Next Article in Journal
Mycorrhization Enhances Vegetative Growth, Leaf Gas Exchange, and Root Development of Micropropagated Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott ex Endl. Plantlets during Acclimatization
Next Article in Special Issue
Comparative Analyses of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Gene Family and Expression Profiling under Multiple Abiotic Stresses in Water Lilies
Previous Article in Journal
Stepwise Optimization of the RT-qPCR Protocol and the Evaluation of Housekeeping Genes in Pears (Pyrus bretschneideri) under Various Hormone Treatments and Stresses
Previous Article in Special Issue
RNA-Seq Based Transcriptomic Analysis of Bud Sport Skin Color in Grape Berries
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Horticulturae
Volume 9
Issue 2
10.3390/horticulturae9020272
horticulturae-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Characterization of the Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Sim) bHLH Family in Fruit Development and Abiotic Stress and Functional Analysis of PebHLH56 in Cold Stress

by
Yi Xu
1,2,
Weidong Zhou
3,
Funing Ma
1,2,
Dongmei Huang
1,
Wenting Xing
1,
Bin Wu
1,
Peiguang Sun
1,
Di Chen
1,
Binqiang Xu
1 and
Shun Song
1,2,*
1
State Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding for Tropical Crops, Haikou Experimental Station, Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
2
Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572000, China
3
College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Horticulturae 2023, 9(2), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020272
Submission received: 6 January 2023 / Revised: 11 February 2023 / Accepted: 13 February 2023 / Published: 17 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomic Analyses and New Breeding Technologies for the Enhancement of Horticultural Plants)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Abiotic stress is the focus of research on passion fruit characters because of its damage to the industry. Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) is one of the Transcription factors (TFs) which can act in an anti-abiotic stress role through diverse biological processes. However, no systemic analysis of the passion fruit bHLH (PebHLH) family was reported. In this study, 117 PebHLH members were identified from the genome of passion fruit, related to plant stress resistance and development by prediction of protein interaction. Furthermore, the transcriptome sequencing results showed that the PebHLHs responded to different abiotic stresses. At different ripening stages of passion fruit, the expression level of most PebHLHs in the immature stage (T1) was higher than that in the mature stage (T2 and T3). Eight PebHLHs with differentially expressed under different stress treatments and different ripening stages were selected and verified by qRT-PCR. In this research, the expression of one member, PebHLH56, was induced under cold stress. Further, the promoter of PebHLH56 was fused to β-Galactosidase (GUS) to generate the expression vector that was transformed into Arabidopsis. It showed that PebHLH56 could significantly respond to cold stress. This study provided new insights into the regulatory functions of PebHLH genes during fruit maturity stages and abiotic stress, thereby improving the understanding of the characteristics and evolution of the PebHLH gene family.

1. Introduction

Transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in regulating growth and responding to external environmental stress in plants [1,2], which can regulate gene expression by binding to cis-promoter elements, thereby exerting regulatory roles in morphogenesis and so on [3,4]. TF genes, such as bHLH and Myeloblastosis (MYB), account for a large proportion of almost all plant genomes and are widely involved in plant development, stress response, and other physiological processes by regulating their target gene [5,6].
Basic/helix-loop-helix (bHLH) is a ubiquitous transcription factor family [7], which forms the second largest TF superfamily in plants [8]. The bHLHs have highly conserved alkaline/helix-loop-helix domains with approximately 50–60 amino acid residues [9]. This domain contains two functional regions: the basic region and the helix-loop-helix (HLH) region. The basic region contains approximately 15 amino acids and is located at the N-terminus, which is a critical region for binding to the cis-acting element E-box (5′-CANNTG-3′) and determining whether the bHLH transcription factor binds to the promoter region of genes [10,11]. The HLH region contains two α-helices connected by a relatively poorly conserved loop distributed at the C-terminus, and this structure is essential for bHLH transcription factors to form homologous or heterodimers [10,12,13].
With the release of more high-quality genomes, many bHLH families in plants have been identified, such as Carthamus tinctorius (41) [14], Chinese jujube (92) [15], pineapple (121) [16], pepper (122) [17], potato (124) [18], peanut (132) [19], Jilin ginseng (137) [20], Brachypodium distachyon (146) [21], common bean (155) [22], tomato (159) [23], rice (167) [24], apple (188) [25], maize (208) [26], Chinese cabbage (230) [27], MOSO bamboo (448) [28], wheat (571) [29].
In current research, bHLHs are involved in responding to light [30], hormone signals [31], regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis [32], epidermal cell fate determination [33], and seed germination [34]. At present, the relationship between the bHLH gene and abiotic stress has attracted more and more attention. The bHLH has been shown to play a crucial role in plant resistance to abiotic stresses, such as abnormal temperature, drought, and high salinity. FtbHLH3 of Tartary buckwheat participates in abiotic stress in response to changes in the polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the abscisic acid (ABA) [35], FtbHLH2 can improve cold tolerance in plants [36]. TabHLH39 augments the tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings to drought, high salt, and low-temperature stress [37]. Overexpression of AtbHLH92 can significantly improve salt and drought tolerance [38]. The AtICE1/2 in Arabidopsis and their homologs PtrbHLH in Poncirus trifoliata can adjust plant cold tolerance and regulate peroxidase to break down hydrogen peroxide [39].
In addition, some studies have reported that bHLH genes are related to fruit development. In transgenic tomatoes, SlbHLH22 is highly induced with the fruit color changed from green to orange, which is achieved by promoting the production of ethylene. Meanwhile, SlbHLH22 was upregulated by using the exogenous ACC, IAA, ABA, and ethephon [40]. The research from Tan [41] showed that CmbHLH32 was highly expressed in early developmental fruits. Overexpression of CmbHLH32 can promote the early ripening of melon fruits, and the transgenic melons ripened earlier than the wild type. Papaya CpbHLH1 and CpbHLH2 promote fruit development by regulating genes related to carotenoid biosynthesis [42].
Passion fruit is a rare tropical fruit of the Passiflora genus (Passifloraceae), native to South America [43]. Passiflora has fresh and ornamental types [44]. Passiflora is nutritious and contains more than 100 different fruits in the pulp. At present, the planting area of East Asian countries such as Vietnam and China is growing rapidly, with a growth cycle of 4–6 months [45]. Because of its rich flavor, it has become more and more popular. Similar to other fruit, drought, high salinity, and cold and high-temperature stress seriously affect the development of passion fruit, resulting in a decline in fruit quality and yield. Due to the unpredictability of global climate change in recent years, passion fruit growing areas have been frequently affected by cold injury, which has also caused huge economic losses, resulting in more than 30% yield reduction and fruit stunting. Chilling injury is the most difficult to predict and control among the four abiotic stresses (drought, salt, cold and high temperature). Therefore, the identification of functional genes related to stress resistance and their utilization for variety improvement is of great importance for passion fruit cultivation.
Here, we identified the PebHLH family members in the genome of passion fruit and analyzed the members’ biological information. Moreover, the expression patterns of PebHLH members were obtained by transcriptome sequencing and qRT-PCR at fruit developmental stages and under typical abiotic stress. More importantly, the PebHLH genes that were highly expressed and significantly induced by abiotic stress (drought, high salt, cold, and high temperature) were selected and overexpressed in Arabidopsis for functional validation. This provided a good foundation and reserved important information for studying the resistance mechanism in passion fruit and utilizing it for genetic improvement.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Identification of bHLH Members in Passion Fruit

The genome sequences of passion fruit were obtained from Phytozome V12.1. The HMM file of the NAM domain (PF00011) was downloaded from the PFAM database. In addition, analysis was performed using the bHLH with the highest comparison value to identify credible PebHLHs. The identification of PebHLH proteins used two methods described above were integrated and resolved to remove redundancy. AtbHLH protein sequences were obtained from Plant TFDB software (http://planttfdb.gao-lab.org/ accessed on 15 June 2022). The full-length protein sequences of PebHLHs and AtbHLHs were aligned by online ClustalX2. Moreover, the phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA (Version 7.0) [46]. A bootstrap test of 1000 repetitions was performed. Finally, PebHLH protein motifs were achieved using the MEME tool to compare the common domain of PebHLHs. Through the above procedures, the PebHLH members were finally obtained.

