A User-Centered Design Exploration of Factors That Influence the Rideshare Experience
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Online Survey
- Section 1: Your transportation needs. This section assessed the participant’s typical modes of transportation and reasons for using personal and pooled rideshare services.
- Section 2: Willingness to consider pooled ridesharing (PR). This section evaluated the participant’s readiness to utilize PR.
- Section 3a and 3b: Would/Would-not-consider-PR. This section investigated topics that may influence the participant’s willingness or unwillingness to consider using pooled ridesharing.
- Section 4: Optimizing rideshare experience. This section examined topics related to user-centered topics and service-related needs.
- Section 5: Demographics. This section gathered information about the participant and their household.
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Exploratory Factor Analysis
3.2.1. Correlation Matrix
3.2.2. Appropriateness of the Data
3.2.3. Exploratory Factor Analysis Model
- (a)
- The first factor is Comfort/ease of use. Ten items were clustered under this construct which explained 26.02% of the total variance. The three items with the highest factor loadings included, ‘I can adjust the seats in the vehicle for comfort’ (0.92), ‘I can sit where I want in the vehicle’ (0.86), and ‘I can adjust the temperature in the vehicle to my liking’ (0.84).
- (b)
- The second factor is Convenience. Six items were included in the convenience factor and explained 18.83% of the total variance. The items with the highest factor loadings included, ‘The cost to share a ride is more affordable than other transportation’, ‘There is clear information about the ride (e.g., cost, route, time) before I book it’, and ‘I won’t be delayed by long detours’ with factors loadings of 0.89, 0.88, and 0.83 respectively.
- (c)
- The third factor is Vehicle technology/accessibility which included four items and explained 11.32% of the total variance. The items with the highest factor loadings were ‘The vehicle is automated and does not have a human driver’ and ‘The vehicle is a battery-electric vehicle (only runs on electricity)’ with factor loadings of 0.91, and 0.87, respectively.
- (d)
- The fourth factor is Passenger safety. As described above, three items were included in this factor, which explained 8.10% of the total variance. The item with the highest factor loading was ‘The other passenger is pre-screened by the rideshare service’ (0.77).
3.2.4. Reliability of the Exploratory Factor Analysis
3.3. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
3.4. Binomial Logistic Regression Model
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Original Category | Category Statement | Survey Item | Item Name |
---|---|---|---|
Mode | Thinking about certain aspects of the vehicle or other riders using the rideshare service, please state how much you agree or disagree with the following statements: I would be more likely to choose a pooled rideshare if… | The vehicle is automated and does not have a human driver | Mode_VehAutomated |
Mode | The vehicle is a battery-electric vehicle (only runs on electricity) | Mode_VehElectric | |
Mode | The vehicle is cleaned/disinfected in between rides | Mode_VehCleaned | |
Mode | The vehicle is accessible for passengers with disabilities | Mode_DisabilityAccess | |
Mode | I can ride with a person who is like me | Mode_Co-riderLikeMe | |
Mode | The other passenger is pre-screened by the rideshare service | Mode_Prescreen | |
Mode | A subscription service is available (i.e., fixed monthly cost for unlimited rides) | Mode_Subscription | |
HMI | Considering how you might interact with the rideshare vehicle or service, please state how much you agree or disagree with the following statements: I would be more likely to choose a pooled rideshare if… | The rideshare service app is easy to use | HMI_AppEaseOfUse |
HMI | I can adjust the temperature in the vehicle to my liking | HMI_Temperature | |
HMI | I can see a profile of the other passenger | HMI_SeeProfile | |
HMI | I can adjust the seats in the vehicle for comfort | HMI_AdjustSeat | |
HMI | The vehicle design creates private spaces | HMI_PrivateSpace | |
HMI | I can call to request a ride instead of using the app | HMI_CallToRequest | |
HMI | There is sufficient storage in the vehicle for all my belongings | HMI_StorageSpace | |
HMI | I can sit where I want in the vehicle | HMI_SitWhereIWant | |
HMI | The vehicle offers me information and entertainment throughout the experience | HMI_Infotainment | |
HMI | I had someone to help me with the service during my first time requesting a ride | HMI_SomeoneToHelp | |
