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Volume 12
Issue 1
10.3390/batteries12010002
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Article

State of Health Estimation of Lithium Cobalt Oxide Batteries Based on ARX Identification Across Different Temperatures

by
Simone Barcellona
1,*,
Mattia Ribera
2,
Emanuele Fedele
2,
Pasquale Franzese
2,
Luigi Piegari
1,
Lorenzo Codecasa
1 and
Diego Iannuzzi
2
1
Department of Electronics, Information and Bionengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy
2
Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DIETI), Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, I-80125 Naples, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Batteries 2026, 12(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12010002 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 10 November 2025 / Revised: 12 December 2025 / Accepted: 17 December 2025 / Published: 20 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Smarter Battery Management System: 3rd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) undergo degradation influenced by storage and cycling conditions. Accurate state of health (SOH) assessment is crucial for predicting battery aging, which is generally marked by a decline in capacity (energy fade) or an increase in internal resistance (power fade). This study investigates the impulse response (IR) technique for assessing the SOH of lithium cobalt oxide batteries, addressing both capacity fade and rising internal resistance. The IR method relies on a predefined dataset that records the voltage response of the LiB to pulse current inputs across various states of charge (SOC), temperatures, and aging conditions to train a series of linear auto-regressive exogenous (ARX) models. This dataset is then used as a look-up table for subsequent SOH estimation under new operating conditions. The results demonstrate that the method can capture trends in capacity fade and resistance increase only when multiple battery temperatures are incorporated into the look-up table. In contrast, estimations based on ARX models trained at a single fixed temperature fail to provide reliable predictions of battery SOH.
Keywords: lithium-ion batteries; cycle aging; impulse response method; state of health estimation lithium-ion batteries; cycle aging; impulse response method; state of health estimation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Barcellona, S.; Ribera, M.; Fedele, E.; Franzese, P.; Piegari, L.; Codecasa, L.; Iannuzzi, D. State of Health Estimation of Lithium Cobalt Oxide Batteries Based on ARX Identification Across Different Temperatures. Batteries 2026, 12, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12010002

AMA Style

Barcellona S, Ribera M, Fedele E, Franzese P, Piegari L, Codecasa L, Iannuzzi D. State of Health Estimation of Lithium Cobalt Oxide Batteries Based on ARX Identification Across Different Temperatures. Batteries. 2026; 12(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12010002

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barcellona, Simone, Mattia Ribera, Emanuele Fedele, Pasquale Franzese, Luigi Piegari, Lorenzo Codecasa, and Diego Iannuzzi. 2026. "State of Health Estimation of Lithium Cobalt Oxide Batteries Based on ARX Identification Across Different Temperatures" Batteries 12, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12010002

APA Style

Barcellona, S., Ribera, M., Fedele, E., Franzese, P., Piegari, L., Codecasa, L., & Iannuzzi, D. (2026). State of Health Estimation of Lithium Cobalt Oxide Batteries Based on ARX Identification Across Different Temperatures. Batteries, 12(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12010002

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