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Tomography
Volume 2
Issue 2
10.18383/j.tom.2016.00127
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Article

Imaging Renal Urea Handling in Rats at Millimeter Resolution Using Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry

by
Galen D. Reed
1,2,3,*,
Cornelius von Morze
1,
Alan S. Verkman
4,
Bertram L. Koelsch
1,2,3,
Myriam M. Chaumeil
1,
Michael Lustig
2,3,5,
Sabrina M. Ronen
1,2,3,
Robert A. Bok
1,
Jeff M. Sands
6,
Peder E. Z. Larson
1,2,3,
Zhen J. Wang
1,
Jan Henrik Ardenkjær Larsen
7,8,
John Kurhanewicz
1,2,3 and
Daniel B. Vigneron
1,2,3
1
Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
2
Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
3
University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
4
Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
5
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
6
Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
7
GE Healthcare, Brøndby, Denmark
8
Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Tomography 2016, 2(2), 125-137; https://doi.org/10.18383/j.tom.2016.00127
Submission received: 6 May 2016 / Revised: 6 May 2016 / Accepted: 9 May 2016 / Published: 1 June 2016
Versions Notes

Abstract

In this study, in vivo T2 heterogeneity of hyperpolarized [13C,15N2]urea in rat kidney has been investigated. Selective quenching of the vascular hyperpolarized 13C signal with a macromolecular relaxation agent revealed that a long T2 component of the [13C,15N2]urea signal originated from the renal extravascular space, thus allowing the vascular and renal filtrate contrast agent pools of the [13C,15N2]urea to be distinguished via multiexponential analysis. The T2 response to induced diuresis and antidiuresis was determined using 2 imaging agents—hyperpolarized [13C,15N2]urea and hyperpolarized bis-1,1-(hydroxymethyl)-1-13C-cyclopropane-2H8 (control agent). During antidiuresis, large T2 increases in the inner medulla and papilla were observed using the former agent only. Therefore, [13C,15N2]urea relaxometry is sensitive to the following 2 steps of the renal urea handling process: glomerular filtration process and inner medullary urea transporter-A1- and urea transporter-A3-mediated urea concentrating process. To aid multiexponential data analysis, simple motion correction and subspace denoising algorithms are presented. Furthermore, a T2-edited, ultralong echo time sequence was developed for sub-2 mm3 resolution 3-dimensional encoding of urea by exploiting relaxation differences in the vascular and filtrate pools.
Keywords: urea; dynamic nuclear polarization; NMR relaxation; transporter urea; dynamic nuclear polarization; NMR relaxation; transporter

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MDPI and ACS Style

Reed, G.D.; von Morze, C.; Verkman, A.S.; Koelsch, B.L.; Chaumeil, M.M.; Lustig, M.; Ronen, S.M.; Bok, R.A.; Sands, J.M.; Larson, P.E.Z.; et al. Imaging Renal Urea Handling in Rats at Millimeter Resolution Using Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry. Tomography 2016, 2, 125-137. https://doi.org/10.18383/j.tom.2016.00127

AMA Style

Reed GD, von Morze C, Verkman AS, Koelsch BL, Chaumeil MM, Lustig M, Ronen SM, Bok RA, Sands JM, Larson PEZ, et al. Imaging Renal Urea Handling in Rats at Millimeter Resolution Using Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry. Tomography. 2016; 2(2):125-137. https://doi.org/10.18383/j.tom.2016.00127

Chicago/Turabian Style

Reed, Galen D., Cornelius von Morze, Alan S. Verkman, Bertram L. Koelsch, Myriam M. Chaumeil, Michael Lustig, Sabrina M. Ronen, Robert A. Bok, Jeff M. Sands, Peder E. Z. Larson, and et al. 2016. "Imaging Renal Urea Handling in Rats at Millimeter Resolution Using Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry" Tomography 2, no. 2: 125-137. https://doi.org/10.18383/j.tom.2016.00127

APA Style

Reed, G. D., von Morze, C., Verkman, A. S., Koelsch, B. L., Chaumeil, M. M., Lustig, M., Ronen, S. M., Bok, R. A., Sands, J. M., Larson, P. E. Z., Wang, Z. J., Larsen, J. H. A., Kurhanewicz, J., & Vigneron, D. B. (2016). Imaging Renal Urea Handling in Rats at Millimeter Resolution Using Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry. Tomography, 2(2), 125-137. https://doi.org/10.18383/j.tom.2016.00127

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