2.2. Gene Structure, and Chromosomal Locations of PebHLHs

The molecular weight (MW), protein isoelectric point (PI), and molecular formulas of all PebHLH members were reckoned using the online ProtParam. NetPhos (Version 3.1 Server) was used to predict the protein of PebHLH phosphate sites. The WoLF PSORT was used to perform Subcellular localization prediction. The gene structure maps, phylogenetic trees, combinations of motifs and gene structures, visualization of chromosomal localization, and collinearity relationships were obtained using TBtools [47].

2.3. Cis-Acting Elements, Protein Interaction Network and Gene Collinearity of PebHLHs

All PebHLH gene transcription start site DNA sequences of the genomes of 2000 bp upstream were imported to PlantCARE and used to analyze the sequence of the promoter region [48]. The Orthovenn2 was used to analyze the orthologous pairs between PebHLHs and AtbHLHs. The regulatory networks of PebHLHs and other proteins were identified using the AraNet (Version 2.0). The STRING database and the predicted regulatory network were evinced by Cytoscape software. The PebHLH gene duplication events between different species were analyzed by Multicollinearity Scanning Toolkit (MCScanX) [47].

2.4. Plant Materials, Transcriptome Sequencing, RNA Isolation and Reverse Transcription, Heat Map and qRT-PCR

Healthy passion fruit seedlings about two months old (30 cm in height) in the soil were chosen. The seedlings were planted in incubators and treated with cold, high temperature, high salt, and drought stresses. The control was placed in incubators (28 °C, 70% relative humidity, 12 h light/12 h dark cycle, 200 µmol m−2 s−1 light intensity). In addition, after fruit ripening, the pericarp turns purplish red. The three stages (T1, T2, and T3) are the time of 7d before ripening, ripening, and 7d after ripening, respectively [45]. The experimental material consisted of three biological replicated samples. The plant materials were used for transcriptome sequencing. The expression data of PebHLHs at four stress and three fruit ripening stages are shown in Tables S2 and S4. TBtools software was used for transcriptional analysis of PebHLHs, whose Z-score normalized FPKM values were used to produce heat maps [47]. The plant RNA isolation kit was used in Arabidopsis transformed with pCAMBIA1304-PebHLH56. The Biomic Biotechnology company (Beijing, China) was entrusted with sequencing services. The Primer sequences of PebHLHs were designed using the Primer5 software. The expression of PebHLHs was detected by qRT-PCR analysis. Relative expression levels were calculated using the 2−∆∆Ct method and normalized to the PebHLHs.

2.5. Cloning the Promoter of PebHLH56 and Vector Construction

A 2000 bp DNA sequence before the start codon of the PebHLH56 was amplified by PCR and cloned into the pMD19-T vector. The promoter of PebHLH56 was assessed by DNA-MAN.
Expression vectors were constructed to examine whether PebHLH56 responds to cold stress. The PebHLH56 promoter PCR fragment was cloned into the pCAMBIA1304 vector digested with NcoI/HinIII, which was called pCAMBIA1304-PebHLH56p. The vector was transferred into the EHA105 strain (Agrobacterium).

2.6. Cold Stress Treatment of Transgenic Lines

The Agrobacterium transformed with pCAMBIA1304-PebHLH56p were shaken at 28 °C in YEB medium containing Kan and Rif antibiotics, respectively, and added to an Arabidopsis transgenic infiltration solution (1/2 MS, 50 g/L) to OD 600 = 0.8–1.0. Inflorescence impregnation was used to transform Arabidopsis thaliana. Eight transgenic lines have been obtained. Then three plants from each of the two lines in the T2 generation were cultured for cold stress treatment [8]. The 14-day-old transgenic Arabidopsis was treated in an incubator at 4 °C for 0, 24, and 36 h, respectively [3].

2.7. Detection of GUS Activity

The transgenic Arabidopsis with pCAMBIA1304-PebHLH56p under normal and cold stress were GUS stained. For GUS staining, seedlings of two lines were incubated in X-Gluc solution for 24 h at 37 °C [45,49]. GUS enzyme activity was determined by 4-methylumbel ureylglucuronide fluorometry [50].

3. Data Analysis and Results

3.1. Identification of bHLH Family of Passion Fruit

There were 117 PebHLH members identified from the passion fruit genome by the methods of HMM, protein BLAST, and MEME analyses. The characteristics of the PebHLH (Table S1) were analyzed, and the length of the PebHLH CDS ranged from 276 bp of PebHLH3 to 3006 bp of PebHLH73. The identified PebHLHs encoded proteins ranged from 91 amino acids of PebHLH3 to 1001 amino acids of PebHLH73. In addition, all the PebHLHs were showed containing three phosphorylation sites (Tyr, Thr, and Ser). The subcellular location prediction showed that the PebHLHs were distributed in the periplasmic, cytoplasmic, extracellular, and outer membranes. The molecular weight ranged from 10.43 Da to 114.67 Da.

3.2. Evolutionary Analysis of the bHLH Genes

The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the full-length sequences of the PebHLH and AtbHLH proteins (Figure 1). The PebHLHs could be divided into eighteen groups according to the evolutionary relationship. In groups 1 to 18, the largest number of PebHLHs was in group 1, with 11 members, and the smallest number was two in group 9. The number of PebHLH members in the remaining groups was between 4–10. The known AtbHLHs were then used to infer the hypothetical homologous members of PebHLHs. Among group 1–6, PebHLH11/101/80/31/42/88/98/41/18/108/54/46/13/66/44/14 exhibited the closest relationship with At3G50330.1, At3G19500.1, At2G31730.1, At2G43010.5, At1G73830.1, At1G05805.1, At1G51140.1, At4G29100.1, At2G43140.2, At1G27660.1, At1G29950.2, At5G65320.1, respectively. Among groups 7–12, PebHLH85/112/62/102/38/97/92/100/47/61/19/52/45 was the most homogeneous gene of At4G30980.1, At4G00480.2, At5G51790.2, At2G22760.1, At2G31280, 1At3G23210.1, At2G16910.1, At5G57150.2, At1G32640.1, At2G24260.2, At4G36060.2, At3G19860.3, At5G56960.2, respectively. Among group 13–18, PebHLH57/43/91/5/12/69/99/26/114/84/22/95, was the best orthologous match of At1G18400.1, At4G21340.1, At5G08130.3, At3G24140.1, At1G71200.1, At4G30410.1, At1G25330.1, At5G62610.1, At2G46510.1, At5G50915.1, At5G61270.2, respectively.

