Recent Development in Carbon-LiFePO4 Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Mini Review †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (i)
- The large surface area, strong heat resistance, electrical conductivity, and high structural integrity of carbon promotes the performance of LIBs [16].
- (ii)
- Carbon compounds are available in various structures and dimensions, including graphene, graphite, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), carbon nanofibers, and nanotubes each with its own set of physical and chemical characteristics, allowing for a wide range of options for stabilizing electrodes [17].
- (iii)
- Sources for Carbon materials are plentiful and inexpensive [17].
- (iv)
- The light weight and compatibility of carbon compounds ameliorate the electrode space utilization in LIBs [18].
2. Effects of Adding Carbon to LFP Cathodes
2.1. Carbon Sources
2.1.1. MOFs-Derived Carbon
2.1.2. Biomass and Organic-Derived Carbon
2.1.3. Polymer-Derived Carbon
2.2. Dimensions at Nanoscale
2.2.1. One Dimensional (1D) C-LFP
Effects of Synthesis, Particle Size, Diffusion Path and Bonding on 1D C-LFP
Effects of Fabrication Method, Additives, and Surfactant on 1D C/LFP
- (i)
- Mixing of carbon and LFP, post synthesis;
- (ii)
- Depositing or coating carbon structures over LFP via solution/vapor phase;
- (iii)
- In-situ co-formation of LFP carbon composite.
Effects of Surface Functionalization on 1D C-LFP
2.2.2. Two-Dimensional (2D) C-LFP
Effects of Fabrication Methods and Additives
Effects of Particle Size, Thickness, and Surface Functionalities
2.2.3. 3D Carbon LFP Composite
3. Effects of Electrolyte in Performance of C-LFP
4. Conclusions and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Carbon Sources | Synthesis Method | Morphology | Particle Size (LFP and C-LFP) | Mass Loading of C-LFP | Discharge Capacity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sericin | Solid state synthesis and calcination | Spherical | -- | 0.5 wt% | 113.51 mAh g−1 at 1 C | [26] |
Orange peel | Mechincal activation process | Spherical | LFP—140 nm C-LFP—90 nm | 2.7 mg cm−2 | 139.8 mAh g−1 at 1 C-rate | [29] |
Glucose | in situ solvothermal and calcination process | Microcavity pores | LFP—100 to 300 nm | 85 wt% | 192 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C | [32] |
Vegetable cooking oil | Catalytic process and chemical vapour deposition | Spherical | Carbon >200 nm | 80 wt% | 102 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1 | [33] |
Source of Carbon | Type of Carbon/LFP | Preparation Methods | Performance | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Graphite | C-rGO/LFP | Modified Hummer’s method, In-situ polymerization | 168 mAh g−1 at 0.05 C | [77] |
Graphite | rGO/LFP | Ball milling, modified Hummer’s method | 158 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C | [78] |
Graphite | Graphene/LFP | Graphite oxidation, thermal treatment, and chemical reduction | 142 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C | [79] |
Graphite | Nitrogen doped C/LFP | Electrostatic grafting | 171.9 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C | [80] |
Graphite | Boron doped C/LFP | Solgel, Thermal treatment, Modified Hummers method | 162.2 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C | [81] |
Commercial | LFP/MWCNT | Hydrothermal | 121 mA h g-1 at 1 C | [82] |
Commercial | LFP/MWCNT | Hydrothermal, heat treatment | 160.3 mAh g−1 at 0.3 C | [83] |
Commercial | LFP/MWCNT | Plasma treatment | 114 mAh g−1 at 1 C | [84] |
Commercial | LFP/MWCNT | Spray drying | 157.4 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C | [85] |
Commercial | LFP/MWCNT | Vacuum freeze drying/solvothermal | 152.7 mAh g−1 at 1 C | [86] |
Commercial | LFP/MWCNT | tape-cast fabrication | 144.9 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C | [87] |
Commercial | LFP/MWCNT | Chemical synthesis | ~192 mAh g at 0.1 C | [88] |
Commercial | LFP/CNT | Co-precipitation | 195 mAh g−1 | [43] |
Commercial | 3D LFP/CNT-PVP | CVD, Vacuum drying | 123 mAh g−1 | [89] |
