.2.3. Determination of Protease Activities of Larvae and Live Foods

The total protease activities of meagre larvae and live foods were measured according to Walter [45]. Casein (10 mg/mL) in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer at pH 8.5 was used as the substrate. The mixtures including extracts of larvae–substrate and live food–substrate were incubated, and then the reaction was stopped by the addition of 500 μL trichloroaceticacid (TCA) (120 g/L). One unit of enzyme activity was defined as 1 μg of tyrosine released per minute. The soluble protein concentrations of meagre larvae and live foods were determined according to Bradford [46].

4.2.4. Effects of Live Foods on Protease Activities of Larvae

The inhibitory effects of live foods on protease activities of meagre larvae were determined by measuring the reduction in the protease activity of extracts using a modification of the method described by García-Carreño [47]. The method is based on the measurement of residual protease activity remaining after pre-incubation with live foods such as enriched rotifer, Artemia nauplii, and Artemia metanauplii.

4.2.5. Statistical Methods

Fish total length and wet weight were calculated and were given on as mean ± standard error (SE). The experimental data (protease activities of meagre larvae and inhibitions and contributions of live foods on protease activities of meagre larvae) were subjected to one–way ANOVA and mean ± SE differences were made by Duncan test at p = 0.05 content level using SPSS software statistical package [48]. All measurements were carried out in triplicates.

5. Conclusions

The present study provides information about the potential effects of live foods used in the feeding of meagre larvae. When such data become available, live foods will serve as the replacement of live foods with microdiets for sustainable aquaculture. The protease contributions of live foods Artemia metanauplii tested in the study were higher than those of rotifer (B. plicatilis) and Artemia nauplii. The inhibitory effects and positive contributions of live foods used in the routine feeding protocols on survival and growth rates of meagre larvae should be taken into account in future studies. Further, cysteine protease activities of Artemia sp. should be investigated to provide the higher growth and survival ratio from the feeding protocols used in marine fish larvae.
The results of in this study reveal the importance of monitoring the enzyme activities of live food sources. It also supports the importance of monitoring the enzyme contribution and inhibitory effects of live feed food sources. The results give clues depending on the species cultivated for protocol assessments and preference of inert diets and co-feeding on live food during weaning. In this context, larval rearing is also contributing to the protocol arrangements. As a result, this practical application supports hatchery management for the traceability of live foods.

Author Contributions

All authors have contributed to the methodology, validation, investigation, data curation, manuscript writing, reviewing and editing. G.D. and O.D. have been in charge of the project administration and funding acquisition. G.D. and M.N. have carried out the formal analysis of the manuscript. G.D. and M.N. prepared the original draft.