3.3. Analysis of Gene Structure and Conserved Motifs

A total of 10 conserved motifs in PebHLHs were predicted (Figure 2). Although most members have two to four motifs, few members have only one motif; for example, PebHLH26/48/91 only has motif one. PebHLH30/38/41/43/52 only has motif two. Specifically, most members contain motifs 1 and 2, such as 111 members contain motif 1, and 114 members contain motif 2. In addition, 30 members contain motif 3, 38 members contain motif 4, 14 members contain motif 5, 17 members contain motif 6, and 4 members contain motif 7.
The exon and intron organization of PebHLH gene DNAs were analyzed. The bulk of members had the structure of 5′ and 3′UTR (untranslated region), and 18 only had exons and introns. Among them, nine members (PebHLH14/27/31/48/55/81/95/98/111) only had 5′UTR, and 23 members only had 3′UTR. The number of exons was between 2–11(Figure 2).

3.4. Chromosome Distribution of the PebHLHs

The chromosome distribution of each PebHLH was obtained, as shown in Figure 3. The total 117 PebHLHs were located on nine chromosomes. Seven members were located at unknown chromosomal positions. Among them, Chr1 contained the largest distribution of 41 PebHLH genes (~37.27%), followed by Chr6 (24 genes, ~21.82%). Meanwhile, Chr9 distributed the least number of PebHLH genes (3 genes, ~2.73%). Chr2, Chr3, Chr4, Chr5, Chr7, and Chr8 presented 7, 6, 10, 5, 4, and 10 PebHLH genes, respectively.

3.5. Promoter Analysis of PebHLH Genes

The TATA and CAAT boxes were the key cis-regulatory elements, which were found in all 117 PebHLHs (Figure 4). Additionally, the promoter region of the PebHLH family contains a large number of action elements related to abiotic stress, such as the cold-responsive element (CCGAAA) and the salicylic acid-responsive element (CCATCTTTTT and TCAGAAGAGG). Some cis-acting elements are associated with stress response, such as the wound-responsive element (AAATTTCCT). In addition, there are some hormone-related elements, such as the abscisic acid responsiveness element (ABRE, GACACGTGGC, and ACGTG), the MeJA-responsive motifs (TGACG and CGTCA), the gibberellin-responsive motifs (CCTTTTG, TATCCCA, and TCTGTTG), and the auxin-responsive element (AACGAC).

3.6. Interaction Networks Analysis of PebHLHs

The protein interactions of PebHLHs were predicted using an orthogonal approach to further understand their biological functions. The results showed that 45 PebHLHs had an orthologous relationship with Arabidopsis, and 24 interacting proteins had been found. Most of the proteins that interacted with PebHLHs were WAKY, JAZ (Jasmonate ZIM-domain), COl (CONSTANS-Like), NINJA (Novel interactor of JA ZIM-domain), EPF (Early Pregnancy Factor), AOS (Allene Oxide Synthase), PFT (Pore-forming Toxin-like), CRY (Crystal protein gene), RBR (Retinoblastoma-related gene), ARF (Auxin response factor) TRY (Tryptophan) and so on (Figure 5). The function of the interacting proteins was related to the stress resistance and development of plants, which indicated that the function of PebHLH was also related to these aspects.

3.7. Collinearity Analysis of PebHLHs

All PebHLH genes were found to be displayed on chromosomes except for PebHLH111-117. There are 68 collinearity pairs that can be found. Most PebHLHs were found with one paralogous gene (Figure 6A).
The collinearity analysis among species was performed, and respectively, there were 12,406, 3118, and 25,224 genes in Arabidopsis, rice, and poplar, having a collinearity relationship with passion fruit. Among them, members of the PebHLH family had 91, 31, and 170 connections with Arabidopsis, rice, and poplar, respectively (Figure 6B). This result indicates that the homologous relationship between passion fruit and poplar is the closest, followed by Arabidopsis and rice.
Out of the 117 members, 27 and 22 genes had two and one homologous genes with the other three species, respectively. Other members have three to eight homologous genes. Among them, PebHLH56 has 9 homologous genes (At1G01260.3, At1G63650.3, At2G46510.1, At4G00870.1, PNT03691, PNT03984, PNT45271, PNT50177, PNT53769) in collinear connections with Arabidopsis and poplar. In addition, 18 genes (PebHLH27/28/33/35/36/40/46/58/61/67/78/91/97/98/99/109/110/115) had one orthologous gene in rice.

3.8. Expression Analysis of PebHLHs

Transcriptome analyses showed that the PebHLH genes were differentially expressed under four abiotic stresses (Figure 7). PebHLH10/11/25/35/36/43/46/68/69/80/117 were induced by drought stress, while PebHLH6/8/55/63/64/70/83 were suppressed. For the salt treatment, the expression of most genes was highest when treated with salt stress for 3 days. Especially, PebHLH4 and PebHLH56 were significantly upregulated under salt stress (NaCl 10d). However, the expression of PebHLH8/55/63/64/70/83 was suppressed. Under high-temperature stress, some PebHLHs were upregulated, such as PebHLH1/2/5/73/74/92/104, and some genes were suppressed, such as PebHLH8/55/63/64/70/83. Under cold stress, the expression of the most gene had been induced, such as PebHLH28/29/34/56/57/65/67/85/91/96/107/106/112. We performed qRT-PCR validation analysis on some of the PebHLH genes (Figure 8). The result showed that the gene expression patterns were the same as heatmaps. The PebHLHs could respond to various abiotic stresses.
The expression levels of PebHLHs were obtained based on transcriptional sequencing results [51] at three different fruit ripening stages (T1, T2, and T3) (Figure 9). Most genes had the highest expression levels in the first period (T1) and regularly decreased in T2 and T3. And the expression of some genes was highest in T2, such as PebHLH5/6/28/34/41/42/65/68/81/91/95/100/105/106/107. A few reached the maximum expression in T3, such as PebHLH13/17/52/62/69/73/74/76/85/101/103/104/109. This result indicated that the expression of most PebHLH genes was negatively correlated with fruit ripening. Some genes were chosen to do the qRT-PCR verification (Figure 10), which showed that the expression trends of PebHLHs were consistent with the transcriptome.

3.9. Response of Transgenic Arabidopsis to Cold Stress

In A, GUS staining of the pCAMBIA1304-PebHLH56p transgenic seedlings was mainly observed in the leaf, and under the cold stress, GUS staining was enhanced and distributed throughout the transgenic plants. With the increase of cold time, GUS staining gradually deepened, and the GUS enzyme activity also increased (Figure 11).