Route | Please state how much you agree or disagree with the following statements: I would be more likely to choose a pooled rideshare if… | The cost to share a ride is more affordable than other transportation | Route_Affordable |
Route | A ride is available 24/7 | Route_Available24/7 | |
Route | The other passenger is coming from or going to the same event/location as me | Route_NearbyRiders | |
Route | I can provide information about my trip and location to my family and/or friends | Route_LocationShare | |
Route | There is clear information about the ride (e.g., cost, route, time) before I book it | Route_RideInformation | |
Route | I won’t be delayed by long detours | Route_NoDelay |
Mode_VehAutomated | Mode_VehElectric | Mode_VehCleaned | Mode_DisabilityAccess | Mode_Co-riderLikeMe | Mode_Prescreen | Mode_Subscription | HMI_AppEaseOfUse | HMI_Temperature | HMI_SeeProfile | HMI_AdjustSeat | HMI_PrivateSpace | HMI_CallToRequest | HMI_StorageSpace | HMI_SitWhereIWant | HMI_Infotainment | HMI_SomeoneToHelp | Route_Affordable | Route_Available24/7 | Route_NearbyRiders | Route_LocationShare | Route_RideInformation | Route_NoDelay | |
Mode_VehAutomated | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Mode_VehElectric | 0.68 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Mode_VehCleaned | 0.19 | 0.38 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Mode_DisabilityAccess | 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||||
Mode_Co-riderLikeMe | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.55 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||||
Mode_Prescreen | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.67 | 0.51 | 0.58 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
Mode_Subscription | 0.53 | 0.59 | 0.43 | 0.61 | 0.54 | 0.47 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||
HMI_AppEaseOfUse | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.55 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.53 | 0.48 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
HMI_Temperature | 0.40 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
HMI_SeeProfile | 0.40 | 0.44 | 0.51 | 0.48 | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.49 | 0.57 | 0.62 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
HMI_AdjustSeat | 0.36 | 0.43 | 0.52 | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.59 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
HMI_PrivateSpace | 0.40 | 0.46 | 0.54 | 0.50 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.48 | 0.58 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.67 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
HMI_CallToRequest | 0.35 | 0.42 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.43 | 0.50 | 0.52 | 0.58 | 0.53 | 0.61 | 0.56 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
HMI_StorageSpace | 0.30 | 0.39 | 0.55 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.47 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.58 | 0.70 | 0.64 | 0.58 | 1.00 | |||||||||
HMI_SitWhereIWant | 0.34 | 0.42 | 0.54 | 0.49 | 0.57 | 0.52 | 0.46 | 0.63 | 0.70 | 0.61 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.60 | 0.67 | 1.00 | ||||||||
HMI_Infotainment | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.42 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.43 | 0.58 | 0.55 | 0.66 | 0.61 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 1.00 | |||||||
HMI_SomeoneToHelp | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.54 | 0.57 | 0.60 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.65 | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 1.00 | ||||||
Route_Affordable | 0.24 | 0.36 | 0.53 | 0.40 | 0.46 | 0.53 | 0.41 | 0.59 | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.41 | 0.55 | 0.49 | 0.42 | 0.46 | 1.00 | |||||
Route_Available24/7 | 0.28 | 0.38 | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.60 | 0.53 | 0.49 | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.47 | 0.60 | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.66 | 1.00 | ||||
Route_NearbyRiders | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.52 | 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.43 | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.48 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.64 | 0.61 | 1.00 | |||
Route_LocationShare | 0.28 | 0.38 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.57 | 0.46 | 0.57 | 0.51 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.45 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 1.00 | ||
