Correlation of Coronary Calcium Measured on Conventional Computed Tomography with Coronary Angiography Findings in Lung Transplant Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Total Sample | Suboptimal Quality | Adequate Quality | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 252 | n = 29 (%) | n = 223 (%) | ||
N.° of detectors | n = 215 (%) | |||
2 | 100 (46.5) | 19 (73.1) | 81 (42.9) | 0.067 |
10 | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | |
16 | 24 (11.2) | 2 (7.7) | 22 (11.6) | |
32 | 55 (25.6) | 5 (19.2%) | 50 (26.5) | |
64 | 27 (12.6) | 0 (0.0) | 27(14.3) | |
128 | 8 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (4.2) | |
Tendency | 0.007 | |||
Slice thickness (mm) | n = 251 (%) | |||
0.625 | 3 (1.2) | 1 (3.4) | 2 (0.9) | 0.112 |
0.75 | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.9) | |
1 | 19 (7.6) | 1 (3.4) | 18 (8.1) | |
1.25 | 28 (11.2) | 0 (0.0) | 28 (12.6) | |
1.5 | 11 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (5.0) | |
2 | 3 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.4) | |
2.5 | 5 (2.0) | 1 (3.4) | 4 (1.8) | |
3 | 15 (6.0) | 1 (3.4) | 14 (6.3) | |
4 | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | |
5 | 156 (62.2) | 24 (82.8) | 132 (59.5) | |
6 | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.9) | |
7 | 5 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (2.3) | |
8 | 1 (0.4) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
Tendency | 0.012 | |||
Intravenous contrast | n = 252 (%) | |||
No | 147 (58.3) | 10 (34.5) | 137 (61.4) | 0.008 |
Yes | 105 (41.7) | 19 (65.5) | 86 (38.6) |
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Coronary Calcium Quantification Method | |||
---|---|---|---|
Coronary Calcium Quantification | Artery-Based n = 126 (%) | Segment-Based n = 126 (%) | Visual Assessment n = 126 (%) |
Mild calcification | 86 (68.2) | 92 (73.0) | 93 (73.8) |
Moderate calcification | 34 (27.0) | 26 (20.7) | 23 (18.3) |
Severe calcification | 6 (4.8) | 8 (6.3) | 10 (7.9) |
Patients Without Coronary Calcium | Patients with Coronary Calcium | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
n = 126 (%) | n = 126 (%) | ||
Median age (SD) years | 56 (7.5) | 59 (4.8) | <0.005 |
Men | 57 (7.1) | 60 (4.6) | 0.014 |
Women | 56 (8.0) | 59 (5.5) | 0.092 |
Gender | |||
Male | 66 (53.4) | 102 (81.0) | <0.001 |
Female | 60 (47.6) | 24 (19.0) | |
Cardiovascular risk factors | 105 (83.3) | 122 (96.8) | <0.001 |
Tobacco consumption | 87 (69.0) | 108 (85.7) | 0.002 |
Arterial hypertension | 21 (16.7) | 36 (28.6) | 0.024 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 29 (23.0) | 48 (38.1) | 0.009 |
Diabetes mellitus | 13 (10.6) | 21(16.7) | 0.14 |
BMI > 30 | 36 (28.6) | 53 (42.1) | 0.025 |
Causes of Transplantation | Patients Without Coronary Calcium | Patients with Coronary Calcium | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
n = 126 (%) | n = 126 (%) | ||
ILD | 53 (42.1) | 58 (46.0) | 0.534 |
UIP | 38 (30.2) | 45 (35.7) | 0.354 |
NSIP | 4 (3.2) | 6 (4.8) | 0.518 |
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis | 3 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.081 |
Histiocytosis | 3 (2.4) | 2 (1.6) | 0.651 |
Sarcoidosis | 3 (2.4) | 2 (1.6) | 0.651 |
Other | 2 (1.6) | 3 (2.4) | 0.651 |
Emphysema/COPD | 45 (35.7) | 50 (39.7) | 0.513 |
Emphysema/COPD | 34 (27.0) | 44 (34.9) | 0.176 |
Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency | 11 (8.7) | 6 (4.8)) | 0.166 |
