The Effect of Lactobacillus planturum YQM48 Inoculation on the Quality and Microbial Community Structure of Alfalfa Silage Cultured in Saline-Alkali Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description and Alfalfa Production
2.2. LAB Strains
2.3. Silage Preparation
2.4. Characterization of the Alfalfa and the Silage
2.5. Culture-Dependent Bacterial Enumeration
2.6. High-Throughput Sequencing of the Bacterial Populations
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Fresh Alfalfa Grown on Saline–Alkaline Soil
3.2. Effects of L. Plantarum YQM48 on Chemical Composition of Alfalfa Silage
3.3. Effects of L. plantarum YQM48 on Fermentation Characteristics of Alfalfa Silage
3.4. Characterization of the Bacterial Communities in Fresh Alfalfa and in the Silage
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | CK30 | T30 | CK60 | T60 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry matter (DM) (weight %) | 27.5 ± 0.24 b | 28.7 ± 0.12 a | 27.3 ± 0.12 b | 28.6 ± 0.22 a |
Crude protein (CP, % DM) * | 19.5 ± 0.05 b | 21.2 ± 0.17 a | 19.0 ± 0.17 c | 21.9 ± 0.12 a |
Acid detergent fiber (ADF, % DM) * | 31.6 ± 0.12 a | 31.7 ± 0.09 a | 31.2 ± 0.21 b | 31.5 ± 0.05 ab |
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF, % DM) * | 35.7 ± 0.05 b | 36.3 ± 0.08 a | 35.2 ± 0.12 c | 36.3 ± 0.08 a |
Water soluble carbohydrates (WSC, % DM) * | 5.03 ± 0.21 c | 5.15 ± 0.05 a | 5.01 ± 0.25 c | 5.07 ± 0.05 b |
Items | CK30 | T30 | CK60 | T60 |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 5.1 ± 0.05 a | 4.4 ± 0.09 c | 4.7 ± 0.05 b | 4.3 ± 0.17 c |
Lactic acid (LA, % DM) * | 3.7 ± 0.05 c | 4.5 ± 0.12 b | 3.6 ± 0.12 c | 4.9 ± 0.05 a |
Acetic acid (AA, % DM) * | 3.1 ± 0.05 b | 3.5 ± 0.05 b | 3.3 ± 0.05 c | 3.8 ± 0.01 a |
Butyric acid (BA, % DM) * | 1.5 ± 0.14 ab | 1.3 ± 0.18 bc | 1.7 ± 0.09 a | 1.2 ± 0.01 c |
NH4+-N (% DM) | 3.0 ± 0.13 a | 1.9 ± 0.12 b | 3.1 ± 0.05 a | 1.8 ± 0.1 b |
Treatment | OTU | Shannon | Ace | Chao 1 | Coverage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fresh | 114.7 a | 1.6 b | 125.4 a | 127.7 a | 0.99 a |
T30 | 94 ab | 2.6 a | 108.6 ab | 105.1 ab | 0.99 a |
CK30 | 94 ab | 2.1 ab | 95.1 b | 90.8 b | 0.99 a |
T60 | 106.3 ab | 2.2 ab | 116.6 ab | 115.5 ab | 0.99 a |
CK60 | 81.3 b | 1.9 ab | 98.8 b | 99.5 ab | 0.99 a |
Items | Fresh | CK30 | CK60 | T30 | T60 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbohydrate Metabolism | 1,827,729 ab | 2,595,879 a | 1,708,199 ab | 1,366,396 b | 878,991 b |
Amino Acid Metabolism | 1,734,546 ab | 2,025,808 a | 1,331,435 abc | 1,096,366 bc | 648,071 c |
Cellular Processes and Signaling | 880,958 ab | 1,337,523 a | 713,491 bc | 496,637 bc | 272,306 c |
Xenobiotics Biodegradation and Metabolism | 501,238 a | 522,642 a | 384,554 ab | 345,977 ab | 204,920 b |
Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism | 429,512 ab | 574,628 a | 329,849 bc | 254,812 bc | 150,012 c |
Enzyme Families | 366,165 ab | 513,575 a | 311,147 bc | 237,307 bc | 147,550 c |
Metabolism of Other Amino Acids | 334,661 ab | 422,054 a | 274,368 abc | 222,434 bc | 135,539 c |
Biosynthesis of Other Secondary Metabolites | 144,487 ab | 151,372 a | 106,654 abc | 92,316 bc | 53,808 c |
Environmental Adaptation | 25,369 a | 26,743 a | 18,606 ab | 13,691 b | 8913 b |
Signaling Molecules and Interaction | 22,710 a | 19,672 a | 28,117 a | 31,392 a | 30,907 a |
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Liu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, L.; Liu, L.; Cai, T.; Chang, C.; Sa, D.; Yin, Q.; Jiang, X.; Li, Y.; et al. The Effect of Lactobacillus planturum YQM48 Inoculation on the Quality and Microbial Community Structure of Alfalfa Silage Cultured in Saline-Alkali Soil. Fermentation 2023, 9, 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9060511
Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang L, Liu L, Cai T, Chang C, Sa D, Yin Q, Jiang X, Li Y, et al. The Effect of Lactobacillus planturum YQM48 Inoculation on the Quality and Microbial Community Structure of Alfalfa Silage Cultured in Saline-Alkali Soil. Fermentation. 2023; 9(6):511. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9060511
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yinghao, Yongjie Wang, Lianyi Zhang, Ling Liu, Ting Cai, Chun Chang, Duowen Sa, Qiang Yin, Xiaowei Jiang, Yuyu Li, and et al. 2023. "The Effect of Lactobacillus planturum YQM48 Inoculation on the Quality and Microbial Community Structure of Alfalfa Silage Cultured in Saline-Alkali Soil" Fermentation 9, no. 6: 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9060511