A Fine Line between Phytotoxicity and Blue When Producing Hydrangea macrophylla in a Nursery at a Low Substrate pH
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bluing the Initial Year of Production: Year 1
2.1.1. Location, Plants and Substrate
2.1.2. Treatments and Other Fertilization
2.1.3. Substrate Pore-Water Chemical Properties
2.1.4. Flower Color Measurements
2.1.5. Plant Growth, Quality and Flower Index Measurements
2.1.6. Saturated Media Extract
2.2. Bluing a Crop Held Over: Year 2
2.2.1. Treatments and Other Fertilization
2.2.2. Substrate Pore-Water Chemical Properties
2.2.3. Flower Color Measurements
2.2.4. Plant Growth, Quality and Flower Index Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Bluing the Initial Year of Production: Year 1 Results
3.1.1. Substrate Pore-Water Chemical Properties
3.1.2. Flower Color Measurements
3.1.3. Plant Growth, Quality and Flower Index Measurements
3.1.4. SME Measurements
3.2. Bluing a Crop Held Over: Year 2 Results
3.2.1. Substrate Pore-Water Chemical Properties
3.2.2. Flower Color Measurements
3.2.3. Plant Growth, Quality and Flower Index Measurements
4. Discussion
4.1. Bluing the Initial Year of Production: Year 1 Discussion
4.2. Bluing a Crop Held Over: Year 2 Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Application Method | Treatment/Product | Product Appl. Rate | Frequency of Appl. | Aluminum (Al) Added | Abbreviation | Location |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year 1 (2018) planted liner; base substrate or “control” (CO) contained no Al sulfate (0.00 kg Al·m−3) | ||||||
Pre-plant incorporated | 90-day controlled release Al | 4.15 kg·m−3 | 1 appl. | 0.62 kg·m−3 | FSL | CVF, TAH |
(provide Al throughout production) | 5.93 kg·m−3 | 0.89 kg·m−3 | FSH | |||
Ground Al sulfate | 5.93 kg·m−3 | 1 appl. | 1.03 kg·m−3 | ASL | CVF, TAH | |
8.90 kg·m−3 | 1.56 kg·m−3 | ASH | ||||
Topdressed | 90-day controlled release Al | 9.00 g·cont.−1 | 1 appl. | 1.35 g·cont.−1 | FST | TAH |
(provide Al at time of flowering, rescue) | 15.00 g·cont.−1 | 2.25 g·cont.−1 | CVF | |||
Ground Al sulfate | 26.17 g·cont.−1 | 1 appl. | 4.58 g·cont.−1 | AST | TAH | |
32.66 g·cont.−1 | 5.72 g·cont.−1 | CVF | ||||
Drench | Dissolved Al sulfate | |||||
(continuously every 2 wks. | 250 mL of 17.97 g·L−1 | 4.49 g·cont.−1 | 7 appl. | 5.50 g·cont.−1 | CD | CVF, TAH |
One time rescue appl.) | 500 mL of 23.97 g·L−1 | 11.99 g·cont.−1 | 1 appl. | 2.10 g·cont.−1 | RD | |
Year 2 (2019) 1-year old plant; base substrate or “control” (UC) contained 5.93 kg·m−3 aluminum sulfate (1.03 kg Al·m−3) | ||||||
Topdressed | 90-day controlled release Al | 9.00 g·cont.−1 | 1 appl. | 1.35 g·cont.−1 | TDL | CVF, TAH |
(provide Al at time of flowering, rescue) | 15.00 g·cont.−1 | 2.25 g·cont.−1 | TDH | |||
Drench | Dissolved Al sulfate | 8.98 g·cont.−1 | 1.57 g·cont.−1 | CVF | ||
(one time rescue appl.) | 500 mL of 17.97 g·L−1 | 1 appl. | ASD | |||
500 mL of 23.97 g·L−1 | 11.99 g·cont.−1 | 2.10 g·cont.−1 | TAH |
Treatment | CVF 2 | TAH |
---|---|---|
Non-Rescue Treatments | ||
CO | 34.34 b3 | 34.04 b |
Drench | ||
CD | 40.48 a | 40.16 a |
Incorporated | ||
FSL | 39.45 a | 38.77 a |
FSH | 38.65 a | 37.96 a |
ASL | 38.54 a | 38.33 a |
ASH | 38.33 a | 38.96 a |
Rescue Treatments | ||
RD | 38.17 ab | 40.09 a |
FST | 38.65 a | 39.96 a |
AST 4 | . | . |
p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0019 |
Treatment | Al, Extractant (mg·L−1) | Al, Foliar Tissue (µg·g−1 Dry Weight) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
