Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge in Paraná State, Brazil: A Decade of National Regulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Framework of Sewage Sludge Management in Paraná State
- availability of area and infrastructure for treatment and storage of the sludge;
- cost of transporting raw sludge from the STP to the place where the SMU is located;
- cost of laboratory analysis, considering that the higher the number of STP that compose a SMU, the lower will be this cost; and
- distance between the agricultural area and the SMU, factor that influences the cost of transportation.
3. Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge in Paraná State
4. Difficulties and Challenges in Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge in Paraná State
5. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Conama 375/06 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Limit in Sludge | Other Conditions | |||
Agronomic TVS, TOC, TKN, NH4, NO2+NO3, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na (mg·kg−1·TS), pH, TS | NE | Application rate according to the nitrogen amount available in the sludge and the crop necessity. | ||
Sanity | Thermotolerant coliforms (MPN·g−1·TS) | <103 | Sludge treated by one of the Processes to Further Reduce Pathogens, listed in the resolution. Prohibited on pastures (only after 24 months of the last application of sludge) and on cultivation of vegetables, tubers and roots, flooded crops, and crops whose edible part comes into contact with the soil (only after 48 months of the last application). | |
Viable helminthes eggs (g−1·TS) | <0.25 | |||
Salmonella sp. (in 10 g−1·TS) | absence | |||
Virus (PFU or FFU·g−1·TS) | <0.25 | |||
Inorganic (mg·kg−1·TS) | Arsenic | 41 | The theoretical accumulated load of inorganic substances by the application of sewage sludge (kg ha−1) must be respected. | 30 |
Barium | 1300 | 265 | ||
Cadmium | 39 | 4 | ||
Chromium | 1000 | 154 | ||
Copper | 1500 | 137 | ||
Mercury | 17 | 1.2 | ||
Molybdenum | 50 | 13 | ||
Nickel | 420 | 74 | ||
Lead | 300 | 41 | ||
Selenium | 100 | 13 | ||
Zinc | 2800 | 445 | ||
Organic (mg·kg−1·TS) | 1,2-dichlorobenzene | NE | When such organic substance are detected in the characterization of the batch, the same substance in the soil should be monitored according to the criterion of the competent environmental agency. Concentrations in soil (mg·kg−1) must be observed. | 0.73 |
1,3-dichlorobenzene | 0.39 | |||
1,4-dichlorobenzene | 0.39 | |||
1,2,3-trichlorobenzenes | 0.01 | |||
1,2,4-trichlorobenzenes | 0.011 | |||
1,3,5-trichlorobenzenes | 0.5 | |||
1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene | 0.16 | |||
1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene | 0.01 | |||
1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene | 0.0065 | |||
Di-n-butyl phthalate | 0.7 | |||
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) | 1.0 | |||
Dimethyl phthalate | 0.25 | |||
Cresols | 0.16 | |||
2,4-dichlorophenol | 0.031 | |||
2,4,6-trichlorophenol | 2.4 | |||
Pentachlorophenol | 0.16 | |||
Benz[a]anthracene | 0.025 | |||
Benzo[a]pyrene | 0.052 | |||
Benzo[k]fluoranthene | 0.38 | |||
Indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene | 0.031 | |||
Naphthalene | 0.12 | |||
Phenanthrene | 3.3 | |||
Lindane | 0.001 | |||
Aldrin | NE | |||
Dieldrin | NE | |||
Endrin | NE | |||
Chlordane | NE | |||
Heptachlor | NE | |||
Trichloroethane (DDT) | NE | |||
Toxaphene | NE | |||
Mirex | NE | |||
Hexachlorobenzene | NE | |||
PCBs | NE | |||
Dioxins and furans | NE |
Parameters | Limit in Sludge | Other Conditions |
---|---|---|
Thermotolerant coliforms (MPN·g−1·TS) | <106 | Sludge treated by one of the Processes to Significantly Reduce Pathogens, listed in the resolution. The use is restricted to coffee cultivation, silviculture, crops for the production of fibers and oils, with the mechanized application in ruts or pits, followed by incorporation. In case of manual harvesting, the application should be made at least 6 months before harvesting. Measures must be taken to restrict public access to the area for a period of 12 months after the last application and a sign must indicate the activities carried out on site. |
Viable helminthes eggs (g−1·TS) | <10 | |
Agronomic | The same as presented in Table 1 | |
Inorganic | ||
Organic |
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Bittencourt, S. Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge in Paraná State, Brazil: A Decade of National Regulation. Recycling 2018, 3, 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling3040053
Bittencourt S. Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge in Paraná State, Brazil: A Decade of National Regulation. Recycling. 2018; 3(4):53. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling3040053
Chicago/Turabian StyleBittencourt, Simone. 2018. "Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge in Paraná State, Brazil: A Decade of National Regulation" Recycling 3, no. 4: 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling3040053