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Article

Vegetative Growth and Productivity of Potted Crocus sativus in Different Growing Media

by
Mohammed E. El-Mahrouk
1,
Yaser Hassan Dewir
2,*,
Hassan El-Ramady
3,4 and
Mayada Kadri Seliem
5
1
Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
2
Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
3
Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 138 Böszörményi Street, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
4
Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
5
Ornamental and Floriculture Department, Horticulture Research Institute, El-Sabahia, Alexandria 21599, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Horticulturae 2023, 9(3), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030377
Submission received: 19 January 2023 / Revised: 21 February 2023 / Accepted: 11 March 2023 / Published: 14 March 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Mediterranean Environments)
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Abstract

:
Saffron (Crocus sativus) is the most expensive spice in the world and a valuable medicinal plant. In this study, the flowering, vegetative growth performance, and daughter corm formation of potted saffron were investigated in six growing media: loamy soil, silty soil, sandy soil, peatmoss, peatmoss + sandy soil, and peatmoss + foam. The highest values of the stigma fresh weight, the root weight, and the number and diameter of daughter corms were observed in plants grown in soil with a light texture, i.e., sandy soil or peatmoss + foam, although smaller daughter corms were produced by sandy soil-grown plants. Compared with loamy soil (heavy soil), the peatmoss + foam growing medium increased the leaf pigment levels and the number of leaves and daughter corms, and it produced the highest number of daughter corms with diameters of ≥2 cm. Compared with plants in other media, saffron plants grown in loamy soil had higher catalase and peroxidase activities but lower polyphenol oxidase activity. Overall, saffron could be cultivated and produced in growing media with various pH values (4.00–9.25), although a mixture of peatmoss and foam was the optimal growing medium for potted saffron production. These findings are beneficial for selecting the optimal growing media/soil for saffron cultivation in farmlands.

1. Introduction

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a highly priced spice infertile perennial plant belonging to the family Iridaceae [1]. The dormancy of saffron can extend from May to late summer (i.e., June, July, and August), and the plant flowers in autumn [2]. Saffron is classified as a monocotyledonous herbaceous triploid plant and is cultivated for its stigma (called threads), with 90–93% of global production occurring in Iran [2,3,4,5]. The stigmas are collected and dried, after which they are used mainly as coloring and seasoning agents in foods but also in many industries (e.g., in dyes, textiles, drugs, culinary adjuncts, and flavorings) and for their pharmacological properties, including anticancer, antioxidant, antitumor, and antimutagenic activities [6,7]. The production of 0.5 g of dry stigma reportedly requires 75–100 saffron flowers, which provide about 225–300 stigma threads. Thus, saffron is considered the most expensive spice in the world, with 1 kg costing EUR 1500–2200 [4,7]. Saffron is cultivated in only a few places worldwide, which are ordered in terms of their saffron cultivation area as follows (in hectares): Iran (108,000), Afghanistan (7557), India (3674), Greece (1000), Morocco (850), Spain (150), Italy (70), and France (37) [3]. The bioactive ingredients in saffron spice that provide its phytochemical, pharmaceutical, or therapeutic attributes include crocins, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal, which also provide the color, bitterness, and aromatic properties of the spice [4,5,7,8,9]. Saffron has also been reported to ameliorate complications related to diabetes mellitus [10,11].
Growing substrates affect plant growth and development through their physical and chemical properties [12,13]. Such substrates must have low physical strength and high porosity [14], the latter of which is essential for ensuring that air, water, and nutrients reach the roots. However, a growing substrate’s most important quality is how it adsorbs, retains, and releases water [15]. A high water retention capacity leads to insufficient aeration of the roots, which can be suffocated [16]. Chemical properties, including pH, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity (EC), and nutrient availability, also affect plant growth [17]. A growing substrate with a high cation exchange capacity is more favorable, as essential nutrients can be contained in the substrate (adsorbed to the particles) [18]. In a substrate mixture, peatmoss provides good aeration and a moderate-to-high water retention capacity [19]. Therefore, because of its chemical and physical properties [20,21], peatmoss is the substrate component used most in greenhouse mixes to balance water and aeration in the substrate.
The saffron cultivation is limited in farmland located at high altitudes under cold climate conditions [22,23,24]. The high demand and low supply have made saffron the most expensive spice in the world [25,26]. Introducing saffron cultivation to different regions with a moderate climate could possibly increase the saffron supply. Successful saffron cultivation and growth depend on many factors, including climatic factors (mainly temperature and humidity), cultural practices (e.g., the control of weeds, pests, and diseases; irrigation; and sowing date), and soil properties (e.g., pH, salinity, texture, and soil organic matter) [27,28,29,30]. These factors affect the quantity and quality of the saffron yield as well as its growth. The optimum soil pH is considered 6.8–7.8, the EC should be <2 dS m−1 [13,31,32], and the ideal seasonal rainfall is 600 mm [33]. The preferred soil for saffron cultivation is well-irrigated, loose, friable, low-density, and well-drained clay soil [29]. Additionally, the soil properties could influence the vegetative growth and saffron yield, thus impacting the economic production of saffron. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the flowering yield, vegetative growth performance, and daughter corm yield responses of saffron to varied growing media, i.e., peatmoss, silty, sandy, and loamy soils.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Materials

