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Volume 11
Issue 10
10.3390/batteries11100363
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Communication

Intergranular Crack of Cathode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries Subjected to Rapid Cooling During Transient Thermal Runaway

by
Siqi Li
1,
Changchun Ye
1,
Ming Jin
2,
Guobin Zhong
2,3,
Shi Liu
2,3,*,
Yajie Liu
1,* and
Zhixin Tai
1,*
1
Advanced Energy Storage Materials and Technology Research Center, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Carbon Neutrality, Jiangmen Laboratory of Carbon Science and Technology, Jiangmen 529199, China
2
National Institute of Guangdong Advanced Energy Storage, Guangzhou 510080, China
3
China Southern Power Grid Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510062, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Batteries 2025, 11(10), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11100363
Submission received: 6 August 2025 / Revised: 16 September 2025 / Accepted: 26 September 2025 / Published: 30 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Interface: Analysis & Design)
Versions Notes

Abstract

In metallurgy, the quenching process often induces changes in certain material properties, such as hardness and ductility, through the rapid cooling of a workpiece in water, gas, oil, polymer, air, or other fluids. Given that lithium-ion batteries operate under relatively benign conditions, conventional rapid cooling does not significantly affect the property variations in their internal electrode materials during normal use. However, thermal runaway presents an exception due to its dramatic temperature fluctuations from room temperature to several hundred degrees Celsius. In this study, we investigated NCM811 cathodes in 18,650 batteries subjected to transient thermal runaway followed by rapid cooling using several advanced analytical techniques. The results reveal a phenomenon characterized by intergranular cracking within NCM811 cathode materials when exposed to rapid cooling during transient thermal runaway. Furthermore, lithium-ion cells utilizing reused NCM-182.4 electrodes in fresh electrolyte demonstrate a reversible capacity of 231.4 mAh/g after 30 cycles at 0.1 C, highlighting the potential for reusing NCM811 cathodes in the lithium-ion battery recycling process. These findings not only illustrate that NCM811 particles may experience intergranular cracking when subjected to rapid cooling during transient thermal runaway, but also the rapidly cooled NCM811 electrodes exhibit potential for reuse.
Keywords: granular crack; thermal runaway; cathode granular crack; thermal runaway; cathode

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MDPI and ACS Style

Li, S.; Ye, C.; Jin, M.; Zhong, G.; Liu, S.; Liu, Y.; Tai, Z. Intergranular Crack of Cathode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries Subjected to Rapid Cooling During Transient Thermal Runaway. Batteries 2025, 11, 363. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11100363

AMA Style

Li S, Ye C, Jin M, Zhong G, Liu S, Liu Y, Tai Z. Intergranular Crack of Cathode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries Subjected to Rapid Cooling During Transient Thermal Runaway. Batteries. 2025; 11(10):363. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11100363

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Siqi, Changchun Ye, Ming Jin, Guobin Zhong, Shi Liu, Yajie Liu, and Zhixin Tai. 2025. "Intergranular Crack of Cathode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries Subjected to Rapid Cooling During Transient Thermal Runaway" Batteries 11, no. 10: 363. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11100363

APA Style

Li, S., Ye, C., Jin, M., Zhong, G., Liu, S., Liu, Y., & Tai, Z. (2025). Intergranular Crack of Cathode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries Subjected to Rapid Cooling During Transient Thermal Runaway. Batteries, 11(10), 363. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11100363

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