Extraction of Antioxidant Phenolics from Agri-Food Waste Biomass Using a Newly Designed Glycerol-Based Natural Low-Transition Temperature Mixture: A Comparison with Conventional Eco-Friendly Solvents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Low Transition Temperature Mixture (LTTM) Synthesis
2.3. Agri-Food Wastes
2.4. Extraction Procedure
2.5. The Determination of Yields in Total Polyphenols (YTP), Total Chlorogenates (YTCg), and Total Flavonoids (YTFn)
2.6. Antioxidant Activity Assays
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Extraction Efficiency
3.2. Polyphenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
AAR | antiradical activity (μmol·DPPH·g−1) |
CTFn | total flavonoid concentration (mg·RtE·L−1) |
PR | reducing power (μmol·AAE·g−1) |
RL/S | liquid-to-solid ratio (mL·g−1) |
YTCg | yield in total chlorogenates (mg·CGAE·g−1) |
YTFn | yield in total flavonoids (mg·RtE·g−1) |
YTP | yield in total polyphenols (mg·g−1) |
Abbreviations
AAE | ascorbic acid equivalents |
DPPH• | 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl radical |
dw | dry weight |
EPP | eggplant peels |
HBA | hydrogen bond acceptor |
HBD | hydrogen bond donor |
LTTM | low-transition temperature mixture |
PP | potato peels |
SFC | spent filter coffee |
TPTZ | 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine |
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Solvent | Waste | ||
---|---|---|---|
PPs | EPPs | SFC | |
80% (w/v) aq glycerol | 5.49 ± 0.29 | 21.09 ± 0.73 | 5.89 ± 0.19 |
50% (v/v) aq methanol | 5.74 ± 0.22 | 19.67 ± 0.28 | 9.24 ± 0.20 |
50% (v/v) aq ethanol | 5.05 ± 0.14 | 19.33 ± 0.31 | 8.79 ± 0.08 |
Water | 3.53 ± 0.14 a | 14.30 ± 0.28 a | 5.29 ± 0.15 |
LTTM | 7.38 ± 0.55 a | 27.63 ± 0.31 a | 11.74 ± 0.22 a |
Solvent | Waste | ||
---|---|---|---|
PPs | EPPs | SFC | |
80% (w/v) aq glycerol | 6.02 ± 0.09 a | 12.85 ± 0.27 | 8.70 ± 0.13 a |
50% (v/v) aq methanol | 3.14 ± 0.09 | 10.13 ± 0.14 | 12.78 ± 0.25 |
50% (v/v) aq ethanol | 2.68 ± 0.13 | 9.60 ± 0.14 | 12.94 ± 0.05 |
Water | 1.98 ± 0.20 | 9.94 ± 0.60 | 14.82 ± 0.98 |
LTTM | 4.66 ± 0.05 | 24.68 ± 0.80 a | 12.48 ± 0.05 |
No | Rt (min) | UV-Vis | [M + H]+ (m/z) | Fragment Ions (m/z) | Tentative Identity | Waste | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PPs | EPPs | SFC | ||||||
1 | 12.87 | 244, 292, 316 | 251 | - | p-Coumaric acid derivative | ○ | ● | ○ |
2 | 14.48 | 242, 328 | 355 | 163 | Caffeoylquinic acid | ○ | ○ | ● |
3 | 15.17 | 248, 320 | 355 | 163 | Caffeoylquinic acid | ○ | ○ | ● |
4 | 15.25 | 246, 328 | 355 | 377 [M + Na]+, 163 | Caffeoylquinic acid | ○ | ● | ○ |
5 | 15.90 | 244, 292, 316 | 339 | 195 | p-Coumaroylquinic acid | ○ | ● | ○ |
6 | 17.95 | 246, 318 | 339 | 195 | p-Coumaroylquinic acid | ○ | ○ | ● |
7 | 18.07 | 246, 292, 318 | 472 | 220 | N1-(hydro)caffeoyl-N8-(hydro) caffeoylspermidine | ○ | ● | ○ |
8 | 18.43 | 240, 316 | 339 | 195 | p-Coumaroylquinic acid | ○ | ○ | ● |
9 | 19.43 | 246, 328 | 355 | 377 [M + Na]+, 163 | Caffeoylquinic acid | ● | ● | ● |
10 | 20.84 | 246, 320 | 339 | 195 | p-Coumaroylquinic acid | ○ | ○ | ● |
11 | 20.93 | 246, 328 | 695 | 717 [M + Na]+ | Caffeic acid derivative | ○ | ● | ○ |
12 | 21.01 | 242, 342 | 595 | 289 | Kaempferol rutinoside | ● | ● | ○ |
13 | 22.67 | 242, 320 | 339 | 195 | p-Coumaroylquinic acid | ○ | ○ | ● |
14 | 25.48 | 242, 320 | 613 | Caffeoylspermine | ● | ○ | ○ | |
15 | 25.93 | 246, 320 | 517 | di-Caffeoylquinic acid | ○ | ○ | ● | |
16 | 27.67 | 252, 350 | 611 | 303 | Quercetin rutinoside | ○ | ○ | ● |
17 | 28.93 | 238, 322 | 517 | di-Caffeoylquinic acid | ● | ● | ● | |
18 | 29.56 | 242, 320 | 517 | 539 [M + Na]+ | di-Caffeoylquinic acid | ○ | ○ | ● |
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Manousaki, A.; Jancheva, M.; Grigorakis, S.; Makris, D.P. Extraction of Antioxidant Phenolics from Agri-Food Waste Biomass Using a Newly Designed Glycerol-Based Natural Low-Transition Temperature Mixture: A Comparison with Conventional Eco-Friendly Solvents. Recycling 2016, 1, 194-204. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling1010194
Manousaki A, Jancheva M, Grigorakis S, Makris DP. Extraction of Antioxidant Phenolics from Agri-Food Waste Biomass Using a Newly Designed Glycerol-Based Natural Low-Transition Temperature Mixture: A Comparison with Conventional Eco-Friendly Solvents. Recycling. 2016; 1(1):194-204. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling1010194
Chicago/Turabian StyleManousaki, Areti, Magdalena Jancheva, Spyros Grigorakis, and Dimitris P. Makris. 2016. "Extraction of Antioxidant Phenolics from Agri-Food Waste Biomass Using a Newly Designed Glycerol-Based Natural Low-Transition Temperature Mixture: A Comparison with Conventional Eco-Friendly Solvents" Recycling 1, no. 1: 194-204. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling1010194