Exploring the Potential of Cleansing Hydrogel and Shampoo with Whey as a Contemporary Approach to Sustainability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Shampoo Development
2.1.1. The Effect of Surfactants’ Concentration
2.1.2. The Effect of Whey Concentration
2.2. Cleansing Hydrogel Development
2.2.1. The Effect of Xanthan Gum and Decyl Glucoside Concentration
2.2.2. The Effect of Whey Concentration
2.3. Stability Evaluation
2.4. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation
2.4.1. In Vitro Skin Irritation Evaluation
2.4.2. In Vivo Evaluation of Efficacy of Shampoo and Cleansing Hydrogel
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Methods
4.2.1. Cosmetic Product Development
Optimisation of Shampoo Formulation
Optimisation of Cleansing Hydrogel Formulation
Viscosity Measurements
pH Measurements
Organoleptic Evaluation
Stability Study
4.2.2. Evaluation of Irritancy Potential of Shampoo and Cleansing Hydrogel
4.2.3. In Vivo Study: Efficacy Evaluation of Shampoo and Cleansing Hydrogel
Initial Segment
Study Protocol
Transepidermal Water Loss
Stratum Corneum Hydration
Erythema and Melanin Index
Skin Gloss
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | % (m/m) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 | F8 | F9 | F10 | |
purified water | 88.5 | 83.5 | 78.5 | 73.5 | 78.5 | 78.5 | 78.5 | 68.5 | 58.5 | 48.5 |
sodium laureth sulfate | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
sodium chloride | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
cocamidopropyl betaine | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
cocamide diethanolamine | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 0.5 | - | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
propylene glycol | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
whey | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | 10 | 20 | 30 |
Component | % (m/m) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 | F8 | |
purified water | 80 | 79.5 | 79 | 74 | 69 | 69 | 59 | 49 |
decyl glucoside | 10 | 10 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
glycerol | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 |
almond oil | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
xanthan gum | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
whey | / | / | / | / | / | 10 | 20 | 30 |
Formulation | Baseline | 95% Confidence Interval | Absolute Value After 10 min | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value * | p-Value ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
shampoo without whey | 12.31 ± 3.54 | (9.78, 14.84) | 13.97 ± 2.85 | (11.93, 16.00) | 0.05 | 0.25 |
shampoo with whey | 12.85 ± 2.28 | (11.21, 14.48) | 13.80 ± 3.88 | (11.02, 16.58) | 0.22 | |
hydrogel without whey | 12.27 ± 2.89 | (10.07, 14.47) | 13.58 ± 2.59 | (11.72, 15.44) | 0.07 | 0.19 |
hydrogel with whey | 13.62 ± 3.33 | (11.24, 16.01) | 13.93 ± 1.39 | (12.94, 14.92) | 0.37 |
Baseline | Absolute Value After 10 min | p-Value * | p-Value ** | |
---|---|---|---|---|
shampoo without whey | 23.91 ± 6.47 | 27.18 ± 5.53 | 0.003 | 0.29 |
shampoo with whey | 21.87 ± 3.54 | 25.69 ± 3.63 | 0.0005 | |
hydrogel without whey | 25.81 ± 5.64 | 46.75 ± 8.04 | 5.24 × 10−7 | 0.42 |
hydrogel with whey | 21.97 ± 5.66 | 43.59 ± 9.37 | 9.74 × 10−7 |
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Bjelošević Žiberna, M.; Grilc, B.; Gašperlin, M.; Gosenca Matjaž, M. Exploring the Potential of Cleansing Hydrogel and Shampoo with Whey as a Contemporary Approach to Sustainability. Gels 2025, 11, 374. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11050374
Bjelošević Žiberna M, Grilc B, Gašperlin M, Gosenca Matjaž M. Exploring the Potential of Cleansing Hydrogel and Shampoo with Whey as a Contemporary Approach to Sustainability. Gels. 2025; 11(5):374. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11050374
Chicago/Turabian StyleBjelošević Žiberna, Maja, Blaž Grilc, Mirjana Gašperlin, and Mirjam Gosenca Matjaž. 2025. "Exploring the Potential of Cleansing Hydrogel and Shampoo with Whey as a Contemporary Approach to Sustainability" Gels 11, no. 5: 374. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11050374
APA StyleBjelošević Žiberna, M., Grilc, B., Gašperlin, M., & Gosenca Matjaž, M. (2025). Exploring the Potential of Cleansing Hydrogel and Shampoo with Whey as a Contemporary Approach to Sustainability. Gels, 11(5), 374. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11050374