Nitrogen Effect on Growth-Related Parameters and Evaluation of Portulaca oleracea as a Phytoremediation Species in a Cr(VI)-Spiked Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Establishment, Measurements and Soil and Plant Analysis
2.2. Quality Assurance and Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Cr(VI) Concentration in Plant Tissues
3.2. Effects of Cr(VI) on Parameters Relative to Photosynthesis and Plant Growth
3.2.1. Chlorophyll Content Index and Photosynthetic Rate
3.2.2. Plant Height and Aerial Fresh Weight
3.2.3. Aerial Dry Weight and Root Dry Weight and Leaf Area per Plant
3.2.4. Leaf Area per Plant, Leaf Weight/Total Aerial Weight Ratio and Aerial Tissue Dry Matter Content (Aerial Dry Weight/Aerial Fresh Weight Ratio)
3.2.5. Tolerance Index
3.3. Phosphorus in Plant Tissues
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Cr(VI) contents in root tissues were orders of magnitude higher than the concentrations found in aerial plant tissues.
- All physiological and growth parameters measured were severely affected and nitrogen in all cases resulted even partially in Cr(VI) stress alleviation.
- Under Cr(VI) stress purslane plants selectively accumulated phosphorus in aerial plant tissues.
- Cr(VI) stress resulted in lower water content in aerial plant tissues.
- Added N did not result in increased Cr(VI) content in aerial biomass compared to same Cr(VI)-amended treatments without N; however, the fact that added N improved plant’s growth and physiological functions even when exposed to high Cr(VI) soil concentrations, means that sufficient N fertilization may be a satisfactory treatment to increased purslane tolerance against Cr(VI) toxicity.
- On the same lines, added N makes purslane a species to be further considered for phytoremediation of Cr(VI)-laden soils; however, we acknowledge that more research is necessary before conclusive decisions may be drawn.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | Plant Height | Aerial Fresh Weight | |
---|---|---|---|
(cm) | (g pot−1) | ||
No N | T-0 | 29.9 ± 1.09 f | 13.4 ± 2.18 |
T-1 | 18.9 ± 0.57 d | 5.9 ± 0.58 | |
T-2 | 16.3 ± 0.91 c | 4.4 ± 0.33 | |
T-3 | 15.0 ± 0.41 bc | 4.5 ± 0.35 | |
T-4 | 11.2 ± 0.46 a | 2.3 ± 0.31 | |
Added N | T-0 | 31.2 ± 1.39 d | 29.5 ± 3.21 |
T-1 | 22.0 ± 0.67 bc | 8.2 ± 0.52 | |
T-2 | 15.7 ± 0.48 ab | 5.7 ± 0.30 | |
T-3 | 15.7 ± 0.99 ab | 4.2 ± 0.38 | |
T-4 | 13.5 ± 0.46 a | 3.5 ± 0.40 | |
Treatment effect | p < 0.001 | p = 0.298 | |
Cr effect | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |
Nitrogen effect | p = 0.038 | p < 0.001 |
Treatments | Aerial Dry Weight | Root Dry Weight | |
---|---|---|---|
(g pot−1) | (g pot−1) | ||
No N | T-0 | 0.99 ± 0.167 b | 0.30 ± 0.089 a |
T-1 | 0.53 ± 0.009 ab | 0.39 ± 0.053 ab | |
T-2 | 0.42 ± 0.015 a | 0.56 ± 0.084 abc | |
T-3 | 0.48 ± 0.049 ab | 0.83 ± 0.093 abc | |
T-4 | 0.23 ± 0.015 a | 0.50 ± 0.127 abc | |
Added N | T-0 | 2.73 ± 0.339 c | 0.38 ± 0.056 ab |
T-1 | 0.76 ± 0.107 ab | 0.76 ± 0.169 abc | |
T-2 | 0.50 ± 0.019 ab | 1.02 ± 0.126 c | |
T-3 | 0.45 ± 0.051 a | 0.79 ± 0.095 abc | |
T-4 | 0.36 ± 0.052 a | 0.96 ± 0.146 bc | |
Treatment effect | p < 0.001 | p = 0.045 | |
Cr effect | p < 0.001 | p = 0.053 | |
Nitrogen effect | p < 0.001 | p = 0.021 |
Treatments | Leaf Area | Leaf/Aerial Weight Ratio | Aerial Tissue (Dry Weight/Fresh Weight Ratio) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(cm2 Plant−1) | (g g−1) | (g g−1) | ||
No N | T-0 | 114.5 ± 18.8 b | 0.33 ± 0.020 | 0.0723± 0.0032 a |
T-1 | 59.6 ± 2.5 ab | 0.28 ± 0.021 | 0.0936 ± 0.0015 bc | |
T-2 | 43.3 ±2.8 a | 0.27 ± 0.028 | 0.0884 ± 0.0041 bc | |
T-3 | 48.3 ±4.1 a | 0.30 ± 0.022 | 0.0934 ± 0.0042 bc | |
T-4 | 41.0 ± 3.7 a | 0.26 ± 0.025 | 0.0953 ± 0.0047 bc | |
Added N | T-0 | 381.5 ± 19.0 c | 0.50 ± 0.070 | 0.0790 ± 0.0026 ab |
T-1 | 120.9 ± 4.1 b | 0.31 ± 0.012 | 0.0875 ± 0.0009 bc | |
T-2 | 98.3 ± 5.9 ab | 0.33 ± 0.018 | 0.0927 ± 0.004 bc | |
T-3 | 68.4 ± 2.4 ab | 0.31 ± 0.027 | 0.0996 ± 0.004 c | |
T-4 | 49.9 ± 1.9 a | 0.26 ± 0.024 | 0.0998 ± 0.008 c | |
Treatment effect | p < 0.001 | p = 0.358 | p = 0.015 | |
Cr effect | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.002 | |
Nitrogen effect | p < 0.001 | p = 0.007 | p = 0.324 |
Treatments | Phosphorus Content | Potassium Content | |
---|---|---|---|
No N | T-0 | 3.41 ab | 39.50 f |
T-1 | 4.10 abc | 28.75 abc | |
T-2 | 5.10 cd | 31.62 bcde | |
T-3 | 4.72 bcd | 34.65 cdef | |
T-4 | 6.10 d | 37.63 ef | |
Added N | T-0 | 3.99 abc | 35.50 def |
T-1 | 2.95 a | 24.04 a | |
T-2 | 4.16 abc | 25.92 ab | |
T-3 | 4.40 abc | 36.07 ef | |
T-4 | 4.75 bcd | 29.17 abcd | |
Treatment effect | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |
Cr effect | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |
Nitrogen effect | p = 0.034 | p = 0.002 |
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Thalassinos, G.; Nastou, E.; Petropoulos, S.A.; Antoniadis, V. Nitrogen Effect on Growth-Related Parameters and Evaluation of Portulaca oleracea as a Phytoremediation Species in a Cr(VI)-Spiked Soil. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7070192
Thalassinos G, Nastou E, Petropoulos SA, Antoniadis V. Nitrogen Effect on Growth-Related Parameters and Evaluation of Portulaca oleracea as a Phytoremediation Species in a Cr(VI)-Spiked Soil. Horticulturae. 2021; 7(7):192. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7070192
Chicago/Turabian StyleThalassinos, Georgios, Elina Nastou, Spyridon A. Petropoulos, and Vasileios Antoniadis. 2021. "Nitrogen Effect on Growth-Related Parameters and Evaluation of Portulaca oleracea as a Phytoremediation Species in a Cr(VI)-Spiked Soil" Horticulturae 7, no. 7: 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7070192