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Article

Effects of an Inter-Row Reflective Ground Film on Technological Quality and Phenolic Composition of ‘Pinot Noir’ Grapes in Southern Chile

by
Ariel Muñoz-Alarcón
1,2,
Marjorie Reyes-Díaz
3,4,
Ignacio Serra
5,
Jorge González-Villagra
2,6,
Nicolás Carrasco-Catricura
7,
Fanny Pirce
7 and
Alejandra Ribera-Fonseca
4,7,*
1
Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Agroalimentarias y Medioambiente, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
2
Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Temuco 4780000, Chile
3
Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Molecular y Funcional de Plantas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco P.O. Box 54-D, Chile
4
Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
5
Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
6
Centro para la Resiliencia, Adaptación y Mitigación (CReAM), Universidad Mayor, Av. Alemania 281, Temuco 4801043, Chile
7
Centro de Fruticultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente, Campus Andrés Bello, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091144
Submission received: 18 August 2025 / Revised: 9 September 2025 / Accepted: 17 September 2025 / Published: 20 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Adaptive Modern Strategies in Viticulture)
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Abstract

Climate change has promoted the expansion of viticulture toward southern Chile. However, in regions like La Araucanía, low heat accumulation and high rainfall often limit ripening and phenolic development in Vitis vinifera L. grapes. To address this, the use of reflective ground films has been proposed to enhance light interception by the canopy. This study evaluated the effect of reflective ground film on the technological and phenolic quality of cv. ‘Pinot Noir’ grapes. The trial was conducted using three treatments: (1) control without film, (2) reflective ground film installed at the onset of veraison (FV), and (3) reflective ground film installed at 80% veraison (F80V). A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. At harvest, total soluble solids (TSS), total acidity, pH, yield, total phenols, and anthocyanins were measured. The FV treatment increased reflected light by up to 60% and significantly enhanced TSS (7.3%), total phenols (7.2%), and anthocyanins (69.3%) compared to the control. No significant differences were observed in acidity, pH, or yield. The results indicate that installing reflective ground film at veraison improves ripening and phenolic accumulation in cold climate vineyards.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important perennial crops worldwide, and the wine industry is highly globalized and competitive [1]. It is well known that climate change has impacted grapevine physiology, berry quality, and the distribution of varieties across different viticultural regions [2]. In Chile, around 139,000 hectares of wine grapes are planted, whereas in the La Araucanía region (38°44′ S), the vineyards cultivated area increased by 587% between 2013 and 2023, predominantly with ‘Pinot Noir’, Chardonnay, and, to a lesser extent, Sauvignon Blanc cultivars [3]. This region provides unique soil and climate conditions, together with a distinctive cultural landscape, compared to other wine valleys in the country [4]. It features a Mediterranean climate with dry summers and rainfall concentrated in winter [5]. According to Chilean Decree 464, the La Araucanía Region is divided into two viticultural valleys, Malleco Valley and Cautín Valley [6], and represents a climatic frontier for wine grape growing in Chile.
Soil and environmental parameters are key factors influencing grapevine physiology, berry composition, and wine quality [7,8,9,10]. Among the environmental parameters, solar radiation has been identified as particularly influential in grapevine development, affecting the canopy microclimate and the expression of genes involved in berry composition, such as sugars, organic acids, and the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds [11,12]. The phenolic composition can vary depending on species, variety, cultivation conditions, and management practices [13]. Among phenolic compounds, anthocyanins are mainly synthesized during veraison, which determines the color of berries and must in red varieties [14,15,16]. Anthocyanins, along with tannins, flavonols, and aroma precursors, significantly influence the technological quality of berries and are fundamental to the sensory properties of wine [15,17,18]. These traits are essential for achieving wines with typicity and market value, highlighting the practical relevance of vineyard management strategies that enhance phenolic composition [19].
Vineyard orientation, shoot positioning, and basal leaf removal are agronomic strategies that influence the effect of solar radiation on the microclimate of the canopy, thereby improving berry ripening and phenolic composition [20,21]. In addition, the use of reflective ground film has emerged as a strategy to increase radiation interception by the canopy and modify the microclimate around the cluster, as demonstrated by various studies [11,12,21,22,23,24,25]. Thus, different materials have been evaluated as reflective ground films, including mussel shells, gravel, crushed glass, and aluminized polyethylene films [24,25,26,27,28]. The positive effects of reflective ground films have been reported in several species, such as apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) [29,30], peach (Prunus persica L.) [31,32], and sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) [33]. Reflective films deteriorate under environmental exposure, which progressively reduces their optical efficiency. Therefore, testing two installation times helps determine whether shorter exposure periods can sustain improvements in ripening and phenolic accumulation while minimizing the risk of material degradation [34].
However, there is scarce information on the effect of reflective ground films on grapevines cultivated under cold climate conditions, such as those in southern Chile, where ripening is often delayed and phenolic development is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of reflective ground film applied in the inter-row space, at two different phenological stages, on the technological quality and phenolic composition of ‘Pinot Noir’ grapes grown in southern Chile. The findings are expected to provide practical insights for improving grape and wine quality in cold climate viticulture, contributing to the competitiveness and sustainability of the wine industry.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Material and Study Site

