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Fermentation
Volume 11
Issue 8
10.3390/fermentation11080487
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Carotenoid Production by Dunaliella salina with Magnetic Field Application

by
Izabela Queiroz Silva
1,
Bruno Roswag Machado
1,
Tamires Machado Ferreira
1,
Júlia de Farias Borges
1,
Cláudia Maria Luz Lapa Teixeira
2 and
Lucielen Oliveira Santos
1,*
1
Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, RS, Brazil
2
Microalgae Biotechnology Laboratory, National Institute of Technology, Rio de Janeiro 20081-312, RJ, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fermentation 2025, 11(8), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11080487
Submission received: 4 July 2025 / Revised: 15 August 2025 / Accepted: 19 August 2025 / Published: 21 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyanobacteria and Eukaryotic Microalgae (2nd Edition))
Versions Notes

Abstract

The use of external triggers in microalgae cultivation has emerged as a promising approach to enhance biomass production and biochemical composition. For instance, magnetic fields (MFs) have had their potential to modulate cellular metabolism and physiological responses explored. This study investigated the effects of MF exposure on Dunaliella salina and evaluated its impact on biomass production, pigment synthesis and biochemical composition. The highest biomass concentration (0.59 g L−1) was observed under continuous exposure to 60 mT (MF60-24 h); it represented a 51% increase in comparison with the control. A gradual rise in pH, which reached 10.83, was observed during cultivation. MF exposure also enhanced chlorophyll-a (118%) and carotenoid (95%) concentrations; thus, it improved photosynthetic efficiency and potential oxidative stress responses. The biochemical composition revealed a shift in metabolic pathways after prolonged MF exposure (24 h d−1), decreasing carbohydrate content by 7%, while increasing lipid accumulation by 7%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated structural modifications on the cell surface induced by the MF. Therefore, MF applications improve D. salina cultivation and enhance biomass composition for biotechnological applications.
Keywords: magnets; biomass; biorefinery; macromolecules magnets; biomass; biorefinery; macromolecules

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MDPI and ACS Style

Silva, I.Q.; Machado, B.R.; Ferreira, T.M.; Borges, J.d.F.; Teixeira, C.M.L.L.; Santos, L.O. Carotenoid Production by Dunaliella salina with Magnetic Field Application. Fermentation 2025, 11, 487. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11080487

AMA Style

Silva IQ, Machado BR, Ferreira TM, Borges JdF, Teixeira CMLL, Santos LO. Carotenoid Production by Dunaliella salina with Magnetic Field Application. Fermentation. 2025; 11(8):487. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11080487

Chicago/Turabian Style

Silva, Izabela Queiroz, Bruno Roswag Machado, Tamires Machado Ferreira, Júlia de Farias Borges, Cláudia Maria Luz Lapa Teixeira, and Lucielen Oliveira Santos. 2025. "Carotenoid Production by Dunaliella salina with Magnetic Field Application" Fermentation 11, no. 8: 487. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11080487

APA Style

Silva, I. Q., Machado, B. R., Ferreira, T. M., Borges, J. d. F., Teixeira, C. M. L. L., & Santos, L. O. (2025). Carotenoid Production by Dunaliella salina with Magnetic Field Application. Fermentation, 11(8), 487. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11080487

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