Funding

This research was funded by the Unit of Scientific Research Projects from the Suleyman Demirel University; project no. SDÜBAP 3453-D2-13.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Unit of Scientific Research Projects Suleyman Demirel University (Gürkan Diken’s PhD thesis project no. SDÜBAP 3453-D2-13). I would like to thank to Metin Neke and Doğan Neke with the hatchery staff from EGEMAR that support the research.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Fishes 04 00005 g001 550
Figure 1. Total length and wet weight changes of meagre larvae (mm and mg, mean ± standard error (SE), n = 30) (0 to 15 days after hatching (DAH) = 364.8 °C, 16 to 32 DAH = 353.6 °C, Σ °C = 718.6 °C in 2013 and 0 to 15 DAH = 348.6 °C, 16–32 DAH = 353.6 °C, Σ°C = 702.2 °C in 2014).
Figure 1. Total length and wet weight changes of meagre larvae (mm and mg, mean ± standard error (SE), n = 30) (0 to 15 days after hatching (DAH) = 364.8 °C, 16 to 32 DAH = 353.6 °C, Σ °C = 718.6 °C in 2013 and 0 to 15 DAH = 348.6 °C, 16–32 DAH = 353.6 °C, Σ°C = 702.2 °C in 2014).
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Fishes 04 00005 g002 550
Figure 2. Protease activities of meagre larvae (U/mg protein, mean ± SE) (p < 0.05) and inhibitions and contributions of live foods on protease activities of meagre larvae in 2013 (%, mean ± SE). Line—larva protease and bar—live food inhibition and contributions.
Figure 2. Protease activities of meagre larvae (U/mg protein, mean ± SE) (p < 0.05) and inhibitions and contributions of live foods on protease activities of meagre larvae in 2013 (%, mean ± SE). Line—larva protease and bar—live food inhibition and contributions.
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Fishes 04 00005 g003 550
Figure 3. Protease activities of meagre larvae (U/mg protein, mean ± SE) (p < 0.05) and inhibitions and contributions of live foods on protease activities of meagre larvae in 2014 (%, mean ± SE). Line—larva protease and bar—live food inhibition and contributions.
Figure 3. Protease activities of meagre larvae (U/mg protein, mean ± SE) (p < 0.05) and inhibitions and contributions of live foods on protease activities of meagre larvae in 2014 (%, mean ± SE). Line—larva protease and bar—live food inhibition and contributions.
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Table
Table 1. Protease activities of live foods and inhibitions and contributions of live foods on protease activities of meagre larvae.
Table 1. Protease activities of live foods and inhibitions and contributions of live foods on protease activities of meagre larvae.
RotiferArtemia nauplii Artemia metanauplii
RA0–AFA0–ACA1–SLA1–EG
Protease Activity (U/mg Protein, Means ± SE)
21.76 ± 0.31 B36.00 ± 1.48 B29.3 3 ± 0.93 B416.44 ± 19.70 A403.53 ± 11.85 A
Inhibition and Contributions Degres (%, Means ± SE)
DAHLarvae unit
3−44.87 ± 0.23 a−35.02 ± 0.27 ab−34.97 ± 0.27 a−23.98 ± 0.32 a−37.31 ± 0.26 a
5−28.76 ± 0.18 b−21.38 ± 0.20 cde−17.49 ± 0.21 bc18.21 ± 0.30 bc2.91 ± 0.26bc
7−51.60 ± 0.97 a−38.46 ± 1.23 a−40.29 ± 1.20 a−32.46 ± 1.35 a−43.57 ± 1.13 a
1023.06 ± 6.77f−14.41 ± 4.71 def19.72 ± 6.59f199.31 ± 16.48g162.94 ± 14.48fg
1214.91 ± 4.01f−12.18 ± 3.07 ef−6.70 ± 0.65 d173.80 ± 9.57g133.87 ± 8.17f
15−16.64 ± 4.27 cd−14.99 ± 4.36 def−17.02 ± 4.25 bc83.19 ± 9.39ef50.17 ± 7.70de
Weaning unit
17−28.10 ± 1.66 b−25.80 ± 1.71 bcd−17.49 ± 1.90 bc1.46 ± 2.34ab−24.43 ± 1.74 ab
2019.05 ± 0.00f−20.42 ± 9.14 cdef18.30 ± 0.00f247.55 ± 39.92h174.94 ± 31.58g
223.50 ± 2.46e−23.37 ± 3.50 bcde−13.32 ± 1.90 cd114.80 ± 9.82f79.44 ± 8.20e
2517.14 ± 1.81f−9.11 ± 1.78 f24.52 ± 2.44f89.64 ± 3.71ef80.07 ± 3.53e
27−13.74 ± 3.26 cd−27.98 ± 2.72 abc−14.46 ± 3.24 cd51.77 ± 5.74cde531.53 ± 23.88h
30−22.10 ± 3.11 bc−30.05 ± 2.79 abc−25.51 ± 2.97 b23.34 ± 4.92bcd12.54 ± 4.49bcd
32−8.00 ± 3.30 d−8.28 ± 3.29 f7.36 ± 1.12e62.46 ± 5.83de29.11 ± 4.63cd
Differences between different uppercase and lowercase letters in the same column (mean ± SE) are significant (p < 0.05). The dark-colored columns show the values of the live foods in the period and the dark-colored numbers show the contributions of live foods.
Table
Table 2. Inhibitions and contributions of live foods on protease activities of marine fish larvae *.
Table 2. Inhibitions and contributions of live foods on protease activities of marine fish larvae *.
SpeciesDAHSpeciesDAHSpeciesDAH
A. metanauplii (A1)
A. regius10–32 +15, 25 ~30–32/17S. aurata134–81A. regius10, 12, 20 +