The field study was conducted in a commercial Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Pinot Noir’ vineyard located in Victoria (37°35′–39°37′ S), La Araucanía Region, Chile, between October 2023 and April 2024 (Figure 1). This un-grafted vineyard was established in 2006 with a planting density of 2.7 × 1.0 m. The vineyard is located on Andisol soils derived from volcanic ash, and the soil texture is clay loam. Soil bulk density was 1.2 g cm−3, with a moisture retention of 22.3% at 15 atm. Organic matter content reached 5.3%, and soil pH in water was 6.0. The soil contained 5 mg kg−1 of N, 4.1 mg kg−1 of P, and 205.8 mg kg−1 of available K. The vineyard is classified as a cold climate zone according to the Winkler Index [7], and is managed under conventional viticulture practices. The vineyard is equipped with an overhead frost protection irrigation system (32 L h−1 drippers), and the vines are trained to a bilateral Guyot system with an 80 cm trunk height and north–south row orientation. Total precipitation in 2023 reached 1090 mm. The Growing Degree Days (GDD) were 902 heat units (>10 °C) from September 2023 to April 2024, while the average relative humidity was 72.7% and the mean solar radiation was 18.2 MJ m−2.

2.2. Reflective Film Treatments and Experimental Design

The ‘Pinot Noir’ plants were subjected to three treatments: (1) control without reflective ground film, (2) reflective ground film installed at the onset of veraison (FV), defined as the point when berries began to soften and sugar accumulation started (19 February 2024), and (3) reflective ground film installed at approximately 80% veraison (F80V), when most berries had undergone color change (15 March 2024). The reflective ground film (ReflexSol®, Nanjing, China) was an aluminized reflective material made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic, with a thickness of 15 µm and a width of 1.5 m. The material was placed on the inter-row area on both sides of the vine row (Figure 2A). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, where each block corresponded to a row of 50 vines. Within each row, one replicate of each of the three treatments was randomly assigned. A total of four blocks were established, resulting in four replicates per treatment. Each replicate consisted of six consecutive vines within the row, while the sampling unit for analyses corresponded to the four central vines of each replicate (Figure 2B).

2.3. Canopy Photosynthetically Active Radiation Interception

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) was measured in each replicate per treatment using a PAR sensor (Quantitherm, Pentney, Norfolk, UK) to assess the effectiveness of the reflective film on the vine canopy prior to harvest, following Sandler et al. (2009) [23] method. Measurements were performed on four vines per replicate at two heights (the grape cluster level and 30 cm above the clusters), totaling eight measurements per replicate and 32 measurements per treatment. Light readings were performed between 11:00 and 14:00 h on 26 March 2024 under clear sky conditions.

2.4. Phenological Stages

The average occurrence of phenological stages was determined at each berry sampling date on four selected vines per replicate (16 vines per treatment) from September 2023, using the Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale [35], which defines the different developmental stages from 00 to 100. The phenological stage was visually estimated when more than 50% of the clusters on a selected shoot reached the corresponding stage.