4. Discussion and Analysis

Numerous studies have shown that bHLH transcription factors are involved in diverse biological processes and the whole growth cycle [2]. At present, however, the systematic characterization of the bHLH genes in passion fruit is lacking, although bHLHs have been identified in many plants. The first plant bHLH gene was identified in maize (Zea mays L.) [52]. Furthermore, in this study, 117 bHLH genes were identified and characterized in passion fruit. This number is similar to some reported species, for example, the pineapple (121) [53], the pepper (122) [28], the potato (124) [54], the Jilin ginseng (137) [55], and the tomato (159) [56]. The numbers were quite different from some species. For example, the MOSO bamboo was 448 [57], and the wheat was 571 [18]. This shows that the bHLH gene family is diverse in different species. Based on phylogenetic analysis, we classified 117 PebHLH genes into 18 subfamilies, which is the same number reported in maize [26]. Previous studies in other species reported six subfamilies in the animal genomes [55], while in plants, the bHLH family genes were divided into 21 in Arabidopsis, tomato, and pear [21,23]; 22 in rice [24] and 31 subfamilies in B. napus [53]. Compared with the classification of other plant species, our results show similarities and differences, which also indicate that the classification of bHLH transcription factors in plants is more complex than that in animals, so the classification of plant bHLH families is still needed for more research [58].
The gene structure of the PebHLH family was further analyzed. Most family genes contain two or more introns. Among them, PebHLH12/29/99 have no intron, while seven members (PebHLH3/45/48/53/65/70/94) have only one intron. It is generally believed that genes with few or no introns in plants show lower expression levels [59]. The compact gene structure may facilitate the induction of gene expression in response to exogenous stress [60]. For example, intron-less genes, PebHLH57, were upregulated under drought, salt, cold, and heat stresses. Genome duplication events have occurred during plant evolution [61]. The evolution of the genome and the expansion of gene families depend primarily on gene duplication events [62]. We have performed the collinearity analysis on passion fruit, rice, and Populus trichocarpa, and the results showed that the PebHLH gene had the most tandem duplication relationship with the bHLH gene in Populus trichocarpa. Therefore, it is speculated that the relationship between passion fruit and Populus trichocarpa is the closest. In the same way, PebHLH31 was found to be an ortholog of AtPIF4 (AT2G43010.5). The AtPIF gene is a central signaling hub regulating plant growth and development [63].
The functions of bHLH genes in plants are diverse, including plant perception of the growth and development processes such as fruit development [24,64]. AtCIB1, together with AtCRY, promotes flower opening by stimulating the expression of flowering genes [65,66]. In our results, PebHLH109 has the highest expression level in fruit, and it is predicted to play a key role in fruit development. It also shows the highest expression level at the T3 stage of fruit ripening. In pepper, CabHLH33, a homolog of AtbHLH31, was highly expressed in flower buds and petals. Previous studies suggest that AtbHLH31 regulates petal growth by controlling cell expansion [67].
Recent studies have increasingly focused on the relationship between bHLH genes and abiotic stress. Under stress conditions, certain bHLH TFs are activated, and they combine with the promoters of key genes to regulate the transcription level of the target gene. Several studies have found that OsbHLH068 of rice and AtbHLH112 of Arabidopsis play an active role in response to salt stress [68]. MfbHLH38 of the Myrothamnus flabellifolia was transformed into Arabidopsis, and the drought tolerance of transgenic lines was enhanced by the increase of gene expression [69]. ZmbHLH55 of Maize can increase salt stress tolerance by regulating the expression of ascorbic acid biosynthesis-related genes [70]. Overexpression of Ntbhlh123 and IbbHLH79 can improve the cold tolerance of tobacco [71] and sweet potato, respectively [72]. ZjbHLH076/ZjICE1 of Zoysia japonica can enhance the tolerance of transgenic lines to cold stress [73]. The activity of gene expression is quantitatively efficiently regulated by specific or functional promoters that contain multiple cis-acting elements. These acting elements can respond to a variety of stress responses [52,74]. Plant bHLH responds to various stress responses through the activation of long terminal repeat (LTR) reverse transcription transposons [75,76], with activation factors including drought [77], heat [78], and salt [79]. In this work, the cis-element analysis indicated that PebHLHs contained elements (such as cold-responsive element, salicylic acid-responsive element, ABRE) that could be responsive to various stresses, which was consistent with previous studies on potato [18], lotus [80], and Pepper [56] bHLHs.
In this experiment, we focused on the function of the bHLH gene under cold stress. Here, we identified one of the PebHLHs (PebHLH56), which can respond to cold stress in transgenic Arabidopsis. This study provides experimental evidence that bHLH family genes in passion fruit respond to cold stress, and we will further study the resistance mechanism of bHLH genes.

5. Conclusions

The bHLH gene family plays an important role in improving plant response to stress and plant development. In this study, we identified 117 PebHLHs from the genome of the passion fruit, and the genomic information about PebHLH family members was analyzed. PebHLHs could respond to abiotic stresses, including drought, high salinity, cold and high-temperature stresses, and they were differentially expressed in different fruit developmental stages. We were concerned about a gene PebHLH56 that was induced under cold stress. The pCAMBIA1304-PebHLH56p transgenic Arabidopsis had a significantly deeper GUS staining than the control under cold stress, and the GUS enzyme activity also increased. The RT-qPCR result showed that the expression of PebHLH56 was induced by cold stress. This study provides new insights into the regulatory functions of PebHLHs during abiotic stress and fruit ripening and screens a stress-resistance gene as a candidate member to improve the understanding of PebHLH gene family characteristics and evolution.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/horticulturae9020272/s1, Table S1. Basic information of bHLH genes identified in passion fruit; Table S2. The transcriptome data of passion fruit bHLHs under the drought, salt, cold and high-temperature treatment; Table S3. qPCR data of passion fruit bHLHs under the drought, salt, cold and high-temperature treatment; Table S4. The transcriptome data of passion fruit in the three stages of fruit ripening; Table S5. qPCR data of passion fruit bHLHs in the three stages of fruit ripening; Table S6. A list of the oligo primers of PebHLHs used for qRT-PCR.

Author Contributions

Y.X., W.Z., F.M., B.W., D.H., B.X. and W.X. performed experiments, D.C., S.S. and P.S. analyzed the data; Y.X. and S.S. drafted the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The work was sponsored by Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation (321RC1088), Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City (SCKJ-JYRC-2022-84, SCKJ-JYRC-2022-93), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (32260737).

