Sex Determination Using Linear Anthropometric Measurements Relative to the Mandibular Reference Plane on CBCT 3D Images
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
- i.
- inferior point of right mental foramen (Mental Foramen R),
- ii.
- inferior point of left mental foramen (Mental Foramen L),
- iii.
- inferior point of right mandibular foramen (Mand Foramen R),
- iv.
- inferior point of left mandibular foramen (Mand Foramen L) (Figure 5).
- i.
- projection of the inferior point of (R) mental foramen (‘Mental Foramen R proj’),
- ii.
- projection of the inferior point of (L) mental foramen (‘Mental Foramen L proj’),
- iii.
- projection of the inferior point of (R) mandibular foramen (‘Mand Foramen R proj’),
- iv.
- projection of the inferior point of (L) mandibular foramen (‘Mand Foramen L proj’),
- v.
- estimated linear measurement between the projections of inferior points of mental foramina (at the reference plane) (Inter-mental) (Figure 7).
- 1st group: 18–29 years old
- 2nd group: 30–40 years old
- 3rd group: 41–51 years old
- 4th group: 52–70 years old
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | All | Female | Male | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | 204 | 102 (50%) | 102 (50%) | |
Age (years) | 50.7 (13.4) | 50.2 (13.5) | 51.1 (13.3) | 0.626 |
Distance (mm) | Sex | Mean (SD) | Mean Difference | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inter-mental | Female | 46.1 (2.82) | −1.3 | (−2.1 to −0.6) | <0.001 * |
Male | 47.4 (2.44) | ||||
Mental Foramen R | Female | 11.6 (1.51) | −1.4 | (−1.8 to −1.0) | <0.001 * |
Male | 13.0 (1.64) | ||||
Mental Foramen L | Female | 11.7 (1.42) | −1.5 | (−2.0 to −1.1) | <0.001 * |
Male | 13.2 (1.46) | ||||
Mand Foramen R | Female | 20.1 (2.88) | −3.3 | (−4.2 to −2.5) | <0.001 * |
Male | 23.4 (3.25) | ||||
Mand Foramen L | Female | 20.3 (3.41) | −3.1 | (−4.0 to −2.2) | <0.001 * |
Male | 23.4 (3.28) |
Measurements | Pearson Correlation Coefficient | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distance (mm) | Inter-Mental | Mental Foramen R | Mental Foramen L | Mand Foramen R | Mand Foramen L |
Inter-mental | 1 | ||||
Mental Foramen R | 0.05 | 1 | |||
Mental Foramen L | 0.12 | 0.80 * | 1 | ||
Mand Foramen R | 0.23 * | 0.36 * | 0.33 * | 1 | |
Mand Foramen L | 0.19 * | 0.37 * | 0.37 * | 0.79 * | 1 |
Measurement, Distance (mm) | Constant | Slope | Pseudo R2 |
---|---|---|---|
Inter-mental | −9.1 | 0.19 | 0.045 |
Mental Foramen R | −8.2 | 0.66 | 0.150 |
Mental Foramen L | −7.7 | 0.62 | 0.154 |
Mand Foramen R | −7.9 | 0.36 | 0.187 |
Mand Foramen L | −6.1 | 0.28 | 0.141 |
BLR equation | Log(Y) = −13.15 + 0.499 × Mental Foramen L + 0.319 × M and Foramen R |
Evaluation parameters | |
Pseudo R2 | 0.667 |
Accuracy & 95%Confidence Interval | 49.5% (45.5% to 53.5%) |
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Christoloukas, N.; Mitsea, A.; Kovatsi, L.; Angelopoulos, C. Sex Determination Using Linear Anthropometric Measurements Relative to the Mandibular Reference Plane on CBCT 3D Images. J. Imaging 2025, 11, 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11070224
Christoloukas N, Mitsea A, Kovatsi L, Angelopoulos C. Sex Determination Using Linear Anthropometric Measurements Relative to the Mandibular Reference Plane on CBCT 3D Images. Journal of Imaging. 2025; 11(7):224. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11070224
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristoloukas, Nikolaos, Anastasia Mitsea, Leda Kovatsi, and Christos Angelopoulos. 2025. "Sex Determination Using Linear Anthropometric Measurements Relative to the Mandibular Reference Plane on CBCT 3D Images" Journal of Imaging 11, no. 7: 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11070224
APA StyleChristoloukas, N., Mitsea, A., Kovatsi, L., & Angelopoulos, C. (2025). Sex Determination Using Linear Anthropometric Measurements Relative to the Mandibular Reference Plane on CBCT 3D Images. Journal of Imaging, 11(7), 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11070224