2.5. Grape Berry Maturity

Fruit samples (60 berries per replicate, corresponding to 240 berries per treatment) were randomly collected from different positions on clusters and from different vines within each replicate on 22 January, 14 February, 5 and 15 March, and 9 April 2024 to monitoring maturity according to Gutiérrez-Gamboa et al. (2024) [36]. Samples were stored in plastic bags and transported at 4 °C to the Fruit Crop Physiology and Quality Laboratory at the Universidad de La Frontera. Berry weight was determined using an analytical balance, and berry diameter was measured with a digital caliper. Additionally, total soluble solids (TSS), total acidity (TA), and pH were determined in fruit samples. The TSS was measured using a temperature-compensated digital refractometer (ATAGO, Mod. PAL-BX I ACID F5, Saitama, Japan) and expressed as °Brix. The TA was determined by volumetric titration with 0.1 N sodium hydroxide using an automatic titrator (HANNA, Mod. HI-84532, Woonsocket, RI, USA) and expressed as tartaric acid (g L−1). The pH was measured with a calibrated pH meter (Hanna Instruments, Woonsocket, RI, USA) at pH 7.0 and 4.0.

2.6. Grape Berry Quality at Harvest

The harvest was performed based on the accumulation of total soluble solids (TSS) (23 April 2024). For this, four vines per replicate were completely harvested for each treatment to determine yield, number of grape clusters per plant, and the weight of 100 berries [36]. Then, 400 berries per replicate were stored in 1 kg polyethylene bags and transported to the Fruit Crop Physiology and Quality Laboratory at the Universidad de La Frontera for fruit quality determinations. Fresh berries were stored at 4 °C and analyzed within 48 h after harvesting. Four independent samples were analyzed for each treatment. The TSS, TA, and pH were determined using the same methods as in Section 2.5, with 100 berries per sample, according to the methodology described above.

2.7. Total Phenols Content in Berries

Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method in ethanolic extracts obtained from whole grape berries, following the protocol of Slinkard and Singleton (1977) [37]. Briefly, the following reagents were added to each tube: 15 μL of standard or extract, 750 μL of deionized water, 75 μL of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, 300 μL of 20% w/v sodium carbonate, and 360 μL of deionized water. The solutions were incubated at 20 °C for 30 min in the dark. Subsequently, 250 μL of each solution was transferred to a 96-well plate, and absorbance was recorded at 750 nm using gallic acid as a standard (Parada et al., 2019) [38]. Absorbance readings were performed using an Epoch microplate reader (Winooski, VT, USA). A total of four replicates per treatment were analyzed, and each sample was analyzed in triplicate. Total phenol content was expressed as grams of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per 100 milligrams of fresh weight (FW).

2.8. Total Anthocyanins Content in Berries

Total anthocyanin content was determined using the differential pH method described by Ribera et al. (2010) [39], with minor modifications, in whole grapes. A total of four replicates per treatment were analyzed at each site, and each sample was analyzed in triplicate, which were freeze-dried prior to analysis. Absorbance of anthocyanin extracts was measured at 530 nm and 657 nm using a molar extinction coefficient for cyanidin-3-glucoside of 29,600. Total anthocyanin content was expressed as milligrams of cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent (c3g) per gram of dry weight (DW).

2.9. Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis

All data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). When statistically significant differences were found, means were compared using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. All analyses were conducted using InfoStat software (version 2017, Argentina).

3. Results

3.1. Effect of Reflective Film on Canopy Light Conditions

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) showed significant increases in ‘Pinot Noir’ vines under reflective film treatments compared to the control. In our study, both reflective film treatments (FV and F80V) increased PAR at the grape cluster zone and 30 cm above compared to the control. Specifically, the FV treatment increased PAR by 61% at the grape cluster zone and 45% at 30 cm, while the F80V treatment showed similar values (Figure 3).

3.2. Phenological Stage Occurrence

The phenological development was monitored from the wool stage (BBCH 05) to the stage prior to harvest maturity (BBCH 87) in Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Pinot Noir’ during the 2023–2024 growing season (Figure 4). Although a slight trend towards faster phenological progression was observed in the treatments with reflective ground film, particularly in the FV treatment, no statistically significant differences among treatments were found at any of the evaluated time points.

3.3. Monitoring of Berry Weight and Size

During the 2023–2024 season, the effect of reflective ground film treatments on berry weight and size of ‘Pinot Noir’ grapes was evaluated throughout phenological development (Figure 5). The results showed that the control treatment exhibited a higher average weight compared to the FV and F80V treatments at BBCH stages 80 and 85. However, at the intermediate stage BBCH 83, berries under the reflective ground film installed at 80% veraison (F80V) treatment showed higher weight compared to control and FV treatments. Regarding berry size, significant differences were observed from BBCH stage 75, where berries from the F80V treatment presented a larger diameter than those from the control and FV treatments. At BBCH stages 80 and 84, the FV treatment promoted greater berry size compared to the control. Nevertheless, no significant differences among treatments were detected at the end of the evaluated period (BBCH 87).

