Taxonomy, Distribution and Evolution of Trisopterine Gadidae by Means of Otoliths and Other Characteristics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results, Including a Survey of Characteristics of Recent Trisopterines
2.1. Factors Influencing Otolith Shape
2.2. Characteristics of Gadidae Otoliths
2.3. Otolith Characteristics of Recent Trisopterine Gadidae
- Pear shaped (also in Gadiculus-like and extinct Colliolus-like otoliths)
- Thick, especially the adult otoliths
- Sulcus (very) wide
- Colliculi long and wide, largely filling sulcus and touching one another
- Collum only at ventral part of sulcus
- Pseudocolliculum absent
2.4. Other Characteristics of Trisopterine Gadidae
2.5. Neocolliolus: A Justifiable Taxon in the Gadidae Family
2.5.1. Introductory remarks
2.5.2. Amended otolith diagnosis of Neocolliolus
2.5.3. Other distinguishing characteristics of Neocolliolus
2.6. Trisopterus capelanus Is a Separate Species
2.7. Allotrisopterus, a New Genus for Trisopterus Minutus
2.7.1. Allotrisopterus n. gen.
2.7.2. Remarks of justification
2.8. Otoliths from Bottom Samples of the Ría de Arosa (north-western Spain)
2.9. Geographical and Depth Distribution
2.10. Evolution of Trisopterines
3. Discussion and Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Recent Otoliths
4.2. Fossil Otoliths
4.3. Picturing and Measuring
4.4. Taxon Validation
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
TL | Total fish length in mm |
FW | Total fish weight in g |
OL | Otolith length in mm |
OH | Otolith height (width) in mm |
OT | Otolith thickness in mm |
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Species | Age of Females When 50% Are Mature | Age of Males When 50% Are Mature | Maximum Known Age (Normal Max. Age) | TL of Females When 50% Are Mature (in mm) | TL of Males When 50% Are Mature (in mm) | Normal Maximum TL (in mm) | Extreme Maximum TL (in mm) | Maximum Observed OL (in mm) a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neocolliolus esmarkii | 1.5 years b | 1.2 years b | 7 c (3 d–4 e) | 140 e | 150 e | 235 | 350 f | 9.07 (TL 205 mm) |
Allotrisopterus minutus | 1.7 years g | 2.7 years g | 7 g (4–5) | 160–190 h | 140–200 h | 245 | 280 g | 11.68 (TL 269 mm) |
Trisopterus luscus | 1.7 years i | 1.8 years i | 9 j (5) | 220 i,k 192 k | 234 i | 460 j | 490 l | 14.55 (TL 415 mm) |
Trisopterus capelanus | end 1st year m | end 1st year m | 6 m,n (4) | 133 ° 138.2 p | 125 ° 123.9 p | 250 n | 320 q | 12.82 (TL 288 mm) |
Species | Preferred Depth | Common Depth | Depth in Bays and Estuaries | Minimum Depth in Open Sea | Maximum Depth | Shoaling |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neocolliolus esmarkii | 100–200 m a Highest abundance I-group and older: 200 m b | 50–250 m (80–200 m c) | Few meters d | 40 m c | 560 m e | Very large shoals |
Allotrisopterus minutus | 40–160 m f | 25–300 m c | 0.5 m g | 15 m h | 440 m i | Small shoals |
Trisopterus luscus | 30–100 m j | 3–300 m c | Few meters d | 3 m c | 650 m | Small to large shoals |
Trisopterus capelanus | 50–120 m k | 40–250 m l | 0 m m | 300 m n 310 m ° 450 m m | Small shoals |
Neocolliolus esmarkii Lineage | Allotrisopterus minutus Lineage | Trisopterus luscus and T. capelanus Lineages |
---|---|---|
Otoliths flat or slightly curved lengthwise | Otoliths slightly curved or flat lengthwise | Otoliths clearly curved lengthwise |
Inner surface slightly to moderately convex lengthwise and not twisted | Inner surface usually moderately convex and twisted | Inner surface strongly convex lengthwise and twisted |
Postdorsal angle usually distinct | Postdorsal angle usually distinct | Postdorsal angle usually absent |
Strongest ornamentation: low relief with low to very low knobs and shallow grooves | Strongest ornamentation: very high relief with protruding knobs and deep grooves | Strongest ornamentation: very high relief with protruding knobs and deep grooves |
Frontal rim rounded | Frontal rim ± straight, nearly perpendicular to long axis | Frontal rim ± straight, obliquely running with respect to the long axis |
Collum long, trapezoidal or ribbon like | Collum short, about triangular | Collum short, about triangular |