Bronchiectasis/Cystic fibrosis | 9 (7.1) | 3 (2.4) | 0.08 |
Bronchiectasis | 6 (4.8) | 3 (2.4) | 0.308 |
Cystic fibrosis | 3 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.081 |
Pulmonary hypertension | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.315 |
Secondary | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.315 |
Bronchiolitis obliterans | 2 (1.6) | 1 (0.8) | 0.561 |
Occupational lung disease | 12 (9.5) | 10 (7.9) | 0.653 |
Pneumoconiosis | 2 (1.6) | 6 (4.8) | 0.15 |
HN/EAA | 10 (7.9) | 4 (3.2) | 0.104 |
Connective tissue disease | 4 (3.2) | 3 (2.4) | 0.701 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 1 (0.8) | 2 (1.6) | 0.561 |
Scleroderma | 2 (1.6) | 1 (0.8) | 0.561 |
Churg Strauss | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.315 |
Other | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | 0.315 |
Mild Calcification | Moderate Calcification | Severe Calcification | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 93 (73.8) | n = 23 (18.3) | n = 10 (7.9) | ||
Median age (SD) years | 58 (6.4) | 59 (5.7) | 60 (4.2) | 0.299 |
Men | 59 (6.3) | 59 (5.7) | 60 (3.9) | 0.611 |
Women | 56 (6.4) | 63 (4.8) | - | 0.032 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 72 (77.4) | 21 (91.3) | 9 (90.0) | 0.098 |
Female | 21 (22.6) | 2 (8.7) | 1 (10.0) | |
Cardiovascular risk factors | 89 (95.7) | 23 (100) | 10 (100) | 0.107 |
Tobacco consumption | 79 (84.9) | 20 (87.0) | 9 (90.0) | 0.735 |
Arterial hypertension | 32 (34.4) | 7 (30.4) | 4 (40.0) | 0.311 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 44 (47.3) | 11 (47.8) | 4 (40.0) | 0.322 |
Diabetes mellitus | 21 (22.6) | 7 (30.4) | 1 (10.0) | 0.162 |
BMI > 30 | 49 (52.7) | 12 (52.2) | 1(10.0) | 0.069 |
Mild Calcification | Moderate Calcification | Severe Calcification | |
---|---|---|---|
n = 93 (73.8) | n = 23 (18.3) | n = 10 (7.9) | |
Causes of transplantation | |||
ILD | 37 (39.8) | 15 (65.2) | 6 (60.0) |
UIP | 28 (30.1) | 12 (52.2) | 5 (50.0) |
NSIP | 4 (4.3) | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0.0) |
Histiocytosis | 1 (1.1) | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) |
Sarcoidosis | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Other | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (10.0) |
Emphysema/COPD | 40 (43.0) | 7 (30.4) | 3 (30.0) |
Emphysema/COPD | 35 (37.6) | 7 (30.4) | 2 (20.0) |
Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency | 5 (5.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (10.0) |
Bronchiectasis/Cystic fibrosis | 2 (2.1) | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) |
Bronchiectasis | 2 (2.1) | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) |
Bronchiolitis obliterans | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0’0) |
Occupational lung disease | 9 (9.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (10.0) |
Pneumoconiosis | 6 (6.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
HN/EAA | 3 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (10.0) |
Connective tissue disease | 3 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Scleroderma | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Other | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Coronary Angiography Findings. n = 252 Patients (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Stenosis ≤ 20% | Stenosis 21–70% | Stenosis ≥ 70% | p-Value | |
n = 203 (80.6) | n = 41 (16.3) | n = 8 (3.2) | ||
