Compressive Strength and Leaching Behavior of Mortars with Biomass Ash
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- the reduction of the cement content;
- (2)
- the use of fly ash as a raw material, instead of disposing of it;
- (3)
- the improvement of the concrete durability properties;
- (4)
- a better workability of the concrete mix.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Specimens Preparation and Procedure
2.2. Compressive Strength
2.3. Micro-Structural, Chemical and Physical Ash Characterization
2.4. Heavy Metal Leaching Tests
3. Results and Discussion
Heavy Metal Leaching Tests
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Corn, Whole Plant [7] [mg/kg d. b.] | Coniferous Wood [8] [mg/kg d. b.] | Grain Straw [8] [mg/kg d. b.] |
---|---|---|---|
Chrome | 4.85 | 4.50 | 4.62 |
Cobalt | 0.23 | 0.35 | 0.14 |
Copper | 6.08 | 3.45 | 2.21 |
Manganese | 46.25 | 344.70 | 22.00 |
Molybdenum | 2.53 | 1.12 | 0.38 |
Nickel | 0.62 | 4.23 | 0.69 |
Zinc | 50.08 | 37.64 | 9.42 |
Units | Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | K | Ca | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 5.62 | 3.96 | 8.20 | 39.94 | 3.31 | 6.03 | 2.63 | 7.09 | 16.52 | 5.02 |
w/cm = 0.42 | w/cm = 0.50 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WCSA | Water (mL) | CEM II/A-L 32.5R | Ash (g) | Sand (g) | Water (mL) | CEM II/A-L 32.5R | Ash (g) | Sand (g) |
0 | 189 | 450 | 0 | 1350 | 227 | 450 | 0 | 1426 |
10% | 193 | 405 | 54 | 1350 | 244 | 405 | 45.2 | 1426 |
20% | 197 | 360 | 108 | 1350 | 262 | 360 | 90.4 | 1426 |
30% | 200 | 315 | 152 | 1350 | 280 | 315 | 135.5 | 1426 |
WCSA | w/cm | Average Diameter (cm) | w/cm | Average Diameter (cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.42 | 13 | 0.5 | 14 |
10% | 0.42 | 13 | 0.5 | 16 |
20% | 0.42 | 13 | 0.5 | 18 |
30% | 0.42 | 13 | 0.5 | 19 |
Age Days | w/cm = 0.42 | w/cm = 0.50 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 10% | 20% | 30% | Control | 10% | 20% | 30% | |
3 | 28.0 | 26.4 | 26.6 | 23.3 | 22.0 | 17.8 | 14.6 | 14.9 |
7 | 32.5 | 35.0 | 32.3 | 25.6 | 27.4 | 21.3 | 17.6 | 19.4 |
28 | 38.4 | 38.8 | 36.7 | 37.2 | 30.6 | 27.9 | 25.2 | 26.7 |
56 | 38.7 | 40.0 | 37.2 | 37.3 | 31.4 | 28.2 | 25.7 | 27.6 |
w/cm = 0.42 | w/cm = 0.50 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample Ash% | 1/b1 (-) | 1/a1 (MPa) | 1/a1 (-) | 1/a1 (MPa) |
0 | 0.047 | 39.1 | 0.031 | 31.9 |
10 | 0.036 | 41.4 | 0.022 | 27.4 |
20 | 0.036 | 40.3 | 0.014 | 25.1 |
30 | 0.022 | 38.6 | 0.013 | 28.6 |
WCSA | Ba | Cr | Cu | Ni | Pb | V | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.087 | 0.008 | 0.042 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.128 |
10% | 0.082 | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.011 | 0.113 |
20% | 0.049 | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.386 |
30% | 0.285 | 0.006 | 0.013 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.015 | 0.001 |
0 | 0.272 | 0.008 | 0.019 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.012 | 0.001 |
10% | 0.079 | 0.026 | 0.037 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.026 | 0.116 |
20% | 0.034 | 0.011 | 0.015 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.026 | 0.001 |
30% | 0.143 | 0.008 | 0.011 | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.298 |
ref. limit | 1.0 | 0.05 | 0.05l | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 3.0 |
w/cm = 0.42 | w/cm = 0.50 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample ash | 1/b1 (-) | 1/a1 (meq Ca) | 1/b1 (-) | 1/a1 (meq Ca) |
0 | 0.094 | 10.58 | 0.049 | 20.31 |
10% | 0.073 | 13.61 | 0.062 | 16.04 |
20% | 0.124 | 8.06 | 0.075 | 13.23 |
30% | 0.183 | 5.45 | 0.074 | 13.41 |
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Fava, G.; Naik, T.R.; Pierpaoli, M. Compressive Strength and Leaching Behavior of Mortars with Biomass Ash. Recycling 2018, 3, 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling3030046
Fava G, Naik TR, Pierpaoli M. Compressive Strength and Leaching Behavior of Mortars with Biomass Ash. Recycling. 2018; 3(3):46. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling3030046
Chicago/Turabian StyleFava, Gabriele, Tarun R. Naik, and Mattia Pierpaoli. 2018. "Compressive Strength and Leaching Behavior of Mortars with Biomass Ash" Recycling 3, no. 3: 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling3030046