Saffron corms (10−11 cm in circumference; 3.2–3.5 cm in diameter) were obtained from Bloembollenbedrijf J. C. Koot (Vennewatersweg, The Netherlands). All corms were peeled, and uninjured and uninfected corms were selected. The corms were sterilized via dipping in a 0.5 g L−1 fungicide solution (Aromil-Plus 50 WP; Mobedco-Vet, Amman, Jordan) containing 15% (w/w) metalaxyl and 35% (w/w) copper oxychloride to prevent fungal infestation. The corms were dried prior to planting.

2.2. Growing Media Treatments and Analyses

The saffron corms were planted in plastic pots (12 cm in diameter; 1 corm per pot) filled with six different growing media—M1 (loamy soil), M2 (silty soil), M3 (sandy soil), M4 (peatmoss), M5 (peatmoss + sandy soil), and M6 (peatmoss + foam)—and placed in the open field conditions. The growing substrates are described in more detail in Table 1.
The analyses of the growing media were performed before starting the experiment and at the end of the experiment or at the harvest (Table 2 and Table 3). The pH values of all media were measured in a 1:1 suspension using a calibrated pH meter 3510 (Jenway, Staffordshire, UK), whereas the EC was measured in a 1:5 ratio (soil:deionized water) using an EC Meter (MI 170, Italy). Available nitrogen (NH4+) was determined using the micro Kjeldahl method [34], and available phosphorus was determined according to the method of Olsen and Sommers [35]. Calcium and magnesium were measured according to the method described by Jackson [36]. The concentrations of copper (Cu+2), iron (Fe+2), zinc (Zn+), and manganese (Mn+) were quantified using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer [37]. Sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) were extracted according to the methods described by Page et al. [37], and their concentrations were determined using a flame photometer PFP7 (Jenway, Staffordshire, UK).