Commercial | C-LFP | Wet processing | 143.8 mAh g−1 at 1 C | [90] |
Commercial | C/LFP | Solgel | 150 mAh g−1 | [91] |
Graphene | G/LFP/C | Ball mill, solid state reaction | 163.8 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C | [92] |
Graphene oxide | LFP/C/rGO | Solvothermal, carbon coating | 129 mAh g−1 | [93] |
CNT | LFP/MWCNT | 3D printing | 1.44 mA h cm−2 at 0.5 C | [94] |
CNT | LFP/C/CNT | Sol-gel | 158 mA h g−1 at a rate of 1 C | [95] |
CNT | LFP/Core shell | Solvothermal, liquid deposition | 132.8 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C | [96] |
Glucose | LFP/C | CVD, Thermal processing | 89.69 mAh g–1 at 200 C | [97] |
Glucose | C/LFP | Hydrothermal synthesis | 162 mAh g−1 at 1 C | [98] |
Glucose | Graphite sheet/N doped C/LFP | Insitu plasma treatment | 100.7 mAh g−1 at 150 C | [99] |
Glucose | C/LFP | Hydrothermal, calcination | 170 mAh g−1 | [100] |
Glucose | C-LFPsupra balls | Solvothermal, Thermal treatment | 162 mAh g−1 at 1 C | [101] |
Fructose | C/LFP | Hydrothermal | 98 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C | [102] |
Sucrose | C/LFP | Vacuum deposition | 123.9 mAh g−1 at 5 C | [103] |
Chitosan | C/LFP | Freeze drying, thermal processing | 155.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C | [104] |
Citric acid | C/LFP | Ball mill, heat treatment | 148.3 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C | [105] |
Citric acid | Graphitized LFP/C | Insitu synthesis | 164 mAh g−1 at 2 C | [106] |
Citrate | Co doped C-LFP | Combustion method | 49 mAh.g−1 at 2.4 mg.cm−2 | [107] |
Citric acid | LFP/C | Solgel | 93.54 mAh g−1 | [108] |
Polymer | C/LFP Core-shell | Chemical synthesis | 120.2 mAh·g−1 | [109] |
Polystyrene | C/LFP | Carbothermal reduction | 147 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 C | [110] |
xylitol-PVA | C/LFP | Ball mill, Chemical treatment | Volumetric energy density17.8 Wh L−1 at 10 C | [111] |
PVDF | Fluorine doped C-LFP | Ball mill, rheological solid state phase method | 100.2 mA h g–1 at 20 C | [112] |
Thermoplastic polyurethane/Super P | LFP/C | phase separation | 153 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C | [113] |
N-methylimidazole | C-LFP | Colloidal synthesis | 164 mAh g−1 | [114] |
butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide | Nitrogen doped C/LFP | microwave pyrolysis | 133.6 mAh g−1 | [115] |
Oleylamine | LFP/C | Supercritical alcohol, calcination | 84 mAh g−1 at 20 C | [116] |
[BMIm]N(CN)2—Ionic liquid | C-LFP | microwave-assisted pyrolysis | 149.4 mAh g−1 | [117] |
[VEIm]NTf2—Ionic liquid | C/LFP | Hydrothermal | 136.4 mAhg− 1 at 0.1 C | [118] |
Polybenzoxazine | LFP/Nitrogen doped C | Thermal treatment | 156.9 mA h g−1 | [119] |
Dopamine, polyethylene glycol | Nitrogen doped C-LFP | Spray drying | 156 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C | [120] |
[BMIM]BF4—Ionic liquid | Fluorine doped N-C-LFP | Hydrothermal | 162.2 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C | [121] |
Mxene | Mxene/LFP/C | Electrostatic self-assembly | 156.6 mAh·g−1 at 1 C | [122] |
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Ramasubramanian, B.; Sundarrajan, S.; Chellappan, V.; Reddy, M.V.; Ramakrishna, S.; Zaghib, K. Recent Development in Carbon-LiFePO4 Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Mini Review. Batteries 2022, 8, 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100133
Ramasubramanian B, Sundarrajan S, Chellappan V, Reddy MV, Ramakrishna S, Zaghib K. Recent Development in Carbon-LiFePO4 Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Mini Review. Batteries. 2022; 8(10):133. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100133
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamasubramanian, Brindha, Subramanian Sundarrajan, Vijila Chellappan, M. V. Reddy, Seeram Ramakrishna, and Karim Zaghib. 2022. "Recent Development in Carbon-LiFePO4 Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Mini Review" Batteries 8, no. 10: 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100133