Integrated Bioprocess for Cellulosic Ethanol Production from Wheat Straw: New Ternary Deep-Eutectic-Solvent Pretreatment, Enzymatic Saccharification, and Fermentation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. DES Pretreatment of WS
2.3. Enzymatic Saccharification and Fermentation
2.4. Analytical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Properties of DES
3.2. DES Pretreatment of WS at Different Temperatures
3.3. Optimization of Enzyme Loading
3.4. Optimization Analysis of Ethanol Fermentation Process
3.4.1. Optimization of Fermentation Method
3.4.2. Optimization of Fermentation Substrate Content Conditions
3.5. Characterization of WS before and after Pretreatment
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pretreatment | Solid Recovery (%) | Content (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cellulose | Xylan | Lignin | ||
Untreated WS | 100 | 33.02 ± 0.27 | 17.26 ± 0.23 | 18.58 ± 0.45 |
100 °C | 55.09 ± 0.15 a, * | 57.29 ± 0.44 * | 10.35 ± 0.70 * | 9.94 ± 0.21 * |
120 °C | 45.80 ± 0.38 * | 68.29 ± 0.40 * | 3.94 ± 0.07 * | 8.09 ± 0.46 * |
140 °C | 41.11 ± 0.20 * | 60.94 ± 0.34 * | 1.37 ± 0.32 * | 7.67 ± 0.46 * |
Pretreatment | Cellulose Recovery (%) | Xylan Removal (%) | Lignin Removal (%) | Cellulose Conversion b (%) | Glucose Recovery c (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Untreated WS | 100 | 0 | 0 | 22.48 ± 0.38 | 22.48 ± 0.38 |
100 °C | 95.61 ± 0.42 a, * | 66.97 ± 0.20 * | 70.53 ± 0.32 * | 77.65 ± 1.53 * | 58.61 ± 0.27 * |
120 °C | 94.73 ± 0.22 * | 89.53 ± 0.36 * | 80.05 ± 0.62 * | 91.15 ± 1.07 * | 71.58 ± 1.34 * |
140 °C | 75.86 ± 0.59 * | 96.74 ± 0.37 * | 83.02 ± 0.68 * | 97.49 ± 0.80 * | 57.98 ± 1.70 * |
DES | Molar Ratio | DES Pretreatment Condition | Recovery of Glucan (%) | Biopolymer Removal (%) | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | Time (h) | Lignin | Hemicellulose | ||||
ChCl/MEA | 1:6 | 70 | 9 | 93.7 | 71.4 | 42.1 | [34] |
ChCl/MEA a | 1:6 | 90 | 12 | 90.8 | 81.0 | 47.3 | [34] |
TEBAC/LA | 1:9 | 100 | 10 | - | 79.7 | - | [36] |
Alanine/LA | 1:9 | 60 | 24 | - | 23.7 | - | [50] |
ChCl/BA/PEG-200 b | 1:1:1.5 | 120 | 4 | - | 88.4 | 84.4 | [43] |
TEBAC/GL/ACH | 1: 2: 0.05 | 120 | 1 | 94.7 | 80.1 | 89.5 | This study |
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Xian, X.; Fang, L.; Zhou, Y.; Li, B.; Zheng, X.; Liu, Y.; Lin, X. Integrated Bioprocess for Cellulosic Ethanol Production from Wheat Straw: New Ternary Deep-Eutectic-Solvent Pretreatment, Enzymatic Saccharification, and Fermentation. Fermentation 2022, 8, 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8080371
Xian X, Fang L, Zhou Y, Li B, Zheng X, Liu Y, Lin X. Integrated Bioprocess for Cellulosic Ethanol Production from Wheat Straw: New Ternary Deep-Eutectic-Solvent Pretreatment, Enzymatic Saccharification, and Fermentation. Fermentation. 2022; 8(8):371. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8080371
Chicago/Turabian StyleXian, Xiaoling, Lv Fang, Yongxing Zhou, Biying Li, Xiaojie Zheng, Yao Liu, and Xiaoqing Lin. 2022. "Integrated Bioprocess for Cellulosic Ethanol Production from Wheat Straw: New Ternary Deep-Eutectic-Solvent Pretreatment, Enzymatic Saccharification, and Fermentation" Fermentation 8, no. 8: 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8080371