CVF 1 | TAH | CVF | TAH | |
Non-Rescue Treatments Control | ||||
CO | 0.12 b 2 | 0.10 b | 105 d | 121 d |
Drench | ||||
CD | 1.82 a | 11.59 a | 1237 a | 1633 a |
Incorporated | ||||
FSL | 0.37 b | 0.26 b | 444 c | 577 c |
FSH | 0.30 b | 0.23 b | 523 bc | 501 cd |
ASL | 0.26 b | 0.31 b | 534 bc | 569 c |
ASH | 0.29 b | 0.24 b | 567 bc | 492 cd |
Rescue Treatments | ||||
RD | 0.29 b | 0.29 b | 587 bc | 538 c |
FST | 0.40 b | 0.26 b | 783 b | 1147 b |
AST 3 | 0.39 b | 0.34 b | . | . |
p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 |
Treatment | N (%) | K (%) | P (%) | Mg (%) | Ca (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recommended rate [26] | 2.24–5.6% | 2.2–7.8% | 0.25–0.70% | 0.22–0.61% | 0.60–2.00% | |
CVF 1 | CO | 2.21 | 1.30 | 0.17 bc 2 | 0.31 a | 0.91 a |
CD | 2.40 | 1.29 | 0.12 d | 0.18 d | 0.50 c | |
FSL | 2.39 | 1.38 | 0.23 a | 0.29 ab | 0.74 ab | |
FSH | 2.66 | 1.32 | 0.23 a | 0.30 a | 0.77 a | |
ASL | 1.69 | 1.38 | 0.20 ab | 0.25 abc | 0.68 abc | |
ASH | 2.42 | 1.35 | 0.23 a | 0.28 abc | 0.75 ab | |
RD | 2.61 | 1.31 | 0.14 cd | 0.23 bcd | 0.67 abc | |
FST | 2.71 | 1.49 | 0.14 cd | 0.21 cd | 0.52 bc | |
AST 3 | . | . | . | . | . | |
p-value | 0.3914 | 0.2705 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
TAH | CO | 1.59 c | 0.96 | 0.17 ab | 0.31 | 1.29 |
CD | 2.28 a | 1.06 | 0.12 b | 0.26 | 1.08 | |
FSL | 1.94 abc | 0.84 | 0.18 ab | 0.32 | 1.35 | |
FSH | 1.83 abc | 0.86 | 0.18 ab | 0.32 | 1.26 | |
ASL | 1.85 abc | 0.81 | 0.18 ab | 0.36 | 1.56 | |
ASH | 2.11 abc | 0.96 | 0.22 a | 0.30 | 1.25 | |
RD | 1.80 bc | 0.92 | 0.14 ab | 0.32 | 1.24 | |
FST | 2.44 ab | 1.07 | 0.14 ab | 0.29 | 1.08 | |
AST | . | . | . | . | . | |
p-value | 0.0087 | 0.5181 | 0.0765 | 0.3150 | 0.1694 |
Treatment | CVF 1 | TAH |
---|---|---|
UC | 40.97 | 39.44 c 2 |
ASD | 41.43 | 41.28 bc |
TDL | 41.60 | 45.75 a |
TDH | 42.29 | 44.42 ab |
p-value | 0.6519 | 0.0006 |
Treatment | N (%) | K (%) | P (%) | Mg (%) | Ca (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recommended rate [26] | 2.24–5.6% | 2.2–7.8% | 0.25–0.70% | 0.22–0.61% | 0.60–2.00% | |
CVF 1 | UC | 2.93 b 2 | 1.49 b | 0.17 | 0.22 ab | 0.34 ab |
ASD | 3.76 a | 1.80 ab | 0.17 | 0.26 a | 0.42 a | |
TDL | 3.58 a | 1.64 b | 0.12 | 0.22 ab | 0.32 b | |
TDH | 3.99 a | 2.05 a | 0.19 | 0.21 b | 0.31 b | |
p-value | <0.0001 | 0.0013 | 0.0526 | 0.0317 | 0.0069 | |
TAH | UC | 2.77 b | 0.87 b | 0.14 | 0.38 a | 0.78 a |
ASD | 2.99 ab | 1.14 b | 0.12 | 0.37 a | 0.69 ab | |
TDL | 3.54 ab | 1.58 a | 0.13 | 0.32 ab | 0.57 bc | |
TDH | 3.68 a | 1.65 a | 0.14 | 0.25 b | 0.49 c | |
p-value | 0.0287 | <0.0001 | 0.1533 | 0.0005 | <0.0001 |
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Pietsch, G.M.; Brindley, J.C.; Owen, J.S., Jr.; Fulcher, A. A Fine Line between Phytotoxicity and Blue When Producing Hydrangea macrophylla in a Nursery at a Low Substrate pH. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 690. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080690
Pietsch GM, Brindley JC, Owen JS Jr., Fulcher A. A Fine Line between Phytotoxicity and Blue When Producing Hydrangea macrophylla in a Nursery at a Low Substrate pH. Horticulturae. 2022; 8(8):690. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080690
Chicago/Turabian StylePietsch, Grace M., Julie C. Brindley, James S. Owen, Jr., and Amy Fulcher. 2022. "A Fine Line between Phytotoxicity and Blue When Producing Hydrangea macrophylla in a Nursery at a Low Substrate pH" Horticulturae 8, no. 8: 690. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080690