3.4. Total Soluble Solids and Total Acidity Content of Berries During Ripening

The TSS content was similar among treatments at the beginning of the experiment. However, the reflective ground film treatments exhibited higher TSS accumulation as the season progressed, reaching 18.8 °Brix in FV and 18.6 °Brix in F80V compared to 17.4 °Brix in the control treatment at 86 BBCH. Similarly, TA showed no differences among treatments at the beginning of the experiment, with values around 40 g L−1 tartaric acid. Interestingly, the reflective ground film treatments showed lower TA values at the end of the experiment, reaching 8.4 g L−1 (FV) and 9.0 g L−1 (F80V) prior to harvest. In comparison, the control recorded 9.6 g L−1, although these differences were not statistically significant (Figure 6).

3.5. Grape Berry Quality at Harvest

In our study, both reflective ground film treatments significantly increased TSS by 7.3% (in FV) and 6.7% (in F80V) at harvest compared to the control treatment. Meanwhile, no significant differences were observed among treatments in TA, although a slight decrease (around 6–7%) was found under both reflective ground film treatments. On the other hand, no differences were found in pH among treatments (Table 1).

3.6. Yield Variables

Our results revealed that yield per plant ranged from 1.7 to 1.9 kg, with no significant differences among treatments. Likewise, the weight of 100 berries fluctuated between 126.8 and 135.7 g, with no clear trends associated with the treatments. Regarding the number of grape clusters per plant, values ranged from 29.1 to 31.9, without significant differences among treatments (Table 2).

3.7. Analysis of Total Phenolics and Anthocyanins

In total phenolic concentration, we found a significant increase (7.2%) in the FV treatment compared to the control. Interestingly, FV and F80V treatments increased total anthocyanins by 69.3% and 26.3%, respectively, compared to the control treatment (Figure 7).