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Pérez-Rodríguez, P.; Riaño-Pachón, D.M.; Corrêa, L.G.; Rensing, S.A.; Kersten, B.; Mueller-Roeber, B. PlnTFDB: Updated content and new features of the plant transcription factor database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010, 38, D822–D827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  2. Zhang, H.; Jin, P.-J.; Tang, L.; Zhao, Y.; Gu, X.-C.; Gao, G.; Luo, J.-C. PlantTFDB 2.0: Update and improvement of the comprehensive plant transcription factor database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011, 9, D1114–D1117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  3. Riechmann, J.L.; Heard, J.; Martin, G.; Reuber, L.; Jiang, C.J.; Keddie, J.; Adam, L.; Pineda, O.; Ratcliffe, O.J.; Samaha, R.R.; et al. Arabidopsis transcription factors: Genome-wide comparative analysis among eukaryotes. Science 2000, 290, 2105–2110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Wray, G.A.; Hahn, M.W.; Abouheif, E.; Balhoff, J.P.; Pizer, M.; Rockman, M.V.; Romano, L.A. The evolution of transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2003, 20, 1377–1419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  5. Schwechheimer, C.; Zourelidou, M.; Bevan, M.W. Plant transcription factor studies. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1998, 49, 127–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  6. Jin, P.J.; Zhang, H.; Kong, L.; Gao, G.; Luo, J.C. PlantTFDB 3.0: A portal for the functional and evolutionary study of plant transcription factors. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014, 42, D1182–D1187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  7. Xu, Y.-H.; Liao, Y.-C.; Lu, F.-F.; Zhang, Z.; Sun, P.-W.; Gao, Z.-H.; Hu, K.-P.; Cun, S.; Jin, Y.; Wei, J.-H. Transcription Factor AsMYC2 Controls the Jasmonate-responsive Expression of ASS1 Regulating Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis in Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. Plant Cell Physiol. 2017, 58, 1924–1933. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Feller, A.; Machemer, K.; Braun, E.L.; Grotewold, E. Evolutionary and comparative analysis of MYB and bHLH plant transcription factors. Plant J. 2011, 66, 94–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Yin, J.; Chang, X.; Kasuga, T.; Bui, M.; Reid, M.S.; Jiang, C.Z. A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, PhFBH4, regulates flower senescence by modulating ethylene biosynthesis pathway in petunia. Hortic. Res. 2015, 2, 15059. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Murre, C.; McCaw, P.S.; Baltimore, D. A new DNA binding and dimerization motif in immunoglobulin enhancer binding, daughterless, MyoD, and mycproteins. Cell 1989, 56, 777–783. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Atchley, W.R.; Terhalle, W.; Dress, A. Positional dependence, cliques, and predictive motifs in the bHLH protein domain. J. Mol. Evol. 1999, 48, 501–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Ellenberger, T.; Fass, D.; Arnaud, M.; Harrison, S.C. Crystal structure of transcription factor E47: E-box recognition by a basic region helix-loop-helix dimer. Comp. Study 1994, 8, 970–980. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  13. Nesi, N.; Debeaujon, I.; Jond, C.; Pelletier, G.; Caboche, M.; Lepiniec, L. The TT8 gene encodes a basic helix-loop-helix domain protein required for expression of DFR and BAN genes in Arabidopsis siliques. Plant Cell 2000, 12, 1863–1878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  14. Hong, Y.Q.; Ahmad, N.; Tian, Y.Y.; Liu, J.Y.; Wang, L.Y.; Wang, G.; Liu, X.M.; Dong, Y.Y.F.; Wang, W.; Liu, W.C.; et al. Genome-Wide Identification, Expression Analysis, and Subcellular Localization of Carthamus tinctorius bHLH Transcription Factors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 3044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  15. Li, H.T.; Gao, W.L.; Xue, C.L.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Z.G.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Meng, X.W.; Liu, M.J.; Zhao, J. Genome-wide analysis of the bHLH gene family in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) and wild jujube. BMC Genom. 2019, 20, 568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Aslam, M.; Jakada, B.H.; Fakher, B.; Greaves, J.G.; Niu, X.; Su, Z.; Cheng, Y.; Cao, S.J.; Wang, X.M.; Qin, Y. Genome-wide study of pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) bHLH transcription factors indicates that cryptochrome-interacting bHLH2 (AcCIB2) participates in flowering time regulation and abiotic stress response. BMC Genom. 2020, 21, 735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Zhang, Z.S.; Chen, J.; Liang, C.L.; Liu, F.; Hou, X.L.; Zou, X.X. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the bHLH Transcription Factor Family in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Front. Genet. 2020, 11, 570156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Wang, R.-Q.; Zhao, P.; Kong, N.; Lu, R.-Z.; Pei, Y.; Huang, C.-X.; Ma, H.-L.; Chen, Q. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Potato bHLH Transcription Factor Family. Genes 2018, 22, 54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  19. Gao, C.; Sun, J.-L.; Wang, C.-Q.; Dong, Y.-M.; Xiao, S.-H.; Wang, X.-J.; Jiao, Z.-G. Genome-wide analysis of basic/helix-loop-helix gene family in peanut and assessment of its rolesin pod development. PLoS ONE. 2017, 27, e0181843. [Google Scholar]
  20. Zhu, L.; Zhao, M.-Z.; Chen, M.-Y.; Li, L.; Jiang, Y.; Liu, S.-Z.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, K.-Y.; Sun, C.-Y.; Chen, J.; et al. The bHLH gene family and its response to saline stress in Jilin ginseng, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Mol. Genet. Genom. 2022, 295, 877–890. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Niu, X.; Guan, Y.-X.; Chen, S.-K.; Li, H.-F. Genome-wide analysis of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors in Brachypodium distachyon. BMC Genom. 2017, 18, 619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  22. Kavas, M.; Baloğlu, M.-C.; Atabay, E.-S.; Ziplar, U.-T.; Daşgan, H.-Y.; Ünver, T. Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of common bean bHLH transcription factors in response to excess salt concentration. Mol. Gen. Genom. 2016, 291, 129–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Sun, H.; Fan, H.-J.; Ling, H.-Q. Genome-wide identification and characterization of the bHLH gene family in tomato. BMC Genom. 2015, 16, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  24. Li, X.-X.; Duan, X.-P.; Jiang, H.-X.; Sun, Y.-J.; Tang, Y.-P.; Zhen, Y.; Guo, J.-K.; Liang, W.-Q.; Chen, L.; Yin, J.Y.; et al. Genome-wide analysis of basic/helix-loop-helix transcription factor family in rice and Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2006, 141, 1167–1184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  25. Mao, K.; Dong, Q.-L.; Li, C.; Liu, C.-H.; Ma, F.-W. Genome Wide Identification and Characterization of Apple bHLH Transcription Factors and Expression Analysis in Response to Drought and Salt Stress. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 11, 480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  26. Zhang, T.-T.; Lv, W.; Zhang, H.-S.; Ma, L.; Li, P.-H.; Ge, L.; Chang, L. Genome-wide analysis of the basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factor family in maize. BMC Plant Biol. 2018, 18, 235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  27. Song, X.-M.; Huang, Z.-N.; Duan, W.-K.; Ren, J.; Liu, T.-K.; Li, Y.; Hou, X.-L. Genome-wide analysis of the bHLH transcription factor family in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). Mol. Gen. Genom. 2014, 289, 77–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Chen, X.