2.3. Cultural Practices

Saffron corms were transplanted on 20 November 2020, and the plants were grown for 18 weeks until daughter corms were harvested. All corms were cultured at a depth of 10 cm. The pots were irrigated (depending on the climate) every 10 days from November to March, every 6 days during April, and every 3 days during May, with 100 mL per pot every time using cans. Fertilizers (0.25 g L−1 of complete fertilizer (NPK: 19:19:19), 0.2 g L−1 CaNO3 (N = 15.5% and CaO = 26.3%) (Yara company, Cairo, Egypt), 0.15 g L−1 MgSO4 (Mg = 16%, S = 12.5), 0.1 g L−1 chelated microelements (Fe = 4%, Zn = 4%, Mn = 3%, Cu = 0.1%, B = 1.5, and Mo = 0.5%) (Queisna Agriculture Development, Menofia, Egypt)) were dissolved in an irrigation tank and added directly to the plots during irrigation once in December, January, and February, respectively, and twice from March to May. Changes in air temperature, humidity, and rainfall were recorded (Figure 1; https://www.worldweatheronline.com/kafr-el-zayat-weather-history/al-gharbiyah/eg.aspx; accessed on 9 June 2021). Weeding was performed by hand during the growing period. Crust breaking operations were applied using a trowel after both full flower harvests. No disease or insect infestation was detected; thus, no control chemicals were applied.

2.4. Flowering, Vegetative Growth, and Daughter Corm Formation Parameters

The root length, the number of roots, and the root fresh weight were determined 1 week after corm planting in different growing media (Figure 2b). Flowering parameters (i.e., the number of flowers per plant and stigma fresh and dry weight) were recorded 4 weeks after corm transplanting, and the flowering period lasted 8 days (Figure 2c). The stigma dry weight was determined after drying the stigmas for 1 h at 40 °C [13,38]. Vegetative growth parameters (i.e., leaf length, the number of leaves, plant fresh and dry weight, and root fresh and dry weight) were measured after 9 weeks of corm sprouting (Figure 2d,e). The dry weights of plants and roots were determined after oven drying for 48 h at 65 °C. After leaf senescence, the plants were lifted, the mother corm parts were removed, and the replacement corms were separated. Corm formation parameters (i.e., the number of corms per plant, corm diameter, and corm fresh weight) were recorded 18 weeks after corm planting.

2.5. Measurement of Leaf Pigments

The contents of chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and total carotenoids in fully expanded young leaves were determined using spectrophotometric analyses. Chlorophyll was extracted from leaf tissue by adding 0.5 g of fresh leaves to 5 mL of N,N-dimethyl formamide for 48 h in the dark at 4 °C. The absorbance was measured at 470, 647, and 663 nm for Chl a, Chl b, and carotenoids, respectively, using a spectrophotometer (Double Beam UV/Visible Spectrophotometer Libra S80PC, UK). Chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations were calculated from the spectrophotometric data using the formulae of Moran and Porath [39].

2.6. Measurement of Antioxidant Enzymes

Based on the evaluation of rooting and the vegetative growth of saffron plants during the experiment, only four growing media, namely, M1 (loamy soil), M3 (sandy soil), M4 (peatmoss), and M6 (peatmoss + foam), were used to investigate saffron plants growing under stress conditions. To measure the activity of antioxidant enzymes, 0.5 g of saffron leaves were homogenized in liquid nitrogen with 1.5 mL of the respective extraction buffer using a prechilled mortar and pestle. The homogenate was filtered through four layers of cheesecloth and centrifuged at 22,000× g and 4 °C for 20 min. The supernatant was recentrifuged at 22,000× g and 4 °C for 20 min. Catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) activity was measured by determining the consumption of H2O2 at 240 nm [40]. Peroxidase (POD; EC 1.11.1.7) activity was determined according to the procedure proposed by Hammerschmidt et al. [41]. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO; EC 1.10.3.1) activity was determined according to the method described by Malik and Singh [42].

2.7. Statistical Analyses

The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design. Each treatment had four replicates, and each replicate was represented by five pots, with each pot containing one plant, rendering 20 plants per treatment. The means were compared using Tukey’s range test via SAS (version 6.12; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).

