Biogas Upgrading by Wild Alkaliphilic Microalgae and the Application Potential of Their Biomass in the Carbon Capture and Utilization Technology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Enrichment of Alkaliphilic Microalgae
2.3. Isolation of Algal Strains
2.4. Growth Test for Microalgal Isolates at Various pH
2.5. Growth Test for Microalgae under Various CO2 Concentrations
2.6. Phylogenetic Study of the Isolates
2.7. Biogas Upgrading Assay
2.8. Carotenoids Analysis
2.9. Protein and Amino Acids Analysis
2.10. Fatty Acid Analysis
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Enrichment of High-Level CO2-Tolerant Alkaliphilic Microalgae
3.2. Phylogenetic Identification of the Microalgal Strains
3.3. Growth Characteristics under Various pH and CO2 Levels
3.4. Upgrading of Biogas by the Algal Strains
3.5. Chemical Composition of the Algal Strains
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Nos. | Sampling Location | Isolated Algal Strain |
---|---|---|
1 | Ooyori, the midstream of the Kanna river, Gumma Pref. (36°13′ N, 138°94′ E) | OY |
2 | Furuta, the midstream of the Kanna river, Gumma Pref. (36°10′ N, 138°87′ E) | FR |
3 | Ueno, the upstream of the Kanna river, Gumma Pref. (36°08′ N, 138°79′ E) | KU |
4 | Shimokubo, the downstream of the Kanna river, Gumma Pref. (36°13′ N, 139°03′ E) | − |
5 | Fountain pond in Kogakuin University, Hachioji city (35°68′ N, 139°32′ E) | UF |
6 | Ornamental pond in Kogakuin University, Hachioji city (35°68′ N, 139°32′ E) | UP |
7 | Ornamental pond in Shimizu park, Hachioji city (35°68′ N, 139°31′ E) | SH |
8 | Ornamental pond in Ishikawa-higashi park, Hachioji city (35°68′ N, 139°37′ E) | IS |
9 | Gotanda, the downstream of the Shiroyama river, Hachioji city (35°67′ N, 139°30′ E) | SG |
10 | Yokogawa, the downstream of the Minami-asakawa river, Hachioji city (35°67′ N, 139°31′ E) | MA |
11 | Akishima, the midstream of the Tama river, Hachioji city (35°69′ N, 139°37′ E) | TM |
Strain | Initial pH of the Culture Medium | CO2 Concentration of Gas Phase | pH of Grown Culture | Strain | Initial pH of the Culture Medium | CO2 Concentration of Gas Phase | pH of Grown Culture | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | ||||||
Strain OY | 12.0 | 5% | 7.34 | 0.02 | Strain SH | 9.0 | 5% † | 10.85 | 0.58 |
10% | 10.16 | 1.58 | 10% | 10.53 | 0.70 | ||||
20% † | 11.96 | 0.01 | 20% | 5.68 | 0.07 | ||||
30% | 6.55 | 0.13 | 30% | 5.38 | 0.02 | ||||
50% | 6.33 | 0.07 | 50% | 5.33 | 0.05 | ||||
Strain FR | 9.0 | 5% | 11.20 | 0.05 | Strain SG | 9.0 | 5% | 7.30 | 0.19 |
10% † | 11.25 | 0.04 | 10% | 6.64 | 0.14 | ||||
20% | 6.26 | 0.13 | 20% † | 11.11 | 0.03 | ||||
30% | 6.02 | 0.17 | 30% | 11.14 | 0.07 | ||||
50% | 5.37 | 0.06 | 50% | 5.47 | 0.02 | ||||
Strain KU | 8.0 | 5% | 6.90 | 0.18 | Strain MA | 12.0 | 5% | 9.45 | 0.85 |
10% | 11.34 | 0.03 | 10% | 11.46 | 0.02 | ||||
20% † | 11.22 | 0.10 | 20% † | 11.43 | 0.05 | ||||
30% | 6.05 | 0.37 | 30% | 6.99 | 0.07 | ||||
50% | 5.58 | 0.06 | 50% | 6.27 | 0.12 | ||||
Strain UF | 9.0 | 5% | 6.77 | 0.22 | Strain IS | 8.0 | 5% | 11.56 | 0.01 |
10% † | 6.66 | 0.03 | 10% † | 11.64 | 0.02 | ||||
20% | 5.78 | 0.05 | 20% | 5.89 | 0.08 | ||||
30% | 5.48 | 0.02 | 30% | 5.62 | 0.02 | ||||