-R.; Xiong, R.; Liu, H.-L.; Wu, M.; Chen, F.; Yan, H.-W.; Xiang, Y. Basic helix-loop-helix gene family: Genome wide identification, phylogeny, and expression in Moso bamboo. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2018, 132, 104–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Wei, K.-F.; Chen, H.-Q. Comparative functional genomics analysis of bHLH gene family in rice, maize and wheat. BMC Plant Biol. 2018, 18, 309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Huq, E.; Quail, P.-H. A phytochrome-interacting bHLH factor, functions as a negative regulator of phytochrome B signaling in Arabidopsis. EMBO J. 2022, 15, 2441–2450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  31. Lee, S.; Lee, S.-h.; Yang, K.-Y.; Kim, Y.-M.; Park, S.-Y.; Kim, S.-Y.; Soh, M.-S. Overexpression of PRE1 and itshomologous genes activates Gibberellin-dependent responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol. 2006, 47, 591–600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Hu, D.-G.; Sun, C.-H.; Zhang, Q.-Y.; An, J.-P.; You, C.-X.; Hao, Y.-J. Glucose Sensor MdHXK1 Phosphorylates and Stabilizes MdbHLH3 to Promote Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Apple. PLoS Genet. 2016, 25, e1006273. [Google Scholar]
  33. Bernhardt, C.; Lee, M.-M.; Gonzalez, A.; Zhang, F.; Lloyd, A.; Schiefelbein, J. The bHLH genes GLABRA3(GL3) and ENHANCER OF GLABRA3 (EGL3) specify epidermal cell fate in the Arabidopsis root. Development 2003, 130, 6431–6439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  34. Duek, P.-D.; Fankhauser, C. bHLH class transcription factors take Centre stage in phytochrome signalling. Trends Plant Sci. 2005, 10, 51–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Yao, P.-F.; Li, C.-L.; Zhao, X.-R.; Li, M.-F.; Zhao, H.-X.; Guo, J.-Y.; Cai, Y.; Chen, H.; Wu, Q. Overexpression of a Tartary buckwheat gene, FtbHLH3, Enhances Drought/Oxidative Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 8, 625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  36. Yao, P.-F.; Sun, Z.-X.; Chen, Q.-L.; Zhao, X.-Y.; Li, M.-F.; Deng, R.-Y.; Huang, Y.-J.; Zhao, H.-Q.; Chen, H.; Wu, Q. Overexpression of Fagopyrum tataricum FtbHLH2 enhances tolerance to cold stress in transgenic Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2018, 125, 85–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Zhai, Y.-Q.; Zhang, L.-C.; Xia, C.; Fu, S.-L.; Zhao, G.-Y.; Jia, J.-Z.; Kong, X.Y. The wheat transcription factor, TabHLH39, improves tolerance to multiple abiotic stressors in transgenic plants. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2016, 473, 1321–1327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Jiang, Y.-Q.; Yang, B.; Deyholos, M.-K. Functional characterization of the Arabidopsis bHLH92 transcription factor in abiotic stress. Mol. Gen. Genom. 2009, 282, 503–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Huang, X.-S.; Wang, W.; Zhang, Q.; Liu, J.-H. A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, PtrbHLH, of Poncirus trifoliata confers cold tolerance and modulates peroxidase-mediated scavenging of hydrogen peroxide. Plant Physiol. 2013, 162, 1178–1194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  40. Waseem, M.; Li, N.; Su, D.-D.; Chen, J.-X.; Li, Z.-G. Overexpression of a basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor gene, SlbHLH22, promotes early fowering and accelerates fruit ripening in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L). Planta 2019, 250, 173–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Tan, C.; Qiao, H.-L.; Ma, M.; Wang, X.; Tian, Y.-Y.; Bai, S.; Hasi, A. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Melon bHLH Transcription Factors in Regulation of Fruit Development. Plants 2021, 10, 2721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Zhou, D.; Shen, Y.-H.; Zhou, P.; Fatima, M.; Lin, J.-S.; Yue, J.-J.; Zhang, X.-T.; Chen, L.-Y.; Ming, Y. Papaya CpbHLH1/2 regulate carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes during papaya fruit ripening. Hortic. Res. 2019, 6, 80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  43. Huang, D.-M.; Xu, Y.; Wu, B.; Ma, F.-N.; Song, S. Comparative analysis of basic quality of passion fruits (Passiflora edulis sims) in Guangxi, Guizhou and Fujian, China. Bangladesh J. Bot. 2019, 48, 901–906. [Google Scholar]
  44. Costa, J.-L.; Jesus, O.-N.-D.; Oliverira, G.-A.-F.; Oliverira, E.-J.-D. Effect of selection on genetic variability in yellow passion fruit. Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 2012, 12, 253–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  45. Song, S.; Zhang, D.-H.; Ma, F.-N.; Xing, W.-T.; Huang, D.-M.; Wu, B.; Chen, J.; Chen, D.; Xu, B.Q.; Xu, Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analyses of the Aquaporin Gene Family in Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis), Revealing PeTIP3-2 to Be Involved in Drought Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 5720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Tamura, K.; Dudley, J.; Nei, M.; Kumar, S. MEGA4, molecular evolutionary genetics analysis MEGA software version 4.0. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2007, 24, 596–1599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Chen, C.-J.; Chen, H.; Zhang, Y.; Thomas, H.-R.; Frank, M.-H.; He, Y.-H.; Xia, R. TBtools: An integrative toolkit developed for interactive analyses of big biological data. Mol. Plant 2020, 13, 1199–1202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Lescot, M.; Dehais, P.; Thijs, G.; Marchal, K.; Moreau, Y.; Peer, Y.-V.-D.; Rouze, P.; Rombauts, S. PlantCARE, a database of plant cis-acting regulatory elements and a portal to tools for in silico analysis of promoter sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002, 30, 325–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Jefferson, R.-A.; Kavanagh, T.-A.; Bevan, M.-W. GUS fusions: Beta-glucuronidase as a sensitive and versatilegene fusion marker in higher plants. EMBO J. 1987, 6, 3901–3907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Xu, Y.; Jin, Z.-Q.; Xu, B.-Y.; Li, J.-Y.; Li, Y.-J.; Wang, X.-Y.; Wang, A.-B.; Hu, W.; Huang, D.-M.; Wei, Q.; et al. Identification of transcription factors interacting with a 1274bp promoter of MaPIP1;1 which confers high-level gene expression and drought stress Inducibility in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Plant Biol. 2020, 20, 278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Xia, Z.-Q.; Huang, D.-M.; Zhang, S.-K.; Wang, W.-Q.; Ma, F.-N.; Wu, B.; Xu, Y.; Xu, B.-Q.; Chen, D.; Zou, M.-L.; et al. Chromosome-scale genome assembly provides insights into the evolution and flflavor synthesis of passion fruit (Passiflflora edulis Sims). Hortic. Res. 2021, 8, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Guo, J.-R.; Sun, B.-X.; He, H.-R.; Zhang, Y.-F.; Tian, H.-Y.; Wang, B.-S. Current Understanding of bHLH Transcription Factors in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 4921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Zhou, X.; Liao, Y.-L.; Kim, S.-U.; Chen, Z.-X.; Nie, G.-P.; Cheng, S.-Y.; Ye, J.-B.; Xu, F. Genome-wide identification and characterization of bHLH family genes from Ginkgo biloba. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 13723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  54. Huang, H.-G.; Yu, N.; Wang, L.-J.; Gupta, D.-K.; He, Z.-L.; Wang, K.; Zhu, Z.-Q.; Yan, X.-C.; Li, T.-Q.; Yang, X.-E. The phytoremediation potential of bioenergy crop Ricinus communis for DDTs and cadmium co-contaminated soil. Bioresour. Technol. 2011, 102, 11034–11038. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Atchley, W.-R.; Fitch, W.