Median age (SD) years | 57.1 (6.7; 25–70) | 60.5(5.1;46–68) | 61 (2.8;56–66) | 0.003 |
Men | 57.6 (6.0; 31–70) | 61.4 (4.4; 51–68) | 60.3 (2.1;35–62) | 0.002 |
Women | 56.4 (7.6; 25–66) | 57.2 (6.5; 46–68) | 66 | 0.43 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 129 (63.5) | 32 (78.0) | 7 (87.5) | 0.103 |
Female | 74 (36.5) | 9 (22.0) | 1 (12.5) | |
Cardiovascular risk factors | 179 (88.2) | 40 (97.6) | 8 (100) | 0.118 |
Tobacco consumption | 152(74.9) | 36 (87.8) | 7 (87.5) | 0.163 |
Arterial hypertension | 44 (21.7) | 9 (22.0) | 4 (50.0) | 0.187 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 55 (27.1) | 18 (43.9) | 4 (50.0) | 0.044 |
Diabetes mellitus | 24 (11.8) | 9 (22.0) | 1 (12.5) | 0.212 |
BMI > 30 | 71 (35.0) | 15 (36.6) | 3 (37.5) | 0.8 |
Coronary Angiography Findings. n = 252 Patients (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Stenosis ≤ 20% | Stenosis 21–70% | Stenosis ≥ 70% | |
n = 203 (80.6) | n = 41 (16.3) | n = 8 (3.2) | |
Causes of transplantation | |||
ILD | 85 (41.9) | 20 (48.8) | 6 (75.0) |
UIP | 62 (30.5) | 16 (39.0) | 5 (62.5) |
NSIP | 10 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis | 3 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Histiocytosis | 4 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (12.5) |
Sarcoidosis | 5 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Other | 1 (0.5) | 4 (9.8) | 0 (0.0) |
Emphysema/COPD | 78 (38.4) | 16 (39.0) | 1 (12.5) |
Emphysema/COPD | 62 (30.5) | 16 (39.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency | 16 (7.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (12.5) |
Bronchiectasis/Cystic fibrosis | 10 (4.9) | 2 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) |
Bronchiectasis | 7 (3.4) | 2 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) |
Cystic fibrosis | 3 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Pulmonary hypertension | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Secondary | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Bronchiolitis obliterans | 3 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0’0) |
Occupational lung disease | 19 (9.3) | 3 (7.3) | 1 (12.5) |
Pneumoconiosis | 5 (2.5) | 2 (4.9) | 1 (12.5) |
HN/EAA | 14 (6.9) | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) |
Connective tissue disease | 7 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 3 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Scleroderma | 2 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Churg Strauss | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Coronary Arteriography. n = 252 Patients (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Artery-based n = 252 patients (%) | Stenosis ≤ 20% n = 203 (80.6) | Stenosis 21–70% n = 41 (16.3) | Stenosis > 70% n = 8 (3.2) |
No coronary calcium n = 126 (50.0) | 113 (55.7) | 11 (26.8) | 2 (25.0) |
Mild calcification n = 86 (34.1) | 66 (32.5) | 19 (46.3) | 1 (12.5) |
Moderate calcification n = 34 (13.5) | 22 (10.8) | 8 (19.5) | 4 (50.0) |
Severe calcification n = 6 (2.4) | 2 (1.0) | 3 (7.3) | 1 (12.5) |
Segment artery-based n = 252 patients (%) | |||
No coronary calcium n = 126 (50.0) | 113 (55.7) | 11 (26.8) | 2 (25) |
Mild calcification n = 92 (36.5) | 72 (35.5) | 19 (46.3) | 1 (12.5) |
Moderate calcification n = 26 (10.3) | 16 (7.9) | 7 (17.1) | 3 (37.5) |
Severe calcification n = 8 (3.2) | 2 (1.0) | 4 (9.8) | 2 (25) |