50% | 5.24 | 0.02 | 50% | 5.54 | 0.06 | ||||
Strain UP | 10.0 | 5% | 11.12 | 0.02 | Strain TM | 10.0 | 5% | 6.24 | 0.09 |
10% | 11.11 | 0.03 | 10% | 7.63 | 0.53 | ||||
20% † | 10.22 | 0.78 | 20% † | 11.19 | 0.07 | ||||
30% | 5.74 | 0.17 | 30% | 11.23 | 0.05 | ||||
50% | 5.46 | 0.07 | 50% | 5.49 | 0.09 |
Amino Acid | Strain OY | Strain FR | Strain KU | Strain UF | Strain UP | Strain SH | Strain SG | Strain MA | Strain IS | Strain TM | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | |
His * | 2.17 a | 0.06 | 1.83 be | 0.04 | 2.06 c | 0.04 | 1.87 b | 0.04 | 2.17 af | 0.03 | 2.63 d | 0.13 | 2.15 a | 0.01 | 1.73 e | 0.08 | 2.24 f | 0.03 | 2.21 f | 0.04 |
Ser | 3.70 a | 0.01 | 4.04 b | 0.04 | 5.03 c | 0.05 | 4.63 d | 0.03 | 3.38 e | 0.03 | 4.12 b | 0.09 | 4.62 d | 0.01 | 4.27 e | 0.06 | 3.54 f | 0.05 | 4.82 g | 0.07 |
Arg | 5.49 a | 0.06 | 4.99 b | 0.07 | 5.01 b | 0.08 | 6.48 c | 0.03 | 6.63 c | 0.07 | 12.20 d | 0.25 | 5.02 b | 0.01 | 5.06 b | 0.12 | 5.20 e | 0.04 | 5.05 b | 0.03 |
Gly | 13.72 a | 0.27 | 13.12 b | 0.09 | 12.67 c | 0.12 | 12.02 d | 0.14 | 12.74 c | 0.02 | 13.50 a | 0.18 | 13.07 b | 0.11 | 12.70 c | 0.31 | 13.63 a | 0.06 | 13.13 b | 0.07 |
Asp+Asn | 4.97 a | 0.18 | 5.33 b | 0.13 | 5.41 b | 0.09 | 5.75 c | 0.21 | 6.13 d | 0.09 | 4.64 e | 0.15 | 5.13 f | 0.07 | 5.79 c | 0.35 | 4.84 ae | 0.23 | 4.64 e | 0.17 |
Glu+Gln | 7.81 a | 0.29 | 8.38 b | 0.12 | 7.90 c | 0.11 | 12.14 e | 0.14 | 9.24 f | 0.14 | 9.45 f | 0.26 | 8.34 b | 0.12 | 9.21 f | 0.42 | 7.63 a | 0.23 | 7.83 a | 0.19 |
Thr * | 4.97 a | 0.01 | 4.65 b | 0.07 | 4.92 c | 0.06 | 4.91 c | 0.06 | 4.69 b | 0.04 | 5.16 d | 0.15 | 4.63 e | 0.03 | 4.77 b | 0.08 | 4.75 b | 0.10 | 4.94 ac | 0.10 |
Ala | 11.51 a | 0.25 | 11.04 b | 0.11 | 11.08 b | 0.12 | 10.97 bc | 0.15 | 10.80 c | 0.08 | 8.73 d | 0.33 | 11.02 b | 0.05 | 10.86 c | 0.39 | 9.84 e | 0.12 | 10.59 f | 0.05 |
Pro | 6.18 a | 0.01 | 6.27 b | 0.02 | 6.22 c | 0.04 | 5.84 d | 0.04 | 5.95 e | 0.08 | 5.12 f | 0.16 | 6.13 a | 0.07 | 6.01 e | 0.08 | 6.36 f | 0.08 | 6.23 g | 0.08 |
Cys | 0.25 a | 0.01 | 0.08 b | 0.00 | 0.10 c | 0.00 | 0.13 d | 0.00 | 0.20 e | 0.00 | 0.01 f | 0.03 | 0.08 b | 0.00 | 0.07 g | 0.00 | 0.08 b | 0.00 | 0.09 h | 0.00 |
Lys * | 4.15 ab | 0.36 | 3.91 a | 0.08 | 4.33 b | 0.11 | 4.14 ab | 0.19 | 4.48 b | 0.11 | 2.34 c | 0.36 | 4.25 ab | 0.08 | 4.46 b | 0.42 | 4.92 d | 0.18 | 4.05 a | 0.08 |
Tyr | 2.98 a | 0.14 | 2.87 b | 0.03 | 2.98 a | 0.03 | 2.35 c | 0.04 | 2.85 b | 0.01 | 2.96 a | 0.16 | 2.72 d | 0.05 | 2.89 a | 0.17 | 3.13 e | 0.08 | 2.85 b | 0.04 |
Met * | 2.93 a | 0.09 | 2.74 b | 0.02 | 2.69 c | 0.02 | 2.51 d | 0.02 | 2.73 b | 0.01 | 2.85 a | 0.10 | 2.78 e | 0.02 | 2.66 f | 0.10 | 2.70 e | 0.03 | 2.79 e | 0.01 |
Val * | 7.47 a | 0.02 | 7.98 b | 0.05 | 7.47 a | 0.03 | 7.17 c | 0.02 | 7.40 d | 0.08 | 6.75 e | 0.07 | 7.61 f | 0.01 | 7.62 f | 0.10 | 7.86 g | 0.09 | 7.65 f | 0.05 |
Ile * | 4.98 a | 0.03 | 5.16 b | 0.03 | 4.90 c | 0.01 | 4.46 d | 0.00 | 4.85 e | 0.05 | 4.30 f | 0.03 | 5.00 g | 0.03 | 5.00 g | 0.08 | 5.25 h | 0.05 | 5.06 g | 0.04 |
Leu * | 10.18 a | 0.12 | 11.12 b | 0.09 | 10.79 cd | 0.00 | 9.35 e | 0.02 | 9.83 f | 0.09 | 8.79 g | 0.08 | 10.93 h | 0.04 | 10.71 d | 0.13 | 10.99 ch | 0.12 | 11.14 b | 0.07 |