-M. A natural classification of the basic helix–loop–helix class of transcription factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94, 5172–5176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  56. Kumar, S.; Stecher, G.; Tamura, K. MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2016, 33, 1870–1874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  57. Adeleke, B.-S.; Babalola, O.-O. Oilseed crop sunflower (Helianthus annuus) as a source of food: Nutritional and health benefits. Food Sci. Nutr. 2020, 8, 4666–4684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Xu, Z.-L.; Liu, X.-Q.; He, X.-L.; Xu, L.; Huang, Y.-H.; Shao, H.-B.; Zhang, D.-Y.; Tang, B.-P.; Ma, H.-X. The soybean basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor ORG3-like enhances cadmium tolerance via increased iron and reduced cadmium uptake and transport from roots to shoots. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 8, 1098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  59. Ren, X.-Y.; Vorst, O.; Fiers, M.-W.-E.-J.; Stiekema, W.-J.; Nap, J.-P. In plants, highly expressed genes are the least compact. Trends Genet. 2006, 22, 528–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Jeffares, D.-C.; Penkett, C.-J.; Bahler, J. Rapidly regulated genes are intron poor. Trends Genet. 2008, 24, 375–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Mehan, M.-R.; Freimer, N.-B.; Ophoff, R.-A. A genome-wide survey of segmental duplications that mediate common human genetic variation of chromosomal architecture. Hum. Genom. 2004, 1, 335–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  62. Vision, T.-J.; Brown, D.-G.; Tanksley, S.-D. The origins of genomic duplications in Arabidopsis. Science 2000, 290, 2114–2117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  63. Paik, I.; Kathare, P.-K.; Kim, J.-I.; Huq, E. Expanding Roles of PIFs in Signal Integration from Multiple Processes. Mol. Plant 2017, 10, 1035–1046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  64. Amoutzias, G.D.; Robertson, D.L.; Oliver, S.G.; Bornberg-Bauer, E. Convergent evolution of gene networks by single-gene duplications in higher eukaryotes. EMBO Rep. 2004, 5, 274–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  65. Liu, H.-T.; Yu, X.-H.; Li, K.-W.; Klejnot, J.; Yang, H.-Y.; Lisiero, D.; Lin, C. Photoexcited CRY2 interacts with CIB1 to regulate transcription and floral initiation in Arabidopsis. Science 2008, 322, 1535–1539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  66. Liu, H.-T.; Wang, Q.; Liu, Y.-W.; Zhao, X.-Y.T.; Imaizumi, D.-E.; Somers, D.E.; Tobin, E.M.; Lin, C. Arabidopsis CRY2 and ZTL mediate blue-light regulation of the transcription factor CIB1 by distinct mechanisms. Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 2013, 110, 17582–17587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  67. Varaud, E.; Brioudes, F.; Szecsi, J.; Leroux, J.; Brown, S.; Perrot-Rechenmann, C. AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR8 regulates Arabidopsis petal growth by interacting with the bHLH transcription factor BIGPETALp. Plant Cell 2011, 23, 973–983. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  68. Liu, C.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, B.-M.; Ran, Q.-J.; Zhang, J.-R. The bHLH family member ZmPTF1 regulates drought tolerance in maize by promoting root development and abscisic acid synthesis. J. Exp. Bot. 2019, 70, 5471–5486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Qiu, J.-R.; Huang, Z.; Xiang, X.-Y.; Xu, W.-X.; Wang, J.-T.; Chen, J.; Song, L.; Xiao, Y.; Li, X.; Ma, J.; et al. MfbHLH38, a Myrothamnus flabellifolia bHLH transcription factor, confers tolerance to drought and salinity stresses in Arabidopsis. BMC Plant Biol. 2020, 20, 542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Yu, C.-M.; Yan, M.; Dong, H.-Z.; Luo, J.; Ke, Y.-C.; Guo, A.-F.; Chen, Y.-H.; Zhang, J.; Huang, X.-S. Maize bHLH55 functions positively in salt tolerance through modulation of AsA biosynthesis by directly regulating GDP-mannose pathway genes. Plant Sci. 2021, 302, 110676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  71. Liu, Y.-J.; Ji, X.-Y.; Nie, X.-G.; Qu, M.; Heng, L.-Z.; Tan, Z.-L.; Zhao, H.-M.; Huo, L.; Liu, S.-N.; Zhang, B.; et al. Arabidopsis AtbHLH112regulates the expression of genes involved in abiotic stress tolerance bybinding to their E-box and GCG-box motifs. New Phytol. 2015, 207, 692–709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  72. Jin, R.; Kim, H.-S.; Yu, T.; Zhang, A.-J.; Yang, Y.-F.; Liu, M.; Yu, W.-H.; Zhao, P.; Zhang, Q.-Q.; Cao, Q.-H.; et al. Identification and function analysis of bHLH genes in response to cold stress in sweetpotato. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2021, 169, 224–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  73. Zuo, Z.-F.; Sun, H.-J.; Lee, H.-Y.; Kang, H.-G. Identification of bHLH genes through genome-wide association study and antisense expression of ZjbHLH076/ZjICE1 influence tolerance to low temperature and salinity in Zoysia japonica. Plant Sci. 2021, 313, 111088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  74. Xu, Y.; Liu, J.-H.; Jia, C.-H.; Hu, W.; Song, S.; Xu, B.-Y.; Jin, Z.-Q. Overexpression of a Banana Aquaporin Gene MaPIP1;1 Enhances Tolerance to Multiple Abiotic Stresses in Transgenic Banana and Analysis of Its Interacting Transcription Factors. Front. Plant Sci. 2021, 12, 699230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  75. Lin, Y.; Zheng, H.; Zhang, Q.; Liu, C.; Zhang, Z. Functional profiling of EcaICE1 transcription factor gene from Eucalyptus camaldulensis involved in cold response in tobacco plants. J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol. 2014, 23, 141–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  76. Xu, W.-R.; Jiao, Y.-T.; Li, R.-M.; Zhang, N.-B.; Xiao, D.-M.; Ding, X.-L.; Wang, Z.-P. Chinese wild-growing Vitis amurensis ICE1 and ICE2 encode MYC-type Bhlh transcription activators that regulate cold tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e102303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  77. Seo, J.S.; Joo, J.; Kim, M.J.; Kim, Y.K.; Nahm, B.H.; Song, S.I.; Cheong, J.J.; Jong, S.L.; Kim, J.K.; Choi, Y.D. OsbHLH148, a basic helix-loop-helix protein, interacts with OsJAZ proteins in a jasmonate signaling pathway leading to drought tolerance in rice. Plant J. 2011, 65, 907–921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  78. Ko, D.K.; Lee, M.O.; Hahn, J.S.; Kim, B.G.; Hong, C.B. Submergence-inducible and circadian rhythmic basic helix-loop-helix protein gene in Nicotiana tabacum. J. Plant Physiol. 2009, 166, 1090–1100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  79. Liu, W.; Tai, H.-H.; Li, S.-S.; Gao, W.; Zhao, M.; Xie, C.-X.; Li, W.-X. bHLH122 is important for drought and osmotic stress resistance in Arabidopsis and in the repression of ABA catabolism. New Phytol. 2014, 201, 1192–1204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  80. Mao, T.-Y.; Liu, Y.-Y.; Zhu, H.-H.; Zhang, J.; Yang, J.X.; Fu, Q.; Wang, N.; Wang, Z. Genome-wide a nalyses of the bHLH gene family reveals structural and functional characteristics in the aquatic plant Nelumbo nucifera. PeerJ 2019, 7, e7153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Horticulturae 09 00272 g001 550
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationship of bHLHs between passion fruit and Arabidopsis. The different colors of the outer circles represented groups 1–18. Pe and At are abbreviations of passion fruit and Arabidopsis, respectively.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationship of bHLHs between passion fruit and Arabidopsis. The different colors of the outer circles represented groups 1–18. Pe and At are abbreviations of passion fruit and Arabidopsis, respectively.
Horticulturae 09 00272 g001
Horticulturae 09 00272 g002 550