3. Results

3.1. Root Initiation and Saffron Corm Growth in Different Growing Media

The type of growing media significantly influenced the number, length, and fresh and dry weight of roots after 1 and 9 weeks of planting (Figure 3). The M3 (sandy soil), M4 (peatmoss), and M5 (peatmoss + sandy soil) media provided favorable root initiation after 1 week (Figure 3). After 9 weeks, the M3 medium contained plants with the highest number of roots (≥140), followed by the M4 medium, whereas the M1 medium (loamy soil) contained plants with the fewest roots. The longest roots (21 cm) were recorded in the M4 medium, followed by the M5 medium, whereas the shortest roots (4 cm) were recorded in the M1 medium. Interestingly, after 9 weeks, the fresh weight of roots per corm increased gradually from the M1 medium to the M6 medium, with the highest value recorded in the M6 medium, followed by the M5 medium (peatmoss + foam; peatmoss + sand). Similarly, the root dry weight recorded the highest values in those two peatmoss mixtures (Figure 3c). Nine weeks after planting, a well-developed root system was observed in all growing media, except for M1, which had a low level of rooting (Figure 4).

3.2. Flowering, Vegetative Growth, and Leaf Pigments of Saffron Grown in Different Growing Media

The type of growing media significantly influenced the stigma fresh and dry weight but did not influence the number of flowers per plant. In M4 (peatmoss), M5 (peatmoss + sandy soil), and M6 (peatmoss + foam), saffron plants had the highest stigma fresh and dry weight, whereas loamy soil contained plants with the lowest stigma fresh and dry weight (Table 4).
Vegetative growth in terms of the leaf length, the shoot fresh and dry weight, and the number of leaves per plant was significantly influenced by the growing media (Table 5). The highest vegetative growth parameter values were recorded in plants grown in peatmoss alone, with sandy soil, or with foam. The lowest vegetative growth parameter values were observed in plants grown in loamy and silty soils.
The M6 medium with peatmoss and foam produced the highest values of Chl a (3.5 mg g−1 fresh weight), Chl b (0.8 mg g−1 fresh weight), and carotenoids (0.33 mg g−1 fresh weight) in saffron plants, whereas loamy soil produced the lowest leaf pigment values in saffron (Figure 5).

3.3. Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Saffron Leaves from Plants Grown in Different Growing Media

The type of growing media significantly influenced the antioxidant enzyme activity of saffron plants (Figure 6). The highest CAT activity was detected in plants grown in loamy soil, whereas the lowest CAT activity was detected in plants grown in sandy soil (Figure 6a). Saffron plants grown in peatmoss + foam exhibited lower POD activity but higher PPO activity than saffron grown in any other growing media (Figure 6b,c).

3.4. Daughter Corm Production of Saffron Grown in Different Growing Media

The diameter and fresh weight of daughter corms, the total number of corms per plant, and the number of cormlets with diameters of ≥2.0 cm were significantly influenced by different growing media (Table 6). The highest number of daughter corms was recorded in saffron plants grown in sandy soil, but these corms were small (Figure 7a). The M6 growing medium with peatmoss and foam contained saffron plants with the highest corm diameter, fresh weight, and number of corms with diameters of ≥2.0 cm, i.e., those that can flower in the next season (Figure 7b). The lowest level of daughter corm production was recorded in saffron grown in loamy soil.

