Dextrin-Based Nanohydrogels for Rokitamycin Prolonged Topical Delivery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Physicochemical Characterization and Loading of Nanohydrogels
2.2. Swelling Capacity
2.3. Structural Analysis: Fourier Transformed Infrared and Differential Scanning Calorimetry
2.4. Morphology Analysis: Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.5. Rokitamycin Release Studies
2.6. Mathmatical Model Fitting
2.7. Evaluation of Biocompatibility
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Reagents
4.2. Synthesis of Dextrin-Based Nanosponges
- β-CD PYRO(1:4) NSs was prepared as follows: 14.10 g of dehydrated β-CD was added to 16.6 mL of DMSO inside a round bottom flask and left stirring until a colorless homogeneous solution is obtained. TEA (4.17 mL) was then pipetted into the flask followed by addition of 3.13 g of PYRO. At the end of the process a dark amorphous solid-like gel was formed and left overnight to solidify. The resulting nanosponge was removed and ground in a mortar and pestle and then washed in a Buchner with 500 mL of distilled water, and 500 mL of acetone. Once again it was left to dry and then extracted with acetone in a Soxhlet at 60–70 °C for 48 h. Finally, the coarse powder was packed and stored in a dry medium.
- LC PYRO (1:4) NSs: Inside a dry clean round bottom flask, 9.78 g of LC was solubilized under continuous stirring in 40 mL of DMSO and then 10 mL of TEA and 7.55 g of PYRO were added. The molar ratio used between Linecaps and cross-linker was 1:0.57, expressed as molar ratio of one mole of condensed glucose of maltodextrin (molar mass of 162.15 g/mol) with respect to 0.57 moles of cross-linker. After 24 h, the reaction was complete and the nanosponges were ground and washed with deionized water in a Buchner funnel and then left for drying. The purification was carried out by means of Soxhlet extraction with acetone for 14 h.
4.3. Preparation of Blank Nanosuspensions
4.4. Rokitamycin Loading Procedure
4.5. Physicochemical Characterizations
4.5.1. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
4.5.2. Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR)
4.5.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
4.5.4. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
4.5.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
4.5.6. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
4.6. Encapsulation Efficiency and Loading Capacity
4.7. Mucoadhesion Capability Evaluation
4.8. Swelling Degree Evaluation
4.9. Viscosity Determination
4.10. Rokitmycin Release Studies
4.11. Mathmatical Models Fitting
4.12. Evaluation of Biocompatibility
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Blank β-CD PYRO | β-CD PYRO + RK | Blank LC PYRO | LC PYRO + RK |
---|---|---|---|---|
Average Diameter ± SD (nm) | 215.6 ± 2.54 | 256.3 ± 13.8 | 213.5 ± 2.43 | 250.7 ± 11.0 |
PDI ± SD | 0.021 ± 0.015 | 0.023 ± 0.013 | 0.048 ± 0.031 | 0.050 ± 0.010 |
Z-Potential ± SD (mV) | −28.45 ± 0.71 | −26.89 ± 0.34 | −27.15 ± 0.22 | −25.73 ± 0.33 |
Mucoadhesion (%) | 85.72 | 76.93 | 84.59 | 72.39 |
Sample | Blank β-CD PYRO | β-CD PYRO + RK | Blank LC PYRO | LC PYRO + RK |
---|---|---|---|---|
Average Diameter ± SD (nm) | 223.6 ± 92.0 | 267.3 ± 14.5 | 223.5 ± 2.43 | 244.7 ± 25.2 |
PDI ± SD | 0.024 ± 0.013 | 0.024 ± 0.013 | 0.028 ± 0.013 | 0.022 ± 0.015 |
Z-Potential ± SD (mV) | −28.38 ± 2.22 | −27.86 ± 0.24 | −26.15 ± 0.24 | −27.44 ± 0.21 |
Sample | RK | β-CD PYRO + RK | LC PYRO + RK | RK | β-CD PYRO + RK | LC PYRO + RK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 |
Solubility (μg/mL) | 470.85 | 571.19 | 1455.13 | 450.44 | 525.21 | 1130.21 |
Enhancement Factor | - | 1.21 | 3.09 | - | 1.17 | 2.51 |
Sample | β-CD PYRO NS | LC PYRO NS | β-CD PYRO NS | LC PYRO NS |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 5.5 | 5.5 | 7.4 | 7.4 |
Swelling Degree | 684.90 ± 10.62 | 892.45 ± 7.96 | 1182.69 ± 11.67 | 1105.76 ± 10.94 |
Sample | β-CD PYRO + RK (pH 5.5) | β-CD PYRO + RK (pH 7.4) | LC PYRO + RK (pH 5.5) | LC PYRO + RK (pH 7.4) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Higuchi Model (r2) | 0.9957 | 0.9942 | 0.9951 | 0.9895 |
Korsmeyer–Peppas Model (r2) | 0.9988 | 0.9781 | 0.9940 | 0.9756 |
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Tannous, M.; Lucia Appleton, S.; Hoti, G.; Caldera, F.; Argenziano, M.; Monfared, Y.K.; Matencio, A.; Trotta, F.; Cavalli, R. Dextrin-Based Nanohydrogels for Rokitamycin Prolonged Topical Delivery. Gels 2022, 8, 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8080490
Tannous M, Lucia Appleton S, Hoti G, Caldera F, Argenziano M, Monfared YK, Matencio A, Trotta F, Cavalli R. Dextrin-Based Nanohydrogels for Rokitamycin Prolonged Topical Delivery. Gels. 2022; 8(8):490. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8080490
Chicago/Turabian StyleTannous, Maria, Silvia Lucia Appleton, Gjylije Hoti, Fabrizio Caldera, Monica Argenziano, Yousef Khazaei Monfared, Adrián Matencio, Francesco Trotta, and Roberta Cavalli. 2022. "Dextrin-Based Nanohydrogels for Rokitamycin Prolonged Topical Delivery" Gels 8, no. 8: 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8080490