Figure 2. Phylogenetic clustering, conserved motifs, and exon/intron organization of PebHLHs. Ten color boxes indicate different motifs, green color represents 5′ and 3′UTR, and yellow color and black lines represent exons and introns, respectively.
Figure 2. Phylogenetic clustering, conserved motifs, and exon/intron organization of PebHLHs. Ten color boxes indicate different motifs, green color represents 5′ and 3′UTR, and yellow color and black lines represent exons and introns, respectively.
Horticulturae 09 00272 g002
Horticulturae 09 00272 g003 550
Figure 3. Locations of the 117 identified PebHLHs in 9 chromosomes of Passion fruit. The PebHLHs were located on No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 chromosomes.
Figure 3. Locations of the 117 identified PebHLHs in 9 chromosomes of Passion fruit. The PebHLHs were located on No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 chromosomes.
Horticulturae 09 00272 g003
Horticulturae 09 00272 g004 550
Figure 4. The cis-acting element analysis of 2000 bp promoter upstream of PebHLH genes. Functional descriptions of cis-acting elements were labeled by different colors.
Figure 4. The cis-acting element analysis of 2000 bp promoter upstream of PebHLH genes. Functional descriptions of cis-acting elements were labeled by different colors.
Horticulturae 09 00272 g004
Horticulturae 09 00272 g005 550
Figure 5. Protein interaction networks prediction of PebHLH. The outer blue circles indicate PebHLH proteins, and the inner red circles indicate other proteins in the reciprocal relationship. Interacting relationships are indicated by straight gray lines.
Figure 5. Protein interaction networks prediction of PebHLH. The outer blue circles indicate PebHLH proteins, and the inner red circles indicate other proteins in the reciprocal relationship. Interacting relationships are indicated by straight gray lines.
Horticulturae 09 00272 g005
Horticulturae 09 00272 g006 550
Figure 6. The synteny analysis of bHLHs of passion fruit genomes (A) and with other species (B). The red line represents the PebHLH gene pair, and the blue lines represent homologous gene pairs. Pe, Os, At, and Pt represent passion fruit, rice, Arabidopsis, and poplar, respectively.
Figure 6. The synteny analysis of bHLHs of passion fruit genomes (A) and with other species (B). The red line represents the PebHLH gene pair, and the blue lines represent homologous gene pairs. Pe, Os, At, and Pt represent passion fruit, rice, Arabidopsis, and poplar, respectively.
Horticulturae 09 00272 g006
Horticulturae 09 00272 g007 550
Figure 7. Differential expression of PebHLHs responding to different levels of drought, high salt, cold, and high temperature (Table S2). CK is normal growth condition, drought 50% and 10% are soil water content indexes, NaCl 3 d and 10 d are the treatment time under 300 mM concentration, cold 20 h, and 48 h are the treatment under 8 °C, and high temperature 2 h, 4 h, and 24 h are the treatment time under 42 °C, respectively.
Figure 7. Differential expression of PebHLHs responding to different levels of drought, high salt, cold, and high temperature (Table S2). CK is normal growth condition, drought 50% and 10% are soil water content indexes, NaCl 3 d and 10 d are the treatment time under 300 mM concentration, cold 20 h, and 48 h are the treatment under 8 °C, and high temperature 2 h, 4 h, and 24 h are the treatment time under 42 °C, respectively.
Horticulturae 09 00272 g007
Horticulturae 09 00272 g008 550
Figure 8. qRT-PCR analysis of 8 PebHLHs under 4 different abiotic stresses (Table S3). Horizontal coordinates indicate different stress treatments (the different processing methods are described above), and vertical coordinates represent relative expression values. The different letters mean significance, which was examined by Duncan’s range test (p < 0.05).
Figure 8. qRT-PCR analysis of 8 PebHLHs under 4 different abiotic stresses (Table S3). Horizontal coordinates indicate different stress treatments (the different processing methods are described above), and vertical coordinates represent relative expression values. The different letters mean significance, which was examined by Duncan’s range test (p < 0.05).
Horticulturae 09 00272 g008
Horticulturae 09 00272 g009 550
Figure 9. Differential expression of PebHLHs during 3 fruit ripening periods (Table S4).
Figure 9. Differential expression of PebHLHs during 3 fruit ripening periods (Table S4).
Horticulturae 09 00272 g009
Horticulturae 09 00272 g010 550
Figure 10. qRT-PCR analysis of 8 PebHLHs during 3 fruit ripening periods (Table S5). Horizontal coordinates indicate different stress treatments, and vertical coordinates represent relative expression values. Biological replicates, tests, and p values are described above. The different letters mean significance, which was examined by Duncan’s range test (p < 0.05).
Figure 10. qRT-PCR analysis of 8 PebHLHs during 3 fruit ripening periods (Table S5). Horizontal coordinates indicate different stress treatments, and vertical coordinates represent relative expression values. Biological replicates, tests, and p values are described above. The different letters mean significance, which was examined by Duncan’s range test (p < 0.05).
Horticulturae 09 00272 g010
Horticulturae 09 00272 g011 550
Figure 11. Induction and expression pattern of PebHLH56 under cold stress. (A) GUS staining of overexpressing Arabidopsis strains. (B) GUS activity quantitative analysis of overexpressing Arabidopsis. Horizontal coordinates indicate different stress treatments, and vertical coordinates represent relative expression values. The different letters mean significance, which was examined by Duncan’s range test (p < 0.05).
Figure 11. Induction and expression pattern of PebHLH56 under cold stress. (A) GUS staining of overexpressing Arabidopsis strains. (B) GUS activity quantitative analysis of overexpressing Arabidopsis. Horizontal coordinates indicate different stress treatments, and vertical coordinates represent relative expression values. The different letters mean significance, which was examined by Duncan’s range test (p < 0.05).
Horticulturae 09 00272 g011
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Xu, Y.; Zhou, W.; Ma, F.; Huang, D.; Xing, W.; Wu, B.; Sun, P.; Chen, D.; Xu, B.; Song, S. Characterization of the Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Sim) bHLH Family in Fruit Development and Abiotic Stress and Functional Analysis of PebHLH56 in Cold Stress. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 272. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020272

AMA Style

Xu Y, Zhou W, Ma F, Huang D, Xing W, Wu B, Sun P, Chen D, Xu B, Song S. Characterization of the Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Sim) bHLH Family in Fruit Development and Abiotic Stress and Functional Analysis of PebHLH56 in Cold Stress. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(2):272. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020272

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xu, Yi, Weidong Zhou, Funing Ma, Dongmei Huang, Wenting Xing, Bin Wu, Peiguang Sun, Di Chen, Binqiang Xu, and Shun Song. 2023. "Characterization of the Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Sim) bHLH Family in Fruit Development and Abiotic Stress and Functional Analysis of PebHLH56 in Cold Stress" Horticulturae 9, no. 2: 272. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020272

APA Style

Xu, Y., Zhou, W., Ma, F., Huang, D., Xing, W., Wu, B., Sun, P., Chen, D., Xu, B., & Song, S. (2023). Characterization of the Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Sim) bHLH Family in Fruit Development and Abiotic Stress and Functional Analysis of PebHLH56 in Cold Stress. Horticulturae, 9(2), 272. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020272

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop