Optimizing Entomopathogenic Nematode Genetics and Applications for the Integrated Management of Horticultural Pests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. EPN Biology and Ecology
3. Potential of the Symbionts in IPM
4. Potential of the EPNs in IPM
4.1. General Precautions for Optimal EPN Applications
4.2. Applications of EPNs in IPM
5. Genetic Techniques to Enhance EPN Efficacy
5.1. General Aspects of Insect-EPN Interactions
5.2. Current EPN Genetic Techniques to Optimize Insect–EPN Interactions
5.3. Exploring EPNs Molecular Tools for Favorable Plant–Insect Interactions
5.4. Modern Examples of Progress Based on EPN-Molecular Techniques
6. Biocontrol Methods of Insect Pests by EPNs
6.1. Augmentation or Inundative Biocontrol
6.2. Classical Biocontrol
6.3. Conservation Biocontrol
7. Avoiding Unfavorable Aspects of EPN for Further IPM Exploitation
8. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strategy | EPN/Bacterial Species | Target Pests or Media Used | Target Beneficial Traits/Objectives | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Genetic improvement | ||||
(A) Discovery of new species or strains | Steinernema scapterisci | Mole crickets (Scapteriscus spp.) | Efficacy against invasive mole crickets inflicting pasture and turf | [105] |
(B) Selection/breeding of promising EPNs | ||||
i. Enhancing foraging strategy | S. carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora | Red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) | High host-seeking ability | [65] |
ii. Raising drought tolerance | H. megidis and H. bacteriophora | Greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) | Enhanced desiccation tolerance | [77,117] |
iii. Boosting tolerance to temperature extremes | H. bacteriophora | Greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) | Tolerance to temperature extremes | [118] |
iv. Securing EPN virulence under UV-stressed conditions | S. carpocapsae and S. riobrave | Greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) | Keep the virulence of UV-stressed nematodes in warm/cold ambient | [119] |
v. Boosting EPN virulence | S. feltiae | Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) | Increased infectivity and efficacy | [120] |
vi. Increasing nematicide resistance | H. bacteriophora strain HP88 | Greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) | Improve resistance to fenamiphos, oxamyl and avermectin | [73] |
vii. Breeding EPN for cost-effective application | H. bacteriophora | Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) | Reducing EPN application density to bring costs into the range of chemical pesticides | [72] |
viii. Extending the survival | H. bacteriophora | Greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) | Improving stress tolerance and survival | [69] |
(A) Nematode-genetic engineering | ||||
i. Raising thermotolerance | H. bacteriophora | Turfgrass field microplots | Heat tolerance via transforming a heat shock protein | [121] |
ii. Raising osmotolerance and desiccation tolerance in the transgenic adults | S. feltiae | Laboratory bioassays | Improve osmotolerance and desiccation tolerance in the modified EPN adults | [84] |
(B) Plant-incorporated protectants | ||||
i. Enhancing plant tolerance against aphids | Xenorhabdus bovienii | Peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae) | Expressing protease inhibitor protein to enhance insect tolerance | [122] |
ii. Bacterial mixture to control an insect pest | P. temperate temperata culture broth | Brassica leaf beetle (Phaedon brassicae) | The bacterial cultured broth showed potent immunosuppressive activity | [21] |
2. Non-genetic improvement | ||||
i. Raising EPN yield and fitness | S. feltiae SN strain | Optimized in vitro solid culture media | Improve EPN yield and fitness against Spodoptera litura | [123] |
ii. Inducing high EPN recovery and yield | S. jeffreyense and S. yirgalemense | Optimized in vitro liquid culture medium | Obtaining high EPN recovery and yield | [124] |
iii. Improved formulation | S. carpocapsae | Lesser peachtree borer (Synanthedon pictipes) | Enhanced IJ survival and induced high pest mortality | [125] |
iv. Dual-purpose: | H. bacteriophora strain EGG | Both insect and plant parasitic nematode pests | Multi-purpose usage of EPNs | [30] |
v. Co-application: | Formulate S. carpoca- psae with S. feltiae | Black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) larvae | Keep the pest populations below the economic threshold level | [48] |
vi. Sequential application of Metarhizium anisopliae at 0, 7, or 14 days prior to EPN | H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae or S. kraussei | Black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) larvae | Synergistic or additive effect of the fungus and an EPN species | [35] |
Country (Continent) | Crop | Insect Target | EPNs | Mortality | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
USA (North America) | Citrus | Diaprepes abbreviatus | Steinernema riobrave | 77–90% | [126] |
Italy (Europe) | Nature Parks | Popillia japonica | Heterorhabditis bacteriophora | 44–93% | [127] |
Colombia (South America) | Banana | Metamasius hem-ipterus sericeus | Steinernema colombiense | Adult (50%) Larvae (90%) | [128] |
Brazil (South America) | Sugarcane | Mahanarva fimbriolata | Heterorhabditis sp. | 74% | [129] |
Egypt (Africa) | Peanut | Agrotis ipsilon | S. glaseri | 85.8–93.3% | [54] |
China (Asia) | Chinese chive | Bradysia odoriphaga | Heterorhabditis sp. & S. bibionis | 69%% | [130] |
Australia | Banana | Cosmopolites sordidus | Steinemema carpocapsae | Up to 68% of infected larvae | [131] |
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Abd-Elgawad, M.M.M. Optimizing Entomopathogenic Nematode Genetics and Applications for the Integrated Management of Horticultural Pests. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 865. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9080865
Abd-Elgawad MMM. Optimizing Entomopathogenic Nematode Genetics and Applications for the Integrated Management of Horticultural Pests. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(8):865. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9080865
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbd-Elgawad, Mahfouz M. M. 2023. "Optimizing Entomopathogenic Nematode Genetics and Applications for the Integrated Management of Horticultural Pests" Horticulturae 9, no. 8: 865. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9080865