S. aurata134–8134 ~34 +D. labrax135–67 +D. labrax135, 45, 67
A. regius20, 27
S. aurata225 +
A. nauplii (A0) Rotifer (B. plicatilis)
A. regius25 A. regius10
S. aurata25 + S. aurata225 +
* Comparisons are from top to bottom and between two species. A. regius (present study), 1 [23], and 2 [20]. (+); higher than the other and (~); similar to/close to other.
Table
Table 3. Meagre larvae’s rearing protocol.
Table 3. Meagre larvae’s rearing protocol.
DAH *Practice
Hormone injection (GnRH; 20 µg kg−1 ♀ and 10 µg kg−1 ♂)
Eggs incubation (conical fiberglass tank; 23.6 ± 0.5 °C temperature in 2013 and 22.0 ± 0.2 at temperature in 2014, respectively)
0–15Larva tank (7 m3 ellipsoidal fiberglass tanks with black walls; 75–80 larvae/L)
15/16–32Weaning tank (raceway 27 and 15 m3 tank in 2013 and 2014, respectively and 10–12 larvae/L)
0–32Sea water (sand, bag and UV filters; 20.8–24.1 °C temperature, 27.0–40.0 g/L salinity, 8.4–14.4 mg/L oxygen levels, 7.5–7.9 pH in 2013 and 20.8–22.2 °C temperature, 27.0–40.0 g/L salinity, 7.8–14.7 mg/L oxygen 7.7–8.1 pH levels in 2014, respectively and 18 h light and 6 h dark cycle)
Green water
3–15(Sanolife GWS; INVE Aquaculture, NV Hoogveld, 91 9200, Dendermonde, Belgium or ω3 Algae®; Bernaqua, NV Hagelberg, 3 B-2250, Olen, Belgium in 2013 and Nannochloropsis occulata in 2014, respectively)
16–26Sanolife GWS in 2013 and Nannochloropsis occulata in 2014.
Live food
3–9 and 3–8Rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis
Culture 25 °C temperature and 28 g/L salinity (Algamac Protein Plus; Aquafaune Bio-Marine Inc. Hawthorne USA and Sparkle; INVE Aquaculture)
Enrich 26 °C temperature and 28 g/L salinity (Spresso; INVE Aquaculture)
10–15 prey/mL enriched rotifer (R) in 2013 and 2014
6–11 and 7–11Artemia nauplii (AF 480; INVE Aquaculture and Artemia Cysts in 2013 and Vinh Chau-Bac Lieu Artemia Co. in 2014, respectively)
Culture 29 °C temperature and 28 g/L salinty
2–4 prey/mL in 2013 and 4–6 prey/mL in 2014 Artemia nauplii (A0), respectively
10–32 Artemia metanaupli (Artemia EG; Salt Lake Artemia Great Salt Lake Brine Shrimp Cooperative, Inc.) in 2013 and Artemia (SepArt EG; Aquaculture Salt Lake City Utah/USA in 2014).
Culture 29 °C temperature and 28 g/L salinty
Enrich 24 h, 26 °C temperature and 28 g/L salinity (Algamac 3050; Aquafaune Bio-Marine Inc., or Red Papper; Bernaqua, or Spresso; INVE Aquaculture in 2013 and Spresso; INVE Aquaculture in 2014).
1.5–6 prey/mL in 2013 and 1.5–5 prey/mL in 2014 enriched Artemia (A1), respectively
Microdiets
16/17–32 (Orange Start-S,100–200 µm, Orange Start-L, 200–300 µm, Orange Nurse-XS, 300–500 µm, Orange Grow-S, 300–500 µm, Orange Grow-L, 500–800 µm; INVE Aquaculture in 2013 and Gemma Micro 150, 100–200 µm; Skretting AS Sjøhagen 15, 4016 Stavanger/P.b. 319 Sentrum, 4002 Stavanger, Norway, Caviar 200–300 µm; BernAqua, Caviar 300–500 µm; BernAqua, Perla Larva Proactive 4.0 300–500 µm; Skretting AS in 2014, respectively)
Sampling
3–32Before the morning feeding and stored in liquid nitrogen (−196 °C)
* DAH; days after hatching; UV; ultraviolet.

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Diken, G.; Demir, O.; Naz, M. The Inhibitory Effects and Positive Contributions of Live Foods on Protease Activities of Meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso 1801), Larvae In Vitro Assay. Fishes 2019, 4, 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010005

AMA Style

Diken G, Demir O, Naz M. The Inhibitory Effects and Positive Contributions of Live Foods on Protease Activities of Meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso 1801), Larvae In Vitro Assay. Fishes. 2019; 4(1):5. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010005

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Diken, Gürkan, Orhan Demir, and Mehmet Naz. 2019. "The Inhibitory Effects and Positive Contributions of Live Foods on Protease Activities of Meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso 1801), Larvae In Vitro Assay" Fishes 4, no. 1: 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010005

APA Style

Diken, G., Demir, O., & Naz, M. (2019). The Inhibitory Effects and Positive Contributions of Live Foods on Protease Activities of Meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso 1801), Larvae In Vitro Assay. Fishes, 4(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010005

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