Morpho-Physiological, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, and Diffuse Reflectance Spectra Characteristics of Lettuce under the Main Macronutrient Deficiency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Object of Research
2.2. Cultivation Conditions
2.3. Morpho-Physiological Characteristics
2.4. Pigment Content and Diffuse Leaf Reflectance Spectroscopy
2.5. The Assessment of the Physiological Status of Plants by the Modulated Chlorophyll Fluorescence Method
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Morpho-Physiological Indicators of Lettuce Plants under Optimal Mineral Nutrition and Main Macronutrients Deficiency
3.2. Diffuse Leaf Reflectance Indices of Lettuce under the Main Macronutrients Deficiency
3.3. Changes in Fluorescence Parameters of Lettuce Plants Influenced by Nitrogen, Phosphorus or Potassium Deficiency
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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VIR Catalogue No. | Name | Origin | Type | Rosette Type | Leaf Type | Leaf Blade Color |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
k-2886 | Kokarda | Russia | Oakleaf | Appressed | Odd, pinnately sected | Dark green with anthocyanin pigmenting |
k-2867 | Vitaminnyi | Russia | Batavia | Suberect | Entire, sessile | Bright-green |
Option | Solution Characteristic Feature | N | P | Ca | K | Mg | S | Cl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Complete Knop nutrient solution(Control—C) | 154 | 56 | 119 | 135 | 24 | 33 | 57 |
2 | Nitrogen deficiency (ND) | 86 | 56 | 119 | 135 | 24 | 33 | 57 |
3 | Phosphorus deficiency (PD) | 153 | 27 | 119 | 136 | 24 | 33 | 57 |
4 | Potassium deficiency (KD) | 153 | 56 | 119 | 78 | 24 | 33 | 57 |
Reflectance Index of | Calculation Formula | Reference |
---|---|---|
Chlorophyll (ChlRI) | (R750 − R705)/(R750 + R705 − 2R445) | [30] |
Total carotenoids to total chlorophylls ratio (SIPI) | (R800 − R445)/(R800 − R680) | [31] |
Light scattering inside leaf tissues (R800) | R800 | [30] |
Photochemical activity (PRI) | (R570 − R531)/(R570 + R531) | [31] |
Anthocyanins (ARI) | [(1/R550) − (1/R700)] × R750 | [32] |
Option, Value | NL/P (pcs) | LA/P (dm2) | Bw (g) | Bd (g) | LA/1l (dm2) | SLA (dm2/g) | LMA (g/dm2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
‘Vitaminnyi’ | ||||||||
C | M * | 18.6 ± 0.5 | 14.6 ± 0.7 | 72.3 ± 2.3 | 4.51 ± 0.20 | 0.78 ± 0.02 | 3.24 | 0.31 |
% | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |
ND | M | 15.9 ± 0.3 * | 9.5 ± 0.6 * | 57.3 ± 2.4 * | 3.86 ± 0.17 * | 0.59 ± 0.03 * | 2.46 | 0.41 |
% | 85.5 | 65.2 | 79.2 | 85.6 | 76.2 | 76.0 | 132.3 | |
PD | M | 18.2 ± 0.4 | 14.2 ± 0.3 | 70.4 ± 4.7 | 4.57 ± 0.28 | 0.77 ± 0.01 | 3.11 | 0.32 |
% | 97.8 | 96.2 | 97.4 | 101.4 | 98.9 | 95.9 | 103.2 | |
KD | M | 15.6 ± 0.3 * | 9.4 ± 0.7 * | 59.9 ± 3.3 * | 4.60 ± 0.21 | 0.60 ± 0.04 * | 2.04 | 0.49 |
% | 83.9 | 64.7 | 82.8 | 102.0 | 77.0 | 63.1 | 158.1 | |
‘Kokarda’ | ||||||||
C | M | 23.9 ± 1.0 | 24.3 ± 1.7 | 90.8 ± 2.8 | 5.80 ± 0.18 | 1.00 ± 0.05 | 4.19 | 0.24 |
% | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |
ND | M | 21.5 ± 0.8 * | 18.3 ± 1.0 * | 75.2 ± 3.1 * | 5.04 ± 0.23 * | 0.85 ± 0.03 * | 3.63 | 0.28 |
% | 89.9 | 75.6 | 82.8 | 86.9 | 84.7 | 86.6 | 116.7 | |
PD | M | 23.4 ± 0.5 | 22.3 ± 1.6 | 89.1 ± 5.3 | 5.34 ± 0.15 * | 0.94 ± 0.06 | 4.18 | 0.23 |
% | 97.8 | 91.7 | 98.1 | 92.1 | 98.5 | 99.7 | 95.8 | |
KD | M | 22.5 ± 0.5 | 18.7 ± 0.7 * | 79.4 ± 2.1 * | 6.15 ± 0.37 | 0.83 ± 0.03 * | 3.04 | 0.27 |
% | 94.1 | 77.2 | 82.8 | 105.9 | 77.0 | 72.6 | 112.5 |
Option, Value | Chl a (mg/100 g) | Chl b (mg/100 g) | Chl (a+b) (mg/100 g) | Car (mg/100 g) | Ant (mg/100 g) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
‘Vitaminnyi’ | ||||||
C | M | 28.4 ± 1.9 | 8.4 ± 0.5 | 36.8 ± 2.3 | 10.0 ± 0.5 | 0.44 ± 0.02 |
% | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
ND | M | 18.2 ± 1.2 * | 4.9 ± 0.3 * | 23.1 ± 1.7 * | 7.4 ± 0.4 * | 0.73 ± 0.03 * |
% | 64 | 58 | 62 | 74 | 165 | |
PD | M | 25.0 ± 1.5 * | 7.2 ± 0.5 * | 32.2 ± 4.7 | 9.6 ± 0.6 | 0.61 ± 0.03 * |
% | 88 | 86 | 87 | 96 | 138 | |
KD | M | 25.9 ± 1.7 | 7.2 ± 0.5 * | 33.2 ± 2.1 | 9.7 ± 0.6 | 0.62 ± 0.04 * |
% | 91 | 86 | 90 | 97 | 140 | |
‘Kokarda’ | ||||||
C | M | 48.1 ± 3.0 | 16.3 ± 1.2 | 64.4 ± 2.9 | 15.7 ± 1.2 | 3.9 ± 0.2 |
% | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
ND | M | 32.2 ± 2.5 * | 10.6 ± 0.8 * | 42.8 ± 3.5 * | 12.0 ± 0.7 * | 4.7 ± 0.3 * |
% | 67 | 65 | 66 | 76 | 121 | |
PD | M | 49.3 ± 2.9 | 15.6 ± 0.9 | 64.9 ± 3.8 | 17.2 ± 1.1 | 4.4 ± 0.2 * |
% | 102 | 96 | 100 | 110 | 113 | |
KD | M | 43.3 ± 2.5 | 13.7 ± 0.8 * | 57.0 ± 3.5 * | 15.8 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 0.2 |
% | 90 | 84 | 88 | 100 | 105 |
Reflectance Index | ND | PD | KD | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
η2 * | p | η2 | p | η2 | p | |
‘Vitaminnyi’ | ||||||
ChlRI | 52.7 ** | <0.0001 | 37.7 | <0.0001 | 20.4 | <0.0001 |
SIPI | 40.2 | <0.0001 | 11.7 | 0.0026 | 3.6 | 0.101 |
R800 | 10.1 | 0.0056 | 10.0 | 0.0057 | 0.01 | 0.93 |
PRI | 18.8 | 0.0001 | 26.9 | <0.0001 | 12.0 | 0.0023 |
ARI | 57.2 | <0.0001 | 47.3 | <0.0001 | 17.9 | 0.0002 |
‘Kokarda’ | ||||||
ChlRI | 50.9 | <0.001 | 32.1 | <0.0001 | 30.7 | <0.0001 |
SIPI | 0.02 | 0.893 | 0.6 | 0.473 | 0.6 | 0.829 |
R800 | 3.5 | 0.091 | 12.8 | 0.0012 | 1.1 | 0.362 |
PRI | 9.7 | 0.005 | 12.0 | 0.0018 | 5.2 | 0.042 |
ARI | 0.3 | 0.865 | 2.1 | 0.202 | 2.6 | 0.157 |
Reflectance Index | ND | PD | KD | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
η2 * | p | η2 | p | η2 | p | |
‘Vitaminnyi’ | ||||||
ChlRI | 23.2 ** | <0.0002 | 3.8 | 0.111 | 1.4 | 0.313 |
SIPI | 19.0 | 0.0002 | 1.2 | 0.371 | 1.0 | 0.701 |
R800 | 6.2 | 0.041 | 23.4 | <0.0001 | 3.1 | 0.149 |
PRI | 0.9 | 0.90 | 10.9 | 0.006 | 10.0 | 0.009 |
ARI | 22.3 | <0.0001 | 1.0 | 0.407 | 0.9 | 0.756 |
‘Kokarda’ | ||||||
ChlRI | 46.8 | <0.0001 | 0.2 | 0.907 | 0.7 | 0.948 |
SIPI | 1.2 | 0.426 | 3.6 | 0.162 | 0.007 | 0.846 |
R800 | 0.04 | 0.989 | 6.9 | 0.541 | 9.7 | 0.471 |
PRI | 6.5 | 0.058 | 9.8 | 0.018 | 0.005 | 0.989 |
ARI | 1.3 | 0.790 | 1.1 | 0.809 | 6.80 | 0.052 |
FL | ‘Vitaminnyi’ | ‘Kokarda’ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ND | PD | KD | ND | PD | KD | |
F | 0.110 | 0.463 | 0.115 | 0.027 | 0.115 | 0.027 |
Fm′ | 0.500 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.173 | 0.463 | 0.074 |
Y(II) | 0.046 | 0.173 | 0.463 | 0.028 | 0.027 | 0.027 |
Fo′ | 0.027 | 0.074 | 0.027 | 0.600 | 0.463 | 0.685 |
qP | 0.046 | 0.249 | 0.345 | 0.027 | 0.028 | 0.027 |
qN | 0.027 | 0.916 | 0.753 | 0.027 | 0.046 | 0.046 |
qL | 0.043 | 0.248 | 0.225 | 0.028 | 0.027 | 0.027 |
NPQ | 0.027 | 0.916 | 0.753 | 0.028 | 0.046 | 0.046 |
Y(NO) | 0.027 | 0.172 | 0.600 | 0.028 | 0.027 | 0.027 |
Y(NPQ) | 0.027 | 0.753 | 0.753 | 0.074 | 0.046 | 0.074 |
Fo | 0.027 | 0.115 | 0.027 | 0.600 | 0.345 | 0.916 |
Fm | 0.910 | 0.046 | 0.043 | 0.248 | 0.345 | 0.115 |
Fv/Fm | 0.110 | 0.753 | 0.115 | 0.463 | 0.892 | 0.074 |
FL | ‘Vitaminnyi’ | ‘Kokarda’ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ND | PD | KD | ND | PD | KD | |
F | 0,07 | 0.07 | 0.89 | 0.138 | 0.685 | 0.685 |
Fm′ | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.89 | 0.138 | 0.345 | 0.892 |
Y(II) | 0.07 | 0.043 | 0.89 | 0.079 | 0.500 | 0.224 |
Fo′ | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.68 | 0.224 | 0.500 | 0.043 |
qP | 0.07 | 0.043 | 0.89 | 0.079 | 0.345 | 0.225 |
qN | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.68 | 0.500 | 0.345 | 0.225 |
qL | 0.06 | 0.043 | 0.22 | 0.079 | 0.345 | 0.224 |
NPQ | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.68 | 0.715 | 0.345 | 0.224 |
Y(NO) | 0.34 | 0.68 | 0.22 | 0.225 | 0.500 | 1.000 |
Y(NPQ) | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.34 | 0.685 | 0.345 | 0.224 |
Fo | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.89 | 0.245 | 0.500 | 0.043 |
Fm | 0.13 | 0.22 | 0.89 | 0.138 | 0.685 | 0.685 |
Fv/Fm | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.893 | 0.893 | 0.079 |
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Kanash, E.V.; Sinyavina, N.G.; Rusakov, D.V.; Egorova, K.V.; Panova, G.G.; Chesnokov, Y.V. Morpho-Physiological, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, and Diffuse Reflectance Spectra Characteristics of Lettuce under the Main Macronutrient Deficiency. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 1185. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9111185
Kanash EV, Sinyavina NG, Rusakov DV, Egorova KV, Panova GG, Chesnokov YV. Morpho-Physiological, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, and Diffuse Reflectance Spectra Characteristics of Lettuce under the Main Macronutrient Deficiency. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(11):1185. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9111185
Chicago/Turabian StyleKanash, Elena V., Nadezhda G. Sinyavina, Dmitryi V. Rusakov, Ksenia V. Egorova, Gayane G. Panova, and Yuriy V. Chesnokov. 2023. "Morpho-Physiological, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, and Diffuse Reflectance Spectra Characteristics of Lettuce under the Main Macronutrient Deficiency" Horticulturae 9, no. 11: 1185. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9111185