4. Discussion

The soils used as growing media in this study differed in terms of their pH and salinity (EC) values. Sandy soil had the highest pH value (9.25), whereas the peatmoss + foam medium had the lowest pH (4.00). The pH of sandy soil media was reduced from 9.25 to 7.10, whereas the opposite trend was observed for the peatmoss + foam medium, in which the pH was increased from 4.00 to 5.70 (Table 2). The cultivation of saffron plants led to a decrease in the salinity of most growing substrates after harvesting (e.g., sandy soil from 0.143 to 0.11 dS m−1), whereas the peatmoss media showed an increase in EC values after harvesting (e.g., peatmoss + sand medium from 0.242 to 0.560 dS m−1). The highest growth parameter values were recorded in plants grown in peatmoss alone and its mixtures with sand or foam, especially peatmoss + foam, followed by peatmoss + sandy soil. Conversely, plants grown in heavy loamy soil showed stunted growth. These results indicate that the growth and production of saffron depend mainly on soil texture and soil pH, with the best growth and production observed in soil with a lighter texture and a near-neutral soil pH (i.e., around pH 7). These results are consistent with the previous findings [29,43]. Shajari et al. [43] found that, compared with a heavy soil texture, a light soil texture increased the saffron flower yield by 15%. Saffron can tolerate a wide range of pedologic and forcing conditions [44]. The growing substrate/soil pH levels and salinity were reduced as a result of saffron cultivation, indicating that the saffron crop could probably act as a soil conditioner (Table 2).
The current study supports the notion that soil texture is the soil character that controls the growth and production of key saffron attributes (e.g., stigmas and cormlets). Soil with a light texture is favorable for saffron production because it provides sufficient soil aeration that enables strong root growth. When the soil has a heavy texture, e.g., loamy soil, root growth is limited (Figure 4; Table 3 and Table 4), as demonstrated by the low-quality parameter values (i.e., intensive rooting, root length, production of desirable cormlets, diameter of cormlets, and dry weight of stigma) of saffron grown in loamy soil. Indeed, compared with plants grown in the peatmoss + foam medium, the desirable production of cormlets and their diameter decreased by 56.6% and 21.5%, respectively, in plants grown in loamy soil. Other soil characters that influence the success of saffron production include the soil pH, a low bulk density, the soil salinity, a well-developed friable structure, the organic matter content, the well-drained soil, and the soil fertility [45].
During the cultivation of saffron, it is not usually necessary to add high levels of fertilizer and water [38]; thus, it is possible to cultivate saffron under arid/semi-arid conditions and in new reclaimed soils. Under the conditions of low soil organic matter (0.4%), low rainfall (206 mm), neutral soil pH (7.34), low soil salinity (1.18 dS m−1), and light soil texture (55% sand), integrated nutrient management (including chemical, organic, and biological fertilizers) can improve some soil properties (e.g., soil cation exchange capacity, soil bulk density, and nutrient content) and saffron biomass production [46]. In addition, saffron production can be managed under conditions in which the soil (5.64 dS m−1) and irrigation water (2.9–5.8 dS m−1) are saline by selecting the proper planting date [47].
The present results suggest that a peatmoss and foam medium is suitable for saffron production because many saffron yield parameters were high in this soil substrate, with the increases relative to loamy soil recorded as follows: number of leaves per plant (21.4%), diameter of cormlets (21.5%), desirable size cormlets (56.7%), fresh stigmata weight per plant (19.6%), and photosynthetic pigment content (37.5%). Additionally, the activities of CAT and POD were higher in saffron grown in loamy soil, indicating that these plants suffered from oxidative stress in this soil substrate. Thus, mixing peatmoss with a lighter soil, such as a sandy soil or foam, gives a superior reference growing medium for the production of saffron. Given that new reclaimed or desert soils have a sandy texture, the present results suggest that saffron could be cultivated in such soils, even if the soil acidity is high (up to pH 9.25). Moreover, this study indicates that loamy soil, which has a heavy texture, a high bulk density, a badly developed friable structure, and potentially poor drainage and may be polluted [48], is not suitable for saffron production. Overall, forming a mixture of light soil and peatmoss is considered acceptable for producing saffron, although an economic evaluation of this agroprocess is still required.

5. Conclusions

The type of growing media used to grow saffron influenced flowering, vegetative growth, and daughter corm formation according to the physical and chemical properties of the various soil substrates. Heavy soil, such as loamy soil, negatively affected saffron growth, whereas a mixture of peatmoss and foam or sand was the optimal growing media for potted saffron production. The high activities of CAT and POD observed in saffron grown in loamy soil indicate that these plants suffered from oxidative stress in this soil substrate. Overall, saffron could be cultivated and produced in growing media with various pH values (4.00–9.25), but a mixture of peatmoss and foam was the growing medium in which potted saffron was optimal.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.E.E.-M. and Y.H.D.; methodology, M.E.E.-M. and Y.H.D.; formal analysis, M.E.E.-M. and Y.H.D.; investigation and data curation, M.E.E.-M., Y.H.D. and M.K.S.; validation, H.E.-R. and M.K.S.; visualization, H.E.-R. and M.K.S.; writing—original draft preparation, M.E.E.-M., Y.H.D. and H.E.-R.; writing—review and editing, Y.H.D., M.E.E.-M., H.E.-R. and M.K.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R375), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All data are presented within the article.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2023R375), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Changes in average day and night temperature (a), humidity (b), and rainfall (c) from November 2020 through May 2021.
Figure 1. Changes in average day and night temperature (a), humidity (b), and rainfall (c) from November 2020 through May 2021.
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Figure 2. General overview of the different stages of saffron growth in plants grown in different growing media. Photographs represent (a) the corms used in the experiment, (b) root initiation after 7 days, (c) flowering after 30 days, and (d,e) vegetative growth after 63 days of culture in loamy soil (M1) and peatmoss + foam (M6), respectively.
Figure 2. General overview of the different stages of saffron growth in plants grown in different growing media. Photographs represent (a) the corms used in the experiment, (b) root initiation after 7 days, (c) flowering after 30 days, and (d,e) vegetative growth after 63 days of culture in loamy soil (M1) and peatmoss + foam (M6), respectively.
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Figure 3. Growth of saffron roots in different growing media. (a) Number of roots after 1 and 9 weeks of planting, (b) root length after 1 and 9 weeks of planting, and (c) root fresh and dry weights after 9 weeks of planting. M1: loamy soil; M2: silty soil; M3: sandy soil; M4: peatmoss; M5: peatmoss + sand; M6: peatmoss + foam. Different letters within a set of values denote significant differences at p ≤ 0.05, according to Tukey’s test.
Figure 3. Growth of saffron roots in different growing media. (a) Number of roots after 1 and 9 weeks of planting, (b) root length after 1 and 9 weeks of planting, and (c) root fresh and dry weights after 9 weeks of planting. M1: loamy soil; M2: silty soil; M3: sandy soil; M4: peatmoss; M5: peatmoss + sand; M6: peatmoss + foam. Different letters within a set of values denote significant differences at p ≤ 0.05, according to Tukey’s test.
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Figure 4. Growth of saffron roots after 1 and 9 weeks of planting in different growing media. Photographs represent rooting after (a) 1 and (b) 9 weeks, respectively. M1: loamy soil; M2: silty soil; M3: sandy soil; M4: peatmoss; M5: peatmoss + sand; M6: peatmoss + foam.
Figure 4. Growth of saffron roots after 1 and 9 weeks of planting in different growing media. Photographs represent rooting after (a) 1 and (b) 9 weeks, respectively. M1: loamy soil; M2: silty soil; M3: sandy soil; M4: peatmoss; M5: peatmoss + sand; M6: peatmoss + foam.
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Figure 5. Content of saffron leaf pigments (a) chlorophyll a, (b) chlorophyll b, (c) total chlorophyll, and (d) carotenoids 9 weeks after planting in different growing media. M1: loamy soil; M2: silty soil; M3: sandy soil; M4: peatmoss; M5: peatmoss + sand; M6: peatmoss + foam. Different letters within a set of values denote significant differences at p ≤ 0.05, according to Tukey’s test.
Figure 5. Content of saffron leaf pigments (a) chlorophyll a, (b) chlorophyll b, (c) total chlorophyll, and (d) carotenoids 9 weeks after planting in different growing media. M1: loamy soil; M2: silty soil; M3: sandy soil; M4: peatmoss; M5: peatmoss + sand; M6: peatmoss + foam. Different letters within a set of values denote significant differences at p ≤ 0.05, according to Tukey’s test.
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Figure 6. Antioxidant enzyme activity levels in saffron leaves from saffron plants grown in different growing substrates 9 weeks after planting. Photographs (a–c) represent the values of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), respectively. Different letters within a set of values denote significant differences at p ≤ 0.05, according to Tukey’s test.
Figure 6. Antioxidant enzyme activity levels in saffron leaves from saffron plants grown in different growing substrates 9 weeks after planting. Photographs (a–c) represent the values of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), respectively. Different letters within a set of values denote significant differences at p ≤ 0.05, according to Tukey’s test.
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Figure 7. Saffron daughter corm formation after 18 weeks of culture in (a) sandy soil (M3) and (b) peatmoss + foam (M6).
Figure 7. Saffron daughter corm formation after 18 weeks of culture in (a) sandy soil (M3) and (b) peatmoss + foam (M6).
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Table
Table 1. Information about the growing media used to grow saffron plants.
Table 1. Information about the growing media used to grow saffron plants.
CodeSoil/Growing MediaTreatments, Source, and Mixing Rate
M1Loamy soilCollected from Kafr El-Zayat, Gharbia Governorate; a fertile soil; represents a soil from the Nile Delta zone (30°49′ N and 30°49′ E)
M2Silty soilCollected from a well at a 200 m depth at Kafr El-Zayat, Gharbia Governorate; represents a silty reclaimed soil (30°49′ N and 30°49′ E)
M3Sandy soilCollected from Wadi El-Natron, Beheira Governorate (23 m below sea level); represents the arid zone or desert; a nonfertile soil (30°27′ N and 30°10′ E)
M4PeatmossPeatmoss imported from Estonia
M5Peatmoss + sandy soilMixed 1:1 (v/v)
M6Peatmoss + foam Mixed 1:1 (v/v)
Table
Table 2. pH and salinity (EC) values (before cultivation and at the end of the experiment) of the growing media used to grow saffron plants.
Table 2. pH and salinity (EC) values (before cultivation and at the end of the experiment) of the growing media used to grow saffron plants.
CodeGrowing MediaValues of pH Values of EC (dS m−1)
Before CultivatingAt HarvestingBefore Cultivating At Harvesting
M1Loamy soil8.077.11.9001.59
M2Silty soil9.097.20.1470.14
M3Sandy soil9.257.10.1430.11
M4Peatmoss4.106.20.1890.32
M5Peatmoss + sandy soil5.066.30.2470.15
M6Peatmoss + foam 4.005.70.4600.44
Table
Table 3. Content of macro- and micronutrients in the growing media used to grow saffron plants.
Table 3. Content of macro- and micronutrients in the growing media used to grow saffron plants.
MediaNPKMgCaFeMnZnCuNa
(mg/Kg)
M1(Loamy soil)73.280.93372.52229.0320.09.401.87037.005.400547.2