Ostium slightly shorter than cauda | Ostium clearly shorter than cauda | Ostium clearly shorter than cauda |
Cauda (nearly) straight | Cauda with S-curve | Cauda with S-curve |
Ostial colliculum relatively long, also above collum where it narrows; its anterior part narrows too | Ostial colliculum relatively short, regularly oval-shaped | Ostial colliculum relatively short, regularly oval-shaped |
Neocolliolus esmarkii | Other Recent Trisopterine Species |
---|---|
Streamlined, slender body shape with a lower head profile and deepest body part more backwards | Less streamlined body shape with a higher head profile and deepest body part more forwards |
Lower jaw slightly longer than upper jaw | Upper jaw clearly longer than lower jaw |
Chin barbel short and thin | Chin barbel long and thick |
Pelvic fin relatively short | Pelvic fin relatively long |
Pectoral fin relatively long | Pectoral fin relatively short |
Dorsal and anal fins lower and more rounded | Dorsal and anal fins higher and more pointed |
Short interspaces between the dorsal fins | No interspaces between dorsal fins |
Eye relatively large | Eye relatively smaller |
High number of gill rakers (33–43) | Low number of gill rakers (14–22) |
Benthopelagic to mesopelagic | Demersal |
Food: mainly planktonic crustaceans | Food: various infaunal and epifaunal (in)vertebrates |
Meristics | N. esmarkii | A. minutus | T. capelanus | T. luscus |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of vertebrae | 51–55 | 47–51 | 45–48 | 46–49 |
Number of gill rakers | 33–37 | 24–28 | 15–21 | 18–23 |
Number of dorsal fin pterygiophores | ||||
1st dorsal fin | 15–17 | 13–15 | 12–14 | 13–14 |
2nd dorsal fin | 26–28 | 24–28 | 18–23 | 22–25 |
3rd dorsal fin | 28–30 | 22–25 | 17–21 | 19–23 |
1st anal fin | 31–35 | 29–34 | 26–32 | 31–36 |
2nd anal fin | 27–30 | 23–25 | 17–22 | 19–22 |
Ecological Zonation (Cadée, 1968) | Inner Central Bay | Marginal Shallow Zone | Middle Central Bay | Marginal Deep Zone | Outer Central Bay | Oceanic Zone | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Station | 87 | 88 | 47 | 116 | 13 | 51 | 172 | 246 | 186 | 475 | 479 | 579 | 721 | 931 | 771 | 775 | 841 | 900 | 901 |
Depth in m | 7–8 | 10 | 7 | 12 | 54 | 24 | 8 | 15–35 | 18–20 | 60 | 35–38 | 35–40 | 50–60 | c. 62 | 68 | 50 | 40–55 | 85 | 60 |
Trisopterus capelanus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | ||||||||||||||
Trisopterus luscus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 | |||||||||||||
Allotrisopterus minutus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 24 | 2 | ||||||||||
Merluccius merluccius | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Aphia minuta | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Lesueurigobius friesii | 2 | 4 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
Lesueurigobius sanzoi | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Pomatoschistus minutus | 5 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||
Thorogobius ephippiatus | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Solea solea | 1 |
© 2017 by the author; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Gaemers, P.A.M. Taxonomy, Distribution and Evolution of Trisopterine Gadidae by Means of Otoliths and Other Characteristics. Fishes 2016, 1, 18-51. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes1010018
Gaemers PAM. Taxonomy, Distribution and Evolution of Trisopterine Gadidae by Means of Otoliths and Other Characteristics. Fishes. 2016; 1(1):18-51. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes1010018
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaemers, Pieter A. M. 2016. "Taxonomy, Distribution and Evolution of Trisopterine Gadidae by Means of Otoliths and Other Characteristics" Fishes 1, no. 1: 18-51. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes1010018
APA StyleGaemers, P. A. M. (2016). Taxonomy, Distribution and Evolution of Trisopterine Gadidae by Means of Otoliths and Other Characteristics. Fishes, 1(1), 18-51. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes1010018