Visual assessment n = 252 patients (%) | |||
No coronary calcium n = 126 (50.0) | 113 (55.7) | 11 (26.8) | 2 (25.0) |
Mild calcification n = 93 (36.9) | 72 (35.5) | 20 (48.8) | 1 (12.5) |
Moderate calcification n = 23 (9.1) | 16 (7.9) | 4 (9.8) | 3 (37.5) |
Severe calcification n = 10 (4.0) | 2 (1.0) | 6 (14.6) | 2 (25.0) |
Methods of Coronary Calcium Quantification in CT (Cut-Off Points According to the Presence of Calcification). | CG ≤ 20% | CG ≥ 21% | Sensibility (%) (95% IC) | Specificity (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | ROC Area (95% IC) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TN/Total | TP/Total | (95% CI) | (95% IC) | (95% IC) | |||
Artery based (cutting points) | |||||||
No/mild-moderate-severe | 113/203 | 36/49 16/49 | 73.5 (61.1–85.8) | 55.7 (48.8–62.5) | 28.6 (20.7–36.5) | 89.7 (84.4–95.0) | 0.678 (0.597–0.758) |
No-mild/moderate-severe | 179/203 | 4/49 | 32.7 (19.5–45.8) | 88.2 (83.7–92.6) | 40.0 (24.8–55.2) | 84.4 (79.5–89.3) | |
No-mild-moderate/severe | 201/203 | 8.2 (5.0–15.8) | 99.1 (97.6–100) | 66.7 (29.0–100) | 81.7 (76.9–86.5) | ||
Segment artery based (cutting points) | |||||||
No/mild-moderate-severe | 113/203 | 36/49 | 73.5 (61.1–85.8) | 55.7 (48.8–62.5) | 28.6 (20.7–36.5) | 89.7 (84.4–95.0) | 0.689 (0.608–0.771) |
No-mild/moderate-severe | 185/203 | 16/49 | 32.7 (19.5–45.8) | 91.1 (87.2–95.0) | 47.1 (30.3–63.8) | 84.9 (80.1–89.6) | |
No-mild-moderate/severe | 201/203 | 6/49 | 12.2 (3.1–21.4) | 99.0 (97.6–100) | 75.0 (45.0–100) | 82.4 (77.6–87.2) | |
Visual assessment (cutting points) | |||||||
No/mild-moderate-severe | 113/203 | 36/49 | 73.5 (61.1–85.8) | 55.7 (48.8–62.5) | 28.6 (20.7–36.5) | 89.7 (84.4–95.0) | 0.687 (0.606–0.768) |
No-mild/moderate-severe | 185/203 | 15/49 | 30.7 (17.7–43.5) | 91.1 (87.2–95.0) | 45.5 (28.5–62.4) | 84.5 (79.7–89.3) | |
No-mild-moderate/severe | 201/203 | 8/49 | 16.3 (6.0–26.7) | 99.0 (97.6–100) | 80.0 (55.2–100) | 83.1 (78.3–87.8) |
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Tapia Concha, S.; Fariñas-Álvarez, C.; Muñoz Cacho, P.; Cifrian Martínez, J.M.; Zueco Gil, J.; Parra Blanco, J.A. Correlation of Coronary Calcium Measured on Conventional Computed Tomography with Coronary Angiography Findings in Lung Transplant Patients. Tomography 2025, 11, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography11020011
Tapia Concha S, Fariñas-Álvarez C, Muñoz Cacho P, Cifrian Martínez JM, Zueco Gil J, Parra Blanco JA. Correlation of Coronary Calcium Measured on Conventional Computed Tomography with Coronary Angiography Findings in Lung Transplant Patients. Tomography. 2025; 11(2):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography11020011
Chicago/Turabian StyleTapia Concha, Sergio, Concepción Fariñas-Álvarez, Pedro Muñoz Cacho, José Manuel Cifrian Martínez, Javier Zueco Gil, and José Antonio Parra Blanco. 2025. "Correlation of Coronary Calcium Measured on Conventional Computed Tomography with Coronary Angiography Findings in Lung Transplant Patients" Tomography 11, no. 2: 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography11020011
APA StyleTapia Concha, S., Fariñas-Álvarez, C., Muñoz Cacho, P., Cifrian Martínez, J. M., Zueco Gil, J., & Parra Blanco, J. A. (2025). Correlation of Coronary Calcium Measured on Conventional Computed Tomography with Coronary Angiography Findings in Lung Transplant Patients. Tomography, 11(2), 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography11020011