4. Discussion

Climate change has driven the expansion of fruit and wine production toward southern Chile, with the La Araucanía Region standing out for its productive diversification and the emergence of a new viticulture, rooted in vineyards brought by European settlers in the 19th century [4]. This region provides distinctive soil–climate features and cultural landscape characteristics compared to other wine valleys in the country [5]. However, southern Chile is characterized by low thermal accumulation, high rainfall, and high cloud cover in spring and autumn, which can limit the ripening of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). In this context, the use of reflective ground film has been proposed as an agronomic strategy to enhance berry ripening and improve phenolic composition.
Our study revealed that the reflective ground film significantly improved PAR light interception by the plant, increasing it by 60% compared to the control treatment (without reflective ground film). Similar results have been reported in previous studies using reflective ground film [23,40,41,42]. This reinforces the potential of reflective ground films as a practical tool for optimizing light conditions in vineyards located in cold climate regions.
Phenological stages monitoring is essential for defining agronomic practices, especially in cold climate regions where advancing phenological development can help avoid damage from autumn rains or frost [43]. In this study, a slight trend toward faster phenological progression was observed in ‘Pinot Noir’ under reflective ground film, although no statistically significant differences were detected among treatments. This suggests that the film’s impact on the canopy microclimate was limited under the conditions of the season. In southern Chile, other strategies such as the use of the 101-14 Mgt rootstock have shown a positive effect on vine recovery following frost events, advancing phenological development in affected vines compared to ungrafted ones [32].
The use of reflective ground film has been shown to improve grape ripening, increasing TSS concentration and decreasing TA [44,45]. In this study, a significant increase in TSS (7%) was observed in the FV treatment compared to the control treatment. Kok et al. (2020) [27] reported similar results, where the reflective ground film improved TSS in berries by about 5% compared to the control treatment in the Cabernet Sauvignon varieties grown in Turkey. These results agree with those of Jamshidian et al. (2010) [46], who found higher TSS under reflective ground film treatment. Likewise, Coventry et al. (2005) [40] demonstrated that plants exposed to a reflective ground film from veraison exhibited 2.7 °Brix higher than plants not exposed to the film in Canada. Similar results were reported by Song et al. (2024) [28]. The authors showed that the reflective ground film improved berry sugar concentration by up to 2.4 °Brix in the Cabernet Gernischt variety cultivated in Yantai, China. However, other studies have reported that reflective ground film did not significantly alter sugar concentration or acidity [23,24]. Higher TSS is not only important for berry quality but also for meeting legal requirements. According to Supreme Decree No. 78, which regulates the production, elaboration, and marketing of alcohol in Chile, the minimum alcohol content of wine must be at least 11.5% [47]. To reach this, it is essential that the grapes have a high TSS content, which can be difficult to obtain in climates with low thermal accumulation [5].
In relation to berry weight and diameter during ripening, the application of reflective ground films showed transient effects on berry weight and diameter in ‘Pinot Noir’, with increases observed at intermediate stages but no significant differences at harvest. These findings align with previous studies that have reported variable effects on berry growth under controlled conditions [48,49]. Enhanced light reflection may improve the translocation of photoassimilates to the fruit, as suggested by Debolt et al. (2008) [50] and Dokoozlian et al. (1996) [51]. Additionally, light quality has been shown to influence fruit size in other species, such as blueberry [52]. Regarding TA, the average values were 9.5, 8.2, and 8.8 g L−1 of tartaric acid in the control, FV, and F80V treatments, respectively, with no statistically significant differences among treatments. These results agree with other studies [28,46], which found that the use of reflective ground film decreased TA by up to 15%. Consistently, Debolt et al. (2008) [50] showed that the amount of light intercepted by the bunches significantly modulates TA levels in the Syrah variety. In our study, non-significant differences were observed in yield variables among treatments. An average of 1.7 kg plant−1 was obtained with 30 bunches per plant. This is consistent with previous studies [28]. Other studies have reported that reflective ground film could increase vine vigor and yield, and that the use of this technology has been shown to enhance vine photosynthesis, thereby improving grape yield [41,49,53].
On the other hand, phenolic compounds are a group of secondary metabolites present in grapes, which have been linked to key sensory attributes, including color and astringency of wines, and act as natural antioxidants beneficial for human health [15,54]. The most important group of phenolic compounds present in grapes and wine corresponds to the flavonoid compounds [55]. In this group, flavonols (such as quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol, and its glycosides) play a crucial role in contributing to the yellow color of white wines [56]. Flavanols or condensed tannins have (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin as their base [57]. The union of these compounds gives rise to grape tannins (condensed tannins) located in seeds and skin [58].
Meanwhile, anthocyanins are phenolic compounds that give grapes their red and dark colors. The phenolic composition of wines is influenced by natural factors, including grape variety, terroir, and winemaking techniques [59]. It has been shown that abiotic factors control the synthesis and degradation of primary metabolites (sugars, amino acids, among others) and secondary metabolites (phenolic compounds) through the regulation of their biosynthetic pathways at different stages of berry development [60,61,62]. Light exposure modifies microclimate variables, affecting phenolic metabolism [52]. In cold climates, shoot thinning or leaf removal are agronomic techniques used to increase sunlight exposure and improve grape phenolic profiles [20,59,60,61]. In this context, reflective ground materials can improve light exposition in the canopy by increasing the amount of light reflected from the ground, contributing to improve photosynthetic efficiency and the regulation of sugar metabolism, as well as the phenolic composition of the fruit.
In our study, a significant impact of reflective ground film was observed on the total phenol and total anthocyanin content of grapes. Plants exposed to the FV treatment showed an increase in total phenols and total anthocyanin concentrations compared to the Control, increasing by 7.3% and 69.3% respectively (Figure 7). Similar results were reported in different studies for the ‘Pinot Noir’ variety through the exposure of branches to greater amounts of light using defoliation strategies and reflective ground films [24,59]. Song et al. (2024) [28] showed that the use of a reflective ground film increased by 48% the phenolic compound content in the Cabernet Franc variety grown in China. Interestingly, the authors also showed that reflective ground film increased phenolic compound levels in wine by 35%. In Turkey, a significant increase in total phenols and total anthocyanins was obtained in plants subjected to the reflective ground film, reaching 300.2 mg EAG 100 g−1 FW compared to the control (252.3 mg EAG 100 g−1 FW) [63]. On the other hand, an increase of 17.5% in total phenols was reported in the Syrah variety subjected to reflective ground film compared to the control treatment. Similar results were observed for total anthocyanins, as the use of reflective ground film from the veraison stage increased their concentration by 15% compared to the control treatment [27].

5. Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that the reflective ground film improved some technological and phenolic quality parameters of ‘Pinot Noir’ grapes cultivated in the cold climate of southern Chile. The reflective ground film installed at veraison (FV) enhanced canopy light interception, which contributed to berry ripening by increasing TSS and showing a tendency to reduce titratable acidity. Although FV showed the most consistent results, the late installation at 80% veraison (F80V) also provided measurable improvements in TSS and anthocyanin accumulation, highlighting the relevance of the application timing. Thus, these findings support that the reflective ground film could be considered as a viticultural strategy for enhancing grape quality under cold climate conditions, such as those in southern Chile. However, further studies are necessary to determine its long-term effects on vine physiology and biochemical levels.

Author Contributions

A.M.-A. and A.R.-F. conceptualized, designed, and coordinated the experiment. A.M.-A. performed fruit quality and biochemical analyses. M.R.-D. performed total anthocyanin determinations. A.M.-A. and J.G.-V. formulated the draft of the manuscript. A.M.-A., M.R.-D., I.S., F.P., N.C.-C., J.G.-V. and A.R.-F. revised and improved the current version of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

Data is available by contacting the first and the corresponding authors.

Acknowledgments

A. Muñoz-Alarcón thanks Mabel Delgado and Patricio Barra for their valuable support. M. Reyes-Diaz acknowledges the ANID/FONDAP/1523A0001 project. A. The authors also thank William Fevre Vineyard for providing the study site.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. Geographical location of the vineyard under study. La Araucanía Region, Chile.
Figure 1. Geographical location of the vineyard under study. La Araucanía Region, Chile.
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Figure 2. Inter-row aluminized reflective film installed in a vineyard located in southern Chile (A), and the experimental design of the study (B). FV: Film veraison; F80V: Film 80% veraison.
Figure 2. Inter-row aluminized reflective film installed in a vineyard located in southern Chile (A), and the experimental design of the study (B). FV: Film veraison; F80V: Film 80% veraison.
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Figure 3. Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) measured at the grape cluster zone and at 30 cm above the cluster in Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Pinot Noir’ is cultivated in the southern part of Chile, under three reflective film treatments: Control, Film Veraison (FV), and Film 80% veraison (F80V). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). The values are the averages of four independent replicates (±standard error).
Figure 3. Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) measured at the grape cluster zone and at 30 cm above the cluster in Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Pinot Noir’ is cultivated in the southern part of Chile, under three reflective film treatments: Control, Film Veraison (FV), and Film 80% veraison (F80V). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). The values are the averages of four independent replicates (±standard error).
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Figure 4. Phenological development of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Pinot Noir’ is cultivated in southern Chile, from the wool stage (05 BBCH scale) to the stage prior to complete ripening (87 BBCH scale). The values are the averages of four independent replicates (±standard error). n.s.: no statistically significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). Dashed horizontal lines indicate the main phenological stages according to the BBCH scale.
Figure 4. Phenological development of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Pinot Noir’ is cultivated in southern Chile, from the wool stage (05 BBCH scale) to the stage prior to complete ripening (87 BBCH scale). The values are the averages of four independent replicates (±standard error). n.s.: no statistically significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). Dashed horizontal lines indicate the main phenological stages according to the BBCH scale.
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Figure 5. Berry weight (A) and berry size (B) of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Pinot Noir’ cultivated in southern Chile. The values are the averages of four independent replicates (±standard error). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between treatments (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).
Figure 5. Berry weight (A) and berry size (B) of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Pinot Noir’ cultivated in southern Chile. The values are the averages of four independent replicates (±standard error). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between treatments (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).
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Figure 6. Total soluble solids (TSS) and total acidity (TA) in grape berries of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Pinot Noir’ cultivated in Victoria (southern Chile), exposed to reflective film treatments: FV, Film Veraison; F80V, Film 80% Veraison. Measurements were taken at phenological stages 77 and 87, as defined by the BBCH scale. The values are the averages of four independent replicates (±standard error). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between treatments (** p < 0.01).
Figure 6. Total soluble solids (TSS) and total acidity (TA) in grape berries of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Pinot Noir’ cultivated in Victoria (southern Chile), exposed to reflective film treatments: FV, Film Veraison; F80V, Film 80% Veraison. Measurements were taken at phenological stages 77 and 87, as defined by the BBCH scale. The values are the averages of four independent replicates (±standard error). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between treatments (** p < 0.01).
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Figure 7. Total phenol (A) and total anthocyanin (B) concentrations in grapes of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Pinot Noir’ cultivated in Victoria, southern Chile, under three reflective film treatments: Control, Film Veraison (FV), and Film 80% Veraison (F80V). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). The values are the averages of four independent biological replicates (±standard error). FW: fresh weight; DW: dry weight.
Figure 7. Total phenol (A) and total anthocyanin (B) concentrations in grapes of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Pinot Noir’ cultivated in Victoria, southern Chile, under three reflective film treatments: Control, Film Veraison (FV), and Film 80% Veraison (F80V). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). The values are the averages of four independent biological replicates (±standard error). FW: fresh weight; DW: dry weight.
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Table 1. Technological parameters of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Pinot Noir’ grape berries at harvest, cultivated in the locality of Victoria, southern Chile, under three reflective film treatments: Control, Film Veraison (FV), and Film 80% Veraison (F80V).
Table 1. Technological parameters of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Pinot Noir’ grape berries at harvest, cultivated in the locality of Victoria, southern Chile, under three reflective film treatments: Control, Film Veraison (FV), and Film 80% Veraison (F80V).
ParameterControlFVF80Vp-Value
TSS (°Brix)18.28 ± 0.35 b19.62 ± 0.38 a19.51 ± 0.33 a0.048
TA (g L−1)9.52 ± 0.32 a8.21 ± 0.87 a8.87 ± 0.71 a0.368
pH3.31 ± 0.03 a3.36 ± 0.03 a3.36 ± 0.04 a0.601
Statistically significant differences between treatments are indicated by different letters, based on Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) multiple range test (p ≤ 0.05). Values are the averages of four independent biological replicates (±standard error). TA: total acidity (g L−1), expressed as tartaric acid; TSS: total soluble solids.
Table 2. Yield parameters of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Pinot Noir’ grape berries at harvest, cultivated in Victoria, southern Chile, under three reflective film treatments: Control, Film Veraison (FV), and Film 80% Veraison (F80V).
Table 2. Yield parameters of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Pinot Noir’ grape berries at harvest, cultivated in Victoria, southern Chile, under three reflective film treatments: Control, Film Veraison (FV), and Film 80% Veraison (F80V).
TreatmentYield (kg Plant −1)Weight of 100 Berry Grapes (g)Clusters per Plant
Control1.9 ± 0.12 a127.7 ± 2.38 a31.9 ± 3.16 a
FV2.0 ± 0.36 a135.7 ± 8.87 a31.4 ± 4.92 a
F80V1.7 ± 0.10 a126.8 ± 9.13 a29.1 ± 2.11 a
Statistically significant differences between treatments are indicated by different letters, based on Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) multiple range test (p ≤ 0.05). Values are the averages of four independent biological replicates (±standard error).
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MDPI and ACS Style

