Sustainable Fertilization Management Consequences to Horticultural Crops

1. Introduction

Agricultural systems must identify fertilization strategies in line with the principles of sustainable development and the circular economy to achieve environmentally friendly food production and to meet the fertilizer-reduction targets set by some regions in the world, e.g., the EU (European Union) (Contribution 2). The promotion of sustainable plant fertilization is currently very important in agriculture, as it helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint, and is economically justified [1]. The improper use of fertilizers in agriculture has led to environmental pollution and adverse effects on human health. Therefore, in line with the requirements of sustainable development, it has become necessary to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and to seek alternative methods of crop fertilization [2,3]. Current achievements in increasing agricultural production, particularly in developed countries, are attributed to three main factors: the development of irrigation, the advancement of improved, more productive, and disease-resistant crop varieties, and the use of chemical fertilizers [4]. However, agricultural activity is widely recognized as a main source of environmental pollution due to the introduction of heavy metals through fertilizers, pesticides, sewage sludge, and irrigation water [5]. Therefore, it is necessary to find a compromise between ensuring global food security and protecting the natural environment [6,7,8].

In agriculture, nitrogen is a primary macronutrient which is essential for the growth and development of crops. Its widespread use increases yields and profitability; however, it should be noted that plant productivity is influenced by many other factors (Contributions 3, 4). Avoiding the excessive use of nitrogen (N) in agriculture without negatively impacting yields has long been a priority for both scientific research and agricultural practices [9,10].

Previous research has indicated the need for region-specific and sustainable fertilization strategies to optimize agricultural production. Future research should focus on improving fertilization methods through interdisciplinary approaches, considering soil–plant–climate interactions and adapting these practices to diverse agroecosystems. By aligning agricultural practices with ecological principles, farmers can protect soil health, the foundation of environmental sustainability and human well-being, while ensuring food security for present and future generations [11].

2. The Impact of Sustainable Fertilization Management on Soil Properties

Venig and Peticilă (Contribution 11) report that the NPK fertilization rate for a cultivated field should be determined after assessing the soil properties and the nutrient requirements of individual species. They recommend conducting regular soil chemical analyses to determine the optimal fertilization regime. Šimansky et al. (Contribution 6) demonstrate that, in addition to NPK fertilization, sowing grass strips between vineyard rows exerts beneficial effects, improving both soil chemical composition and crop yield. Zapałowska et al. [12] argue that fertilization with compost derived from organic waste is a promising approach that can reduce the environmental impact of chemical fertilizers, improve waste management, and soil quality, while promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

3. The Impact of Sustainable Fertilization Management on the Yield and Quality of Horticultural Crops

Venig and Peticilă (Contribution 11) observe that achieving optimal growth of grafted trees requires a combination of irrigation and NPK fertilization. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor soil moisture levels and irrigate during periods of water deficit, when trees have increased water demand. Similar results are obtained by Bello et al. (Contribution 3) in cucumber cultivation. In dry regions, irrigation and nitrogen fertilization are considered particularly important agronomic practices. Tallarita et al. (Contribution 5) conclude that the ratio of nitrogen to potassium applied is important in cauliflower cultivation. Chatzistathis et al. (Contribution 4) demonstrate that the effects of organic or mineral fertilization could modify the performance of applied Rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Arshad et al. (Contribution 7) consider improving fruit quality and reducing pre-harvest fruit drop as key objectives in Citrus reticulata cultivation. For this reason, appropriate fertilization strategies for this crop should be developed. The latter authors also demonstrate that the application of K + Zn fertilization can be a practical approach for citrus growers aiming to increase fruit yield. Tallarita et al. (Contribution 10) indicate that the biofortification of leafy vegetables with selenium (Se) and iodine (I) provides an important basis for optimizing food composition for human health.

4. Conventional and Alternative Fertilization Methods in Horticultural Crops

Recently, numerous new and alternative fertilizers and their application methods have been developed, yet many farmers still use inorganic fertilizers in a traditional manner. Many commonly used chemical fertilizers are supplied in simple forms, which are typically characterized by low efficiency. Therefore, they are applied in large quantities to achieve high yields [13]. Zhang et al. (Contribution 8) demonstrate that traditional calcium fertilizers often have low solubility, poor uptake, and limited mobility. In contrast, calcium-chelated fertilizers provide improved efficiency and uptake. Ruamrungsri et al. (Contribution 1) confirm that plasma nitrate could be an alternative source of nitrate N, offering a safer option for the environment and human health regarding nitrate accumulation. However, the economic feasibility of this approach must be assessed before implementing the technology on a commercial scale. Castillo-Díaz et al. (Contribution 2) argue that biodecontamination is an effective fertilization strategy that allows the use of inorganic fertilizers to be reduced in long-term, intensive horticultural cycles. This is particularly important for farmers who require alternative solutions to adapt their production systems to sustainable agriculture principles. Wang et al. (Contribution 9) find that bioorganic material from the safe disposal of cattle and poultry carcasses can be used as fertilizer, with potential to partially or fully replace chemical fertilizers, contributing to their reduction.

5. Conclusions

The challenge of modern agriculture is to ensure food security for a constantly growing global population without excessive burden on the natural environment. For example, overuse of fertilizers negatively affects soil and generates additional risks. Therefore, sustainable nutrient management provides a pathway to addressing these issues, encompassing both changes in fertilizer production and their application in agricultural practice. Horticultural crops require a range of essential macro- and micronutrients for optimal growth, development, yield, and quality. Sustainable fertilization management involves the optimal supply of all nutrients to plants throughout their growing period. A deficiency of one nutrient cannot be compensated for by an excess of others. It is also important to consider the synergistic and antagonistic interactions between macro- and micronutrients. When planning fertilization, factors to consider include the species and variety, expected yield, soil chemical composition, plant tests, applied agricultural practices, and the selection of appropriate fertilizers, their doses, and application timing. The effects of fertilization often depend on local site conditions and variable weather patterns over the years. Fertilization is undergoing rapid development, directly linked to advances in satellite navigation, variable-rate application, soil and yield mapping, and precision machinery operation. Consequently, research in this area must be continuously advanced and is essential for both horticultural science and practice.