Micro-CT for Biological and Biomedical Studies: A Comparison of Imaging Techniques
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Imaging Techniques
2.1. Micro-Computed Tomography
2.2. Optical Microscopy
2.3. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
2.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy
3. Case Studies
3.1. Biological
3.1.1. Effects of Climate Change on Gastropod Shells and Egg Capsules
3.1.2. Taxonomic Identification of Polychaeta
3.2. Biomedical
3.2.1. Evaluation of Extracted Thrombotic Material Characteristics
3.2.2. Cardiotoxicity Due to Proteasome Dysfunction
3.2.3. Craniosynostosis in Mice Due to Erf Insufficiency
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biological | Biomedical | Advantages | Disadvantages | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case Study 1 (Section 3.1.1) | Case Study 2 (Section 3.1.2) | Case Study 3 (Section 3.2.1) | Case Study 4 (Section 3.2.2) | Case Study 5 (Section 3.2.3) | ||||
Micro-CT | pixel size (μm) | 2–13.79 μm | 0.98 μm | 4 μm | 2.9 μm | 13.8 μm | ||
sample preparation | only for egg capsules (fixation and staining—4 days) | no | yes (fixation and staining—2 days) | yes (fixation and staining—2 days) | no | internal specimen microstructure, measurements of specimen characteristics (volume, surface, density, thickness, porosity), reliable, reproducible, non-destructive | time consuming for high-resolution datasets, staining might alter specimen characteristics, large dataset size | |
visualisation of features | external and internal shell and egg structures | external and internal structure | thrombotic characteristics | heart | facial deformities and fused sutures on the skull | |||
destructive | potential alterations in egg capsules due to staining procedure | no | potential alterations in thrombotic measurements due to staining procedure | potential alterations in heart structure due to staining procedure | no | |||
imaging duration | 2.5–6 h | 3 h | 1.5 h | 2 h | 2 h | |||
OM | magnification | 8–25× | 40–60× | 200× | 1× | |||
sample preparation | no | no | yes (fixation and staining—1 day) | yes (fixation, staining and removal of remaining tissues—35–40 days) | no pre-treatment, original colours of the specimen, fast if no sample preparation is needed, no limitations for shape or geometries, application to in vivo trials, non-invasive | very thin focus area, destruction of the sample in case that the internal view is needed, time consuming for histological examination | ||
visualisation of features | only external shell and egg structures | external structure | presence of different cell types | sutures | ||||
destructive | no | yes (cross-sections from specific parts) | yes | yes | ||||
imaging duration | immediate | immediate | immediate | immediate | ||||
CLSM | magnification | 60× | 63× | availability of antibodies, photo-bleaching by laser power, destructive method | ||||
sample preparation | yes (fixation, incubation with antibodies—2.5 h) | yes (fixation, incubation with antibodies—6–7 days) | study of organelles, visualisation at the cellular level, studying cellular and molecular events, can be applied to in vivo studies | |||||
visualisation of features | organelles in selected tissues | proliferation, apoptosis, and cell type | ||||||
destructive | yes (young flies were dissected, cardiac tubes or muscle tissues were isolated) | yes | ||||||
imaging duration | immediate | 4–6 h | ||||||
SEM | magnification | 85–600× | ||||||
sample preparation | yes (dehydration and sputter coating with 20 nm thick gold—1 day) | High-resolution images with great focus depth | only surface images, destructive method | |||||
visualisation of features | ||||||||
destructive | yes (fixation, dehydration, sputtering) | |||||||
imaging duration | immediate |
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Keklikoglou, K.; Arvanitidis, C.; Chatzigeorgiou, G.; Chatzinikolaou, E.; Karagiannidis, E.; Koletsa, T.; Magoulas, A.; Makris, K.; Mavrothalassitis, G.; Papanagnou, E.-D.; et al. Micro-CT for Biological and Biomedical Studies: A Comparison of Imaging Techniques. J. Imaging 2021, 7, 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7090172
Keklikoglou K, Arvanitidis C, Chatzigeorgiou G, Chatzinikolaou E, Karagiannidis E, Koletsa T, Magoulas A, Makris K, Mavrothalassitis G, Papanagnou E-D, et al. Micro-CT for Biological and Biomedical Studies: A Comparison of Imaging Techniques. Journal of Imaging. 2021; 7(9):172. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7090172
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeklikoglou, Kleoniki, Christos Arvanitidis, Georgios Chatzigeorgiou, Eva Chatzinikolaou, Efstratios Karagiannidis, Triantafyllia Koletsa, Antonios Magoulas, Konstantinos Makris, George Mavrothalassitis, Eleni-Dimitra Papanagnou, and et al. 2021. "Micro-CT for Biological and Biomedical Studies: A Comparison of Imaging Techniques" Journal of Imaging 7, no. 9: 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7090172