M2 (Silty soil)61.851.0565.5136.5399.510.680.96629.000.47458.0
M3 (Sandy soil)84.172.06365.0107.075.00.980.9089.36ND64.0
M4 (Peatmoss)323.71.80130.0225.0951.011.3828.12059.5011.600158.8
Table
Table 4. Effects of growing media on the flowering of saffron 4 weeks after planting.
Table 4. Effects of growing media on the flowering of saffron 4 weeks after planting.
CodeGrowing MediaNumber of Flowers/PlantStigma Fresh Weight (mg)/PlantStigma Dry Weight (mg)/Plant
M1Loamy soil1.7 ± 0.340 NS19.3 ± 0.340 b3.8 ± 0.059 c
M2Silty soil1.7 ± 0.34022.3 ± 0.899 ab4.5 ± 0.118 b
M3Sandy soil2.0 ± 0.11821.7 ± 0.899 ab4.5 ± 0.090 b
M4Peatmoss2.3 ± 0.34025.0 ± 1.566 a4.9 ± 0.090 a
M5Peatmoss + sand2.0 ± 0.05922.7 ± 1.358 ab4.9 ± 0.034 a
M6peatmoss + foam2.0 ± 0.10224.0 ± 0.588 a4.9 ± 0.059 a
Data presented are the means ± SE. Different letters within a set of values denote significant differences, according to Tukey’s test, at the p ≤ 0.05 level. NS = Non-significant.
Table
Table 5. Effect of growing media on the vegetative growth of saffron 9 weeks after planting.
Table 5. Effect of growing media on the vegetative growth of saffron 9 weeks after planting.
CodeGrowing MediaLeaf Length (cm)Shoot Fresh Weight (g)Shoot Dry Weight (g)Number of Leaves/Plant
M1Loamy soil23.6 ± 0.747 b13.607 ± 0.412 f3.973 ± 0.078 c6.6 ± 0.245 b
M2Silty soil22.8 ± 0.799 b15.453 ± 0.033 e4.660 ± 0.074 b9.4 ± 0.399 a
M3Sandy soil25.0± 0.446 b18.587 ± 0.624 d4.947 ± 0.141 a9.0 ± 0.631 a
M4Peatmoss27.8 ± 0.912 a20.617 ± 0.323 c5.037 ± 0.021 a8.8 ± 0.489 a
M5Peatmoss + sand27.6 ± 0.747 a22.253 ± 0.415 b4.917 ± 0.015 a9.4 ± 0.245 a
M6Peatmoss + foam27.4 ± 0.599 a23.503 ± 0.127 a4.910 ± 0.012 a8.4 ± 0.245 a
Table
Table 6. Effects of growing media on the corm production of saffron 18 weeks after planting.
Table 6. Effects of growing media on the corm production of saffron 18 weeks after planting.
CodeGrowing MediaDaughter Corms Production Per Plant (18 Weeks)
Corms Diameter (mm)Corms Fresh Weight (g)Total Number of CormsNumber of Corms (≥2.0 cm)
M1Loamy soil18.3 ± 0.774 b1.98 ± 0.104 b3.4 ± 0.144 c1.3 ± 0.155 d
M2Silty soil19.0 ± 0.707 b2.20± 0.100 b4.2 ± 0.198 b1.9 ± 0.118 c
M3Sandy soil17.4 ± 0.665 b2.21 ± 0.129 b4.8 ± 0.184 a1.0 ± 0.107 d
M4Peatmoss21.5 ± 0.909 ab3.54 ± 0.171 ab3.4 ± 0.178 c2.3 ± 0.120 b
M5Peatmoss + sand 20.3 ± 0.859 ab2.46 ± 0.097 b3.8 ± 0.275 b1.7 ± 0.208 c
M6Peatmoss + foam 23.3 ± 0.611 a3.81 ± 0.176 a4.0 ± 0.105 b3.0 ± 0.187 a
Different letters within a set of values denote significant differences, according to Tukey’s test, at the p ≤ 0.05 level.
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El-Mahrouk, M.E.; Dewir, Y.H.; El-Ramady, H.; Seliem, M.K. Vegetative Growth and Productivity of Potted Crocus sativus in Different Growing Media. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 377. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030377

AMA Style

El-Mahrouk ME, Dewir YH, El-Ramady H, Seliem MK. Vegetative Growth and Productivity of Potted Crocus sativus in Different Growing Media. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(3):377. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030377

Chicago/Turabian Style

El-Mahrouk, Mohammed E., Yaser Hassan Dewir, Hassan El-Ramady, and Mayada Kadri Seliem. 2023. "Vegetative Growth and Productivity of Potted Crocus sativus in Different Growing Media" Horticulturae 9, no. 3: 377. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030377

APA Style

El-Mahrouk, M. E., Dewir, Y. H., El-Ramady, H., & Seliem, M. K. (2023). Vegetative Growth and Productivity of Potted Crocus sativus in Different Growing Media. Horticulturae, 9(3), 377. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030377

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