Phe * | 6.53 a | 0.32 | 6.51 a | 0.08 | 6.42 a | 0.08 | 5.28 b | 0.12 | 5.94 c | 0.05 | 6.46 a | 0.36 | 6.54 a | 0.16 | 6.18 ac | 0.42 | 7.05 d | 0.19 | 6.94 d | 0.12 |
Trp * | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||||||
Essential amino acids | 43.39 | 1.02 | 43.89 | 0.47 | 43.58 | 0.35 | 39.69 | 0.47 | 42.09 | 0.46 | 39.27 | 1.28 | 43.89 | 0.38 | 43.13 | 1.42 | 45.76 | 0.80 | 44.76 | 0.49 |
Fatty Acid | Strain OY | Strain FR | Strain KU | Strain UF | Strain UP | Strain SH | Strain SG | Strain MA | Strain IS | Strain TM | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | Average | Stdev | |
Myristic acid (C14:0) | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.27 | 0.02 | |||||||||
Palmitic acid (C16:0) | 28.62 a | 3.19 | 16.65 b | 0.13 | 15.48 c | 0.53 | 25.83 d | 2.67 | 26.46 d | 3.15 | 21.39 e | 6.12 | 17.31 f | 0.57 | 14.89 g | 0.13 | 22.63 e | 0.85 | 15.71 c | 0.09 |
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1) | 6.50 a | 0.53 | 17.33 b | 0.05 | 12.24 c | 2.86 | 9.45 d | 0.85 | 11.46 c | 1.79 | 12.15 c | 2.72 | 16.54 e | 0.50 | 16.83 e | 1.16 | 7.07 f | 0.24 | 15.76 g | 0.18 |
Hexadecaenoic acid (C16:2) | 5.72 a | 0.58 | 6.75 b | 0.19 | 6.38 c | 0.48 | 4.15 d | 0.23 | 3.66 d | 0.79 | 4.15 d | 1.43 | 7.06 be | 0.87 | 6.28 c | 0.42 | 7.17 be | 0.63 | 7.01 e | 0.12 |
Stearic acid (C18:0) | 18.83 a | 0.78 | 1.46 b | 0.03 | 0.92 be | 0.53 | 15.28 c | 0.34 | 10.09 d | 0.86 | 11.75 d | 9.36 | 1.36 b | 0.42 | 0.86 e | 0.07 | 4.03 f | 0.08 | 1.68 g | 0.02 |
Oleic acid (C18:1) | 4.47 a | 0.38 | 15.98 b | 0.09 | 24.72 c | 2.01 | 13.43 d | 0.50 | 9.31 e | 0.20 | 16.98 bdf | 4.78 | 18.02 f | 0.63 | 21.61 g | 0.50 | 30.92 h | 0.11 | 22.38 i | 0.27 |
Linoleic acid (C18:2) * | 30.34 a | 0.93 | 32.45 b | 0.19 | 20.41 c | 1.61 | 25.13 d | 1.19 | 32.97 e | 0.37 | 26.54 d | 2.40 | 28.28 f | 0.72 | 28.11 f | 0.68 | 9.11 g | 0.04 | 26.68 d | 0.25 |
Linolenic acid (C18:3) * | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | ||||||||||
Unidentified fatty acid | 5.52 | 9.38 | 19.48 | 6.37 | 6.05 | 7.03 | 11.43 | 11.42 | 19.06 | 10.50 | ||||||||||
Unsaturated fatty acids | 47.03 | 2.42 | 72.51 | 0.51 | 63.76 | 6.96 | 52.16 | 2.78 | 57.39 | 3.15 | 59.83 | 11.33 | 69.90 | 2.72 | 72.83 | 2.76 | 54.28 | 1.02 | 71.83 | 0.82 |
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Kikuchi, Y.; Kanai, D.; Sugiyama, K.; Fujii, K. Biogas Upgrading by Wild Alkaliphilic Microalgae and the Application Potential of Their Biomass in the Carbon Capture and Utilization Technology. Fermentation 2024, 10, 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10030134
Kikuchi Y, Kanai D, Sugiyama K, Fujii K. Biogas Upgrading by Wild Alkaliphilic Microalgae and the Application Potential of Their Biomass in the Carbon Capture and Utilization Technology. Fermentation. 2024; 10(3):134. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10030134
Chicago/Turabian StyleKikuchi, Yuri, Daichi Kanai, Kenjiro Sugiyama, and Katsuhiko Fujii. 2024. "Biogas Upgrading by Wild Alkaliphilic Microalgae and the Application Potential of Their Biomass in the Carbon Capture and Utilization Technology" Fermentation 10, no. 3: 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10030134