Muñoz-Alarcón, A.; Reyes-Díaz, M.; Serra, I.; González-Villagra, J.; Carrasco-Catricura, N.; Pirce, F.; Ribera-Fonseca, A. Effects of an Inter-Row Reflective Ground Film on Technological Quality and Phenolic Composition of ‘Pinot Noir’ Grapes in Southern Chile. Horticulturae 2025, 11, 1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091144

AMA Style

Muñoz-Alarcón A, Reyes-Díaz M, Serra I, González-Villagra J, Carrasco-Catricura N, Pirce F, Ribera-Fonseca A. Effects of an Inter-Row Reflective Ground Film on Technological Quality and Phenolic Composition of ‘Pinot Noir’ Grapes in Southern Chile. Horticulturae. 2025; 11(9):1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091144

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muñoz-Alarcón, Ariel, Marjorie Reyes-Díaz, Ignacio Serra, Jorge González-Villagra, Nicolás Carrasco-Catricura, Fanny Pirce, and Alejandra Ribera-Fonseca. 2025. "Effects of an Inter-Row Reflective Ground Film on Technological Quality and Phenolic Composition of ‘Pinot Noir’ Grapes in Southern Chile" Horticulturae 11, no. 9: 1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091144

APA Style

Muñoz-Alarcón, A., Reyes-Díaz, M., Serra, I., González-Villagra, J., Carrasco-Catricura, N., Pirce, F., & Ribera-Fonseca, A. (2025). Effects of an Inter-Row Reflective Ground Film on Technological Quality and Phenolic Composition of ‘Pinot Noir’ Grapes in Southern Chile. Horticulturae, 11(9), 1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091144

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