Route_RideInformation | 0.16 | 0.31 | 0.61 | 0.41 | 0.46 | 0.58 | 0.39 | 0.63 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0.43 | 0.59 | 0.51 | 0.40 | 0.46 | 0.73 | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.68 | 1.00 | |
Route_NoDelay | 0.17 | 0.27 | 0.57 | 0.37 | 0.42 | 0.54 | 0.34 | 0.57 | 0.48 | 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.40 | 0.56 | 0.50 | 0.36 | 0.42 | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.71 | 1.00 |
Comfort/ Ease of Use | Convenience | Vehicle Technology/ Accessibility | Passenger Safety | |
---|---|---|---|---|
I can adjust the seats in the vehicle for comfort | 0.92 | 0.00 | −0.07 | −0.02 |
I can sit where I want in the vehicle | 0.86 | 0.01 | −0.12 | 0.06 |
I can adjust the temperature in the vehicle to my liking | 0.84 | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.03 |
There is sufficient storage in the vehicle for all my belongings | 0.75 | 0.22 | −0.15 | −0.01 |
The vehicle design creates private spaces | 0.72 | −0.03 | −0.01 | 0.14 |
The vehicle offers me information and entertainment throughout the experience | 0.72 | −0.05 | 0.34 | −0.17 |
I can call to request a ride instead of using the app | 0.71 | 0.00 | 0.1 | −0.07 |
I had someone to help me with the service during my first time requesting a ride | 0.62 | 0.08 | 0.18 | −0.07 |
I can see a profile of the other passenger | 0.51 | −0.01 | 0.08 | 0.24 |
The rideshare service app is easy to use | 0.50 | 0.39 | −0.06 | 0.00 |
The cost to share a ride is more affordable than other transportation | −0.08 | 0.89 | 0.09 | −0.06 |
There is clear information about the ride (e.g., cost, route, time) before I book it | 0.00 | 0.88 | −0.12 | 0.09 |
I won’t be delayed by long detours | 0.01 | 0.83 | −0.1 | 0.05 |
A ride is available 24/7 | 0.13 | 0.71 | 0.09 | −0.07 |
The other passenger is coming from or going to the same event/location as me | 0.07 | 0.65 | 0.14 | 0.00 |
I can provide information about my trip and location to my family and/or friends | 0.03 | 0.57 | 0.09 | 0.17 |
The vehicle is automated and does not have a human driver | −0.03 | −0.04 | 0.91 | −0.15 |
The vehicle is a battery-electric vehicle (only runs on electricity) | −0.10 | 0.05 | 0.87 | 0.00 |
A subscription service is available (i.e., fixed monthly cost for unlimited rides) | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.57 | 0.10 |
The vehicle is accessible for passengers with disabilities | 0.14 | −0.01 | 0.39 | 0.30 |
The other passenger is pre-screened by the rideshare service | −0.05 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.77 |
The vehicle is cleaned/disinfected in between rides | 0.05 | 0.18 | −0.13 | 0.72 |
I can ride with a person who is like me | 0.18 | −0.01 | 0.32 | 0.35 |
Comfort/ Ease of Use | Convenience | Vehicle Technology/ Accessibility | Passenger Safety | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Convenience | 0.78 | |||
Vehicle technology/accessibility | 0.79 | 0.56 | ||
Passenger safety | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.72 | |
Willingness to consider PR | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.40 | 0.28 |
B | Standard Error | Wald (χ2 (1)) | Odds Ratio | Odds Ratio 95% CI (Lower, Upper) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Comfort/ ease of use | −0.17 * | 0.07 | 5.8 | 0.840 | 0.7, 0.9 |
Convenience | 0.94 *** | 0.06 | 204.2 | 2.562 | 2.3, 2.9 |
Vehicle technology/ accessibility | 1.10 *** | 0.05 | 380.5 | 3.016 | 2.7, 3.4 |
Passenger safety | −0.63 *** | 0.07 | 69.8 | 0.532 | 0.5, 0.6 |
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Gangadharaiah, R.; Su, H.; Rosopa, E.B.; Brooks, J.O.; Kolodge, K.; Boor, L.; Rosopa, P.J.; Jia, Y. A User-Centered Design Exploration of Factors That Influence the Rideshare Experience. Safety 2023, 9, 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety9020036
Gangadharaiah R, Su H, Rosopa EB, Brooks JO, Kolodge K, Boor L, Rosopa PJ, Jia Y. A User-Centered Design Exploration of Factors That Influence the Rideshare Experience. Safety. 2023; 9(2):36. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety9020036
Chicago/Turabian StyleGangadharaiah, Rakesh, Haotian Su, Elenah B. Rosopa, Johnell O. Brooks, Kristin Kolodge, Lisa Boor, Patrick J. Rosopa, and Yunyi Jia. 2023. "A User-Centered Design Exploration of Factors That Influence the Rideshare Experience" Safety 9, no. 2: 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety9020036
APA StyleGangadharaiah, R., Su, H., Rosopa, E. B., Brooks, J. O., Kolodge, K., Boor, L., Rosopa, P. J., & Jia, Y. (2023). A User-Centered Design Exploration of Factors That Influence the Rideshare Experience. Safety, 9(2), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety9020036