Effects of Different Livestock Grazing on Foliar Fungal Diseases in an Alpine Grassland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Grazing Experimental Design
2.3. Sampling
2.4. Measures of Community-Level Indices
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Population-Level Disease Severity
3.2. Community Pathogen Load
3.3. Plant Community Vegetation Characteristics
3.4. Environmental Factors That Influenced Foliar Fungal Diseases
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Species | Functional Group | Disease Types | Associated Pathogens | Livestock Types | Mean Disease Severity | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | SG | YG | MG | |||||
Ajuga lupulina | Forb | Leaf spot | Undentified | NA | NA | 10 * | NA | NA |
Aster altaicus | Forb | Leaf spot | Undentified | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 0.7 ± 0.7 | 0.00 * | 0.00 * | NA |
Bupleurum chinense | Forb | Leaf spot | Septoria sp.; … | 37.6 * | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Carex aridula | Cyperaceae | Leaf spot | Alternaria sp.; … | 38.9 ± 3.0 a | 30.7 ± 6.9 b | 27.6 ± 1.8 b | 20.4 ± 1.2 b | 29.4 ± 3.2 |
Dracocephalum heterophyllum | Forb | Leaf spot | Alternaria solani; … | 11.9 ± 1.5 a | 6.7 ± 1.3 b | 9.0 ± 3.3 a | 5.7 ± 2.0 b | 8.3 ± 1.4 |
Elymus nutans | Grass | Leaf spot | Undentified | 18.4 * | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Kobresia humilis | Cyperaceae | Leaf spot | Alternaria alternata; … | 42.1 ± 2.1 a | 25.0 ± 6.6 b | 27.8 ± 2.4 b | 23.7 ± 2.0 b | 29.7 ± 3.5 |
Koeleria cristata | Grass | Leaf spot | Undentified | 28.2 ± 1.2 a | 13.9 ± 2.4 b | 12.4 ± 1.5 b | 10.4 ± 4.8 b | 16.2 ± 3.0 |
Leymus secalinus | Grass | Leaf spot | Coniochaeta discospora; … | 23.8 ± 6.7 a | 8.4 ± 0.9 b | 11.2 ± 1.8 b | 9.3 ± 1.1 b | 13.2 ± 2.9 |
Medicago ruthenica | Legume | Leaf spot | Undentified | 22.40 * | 3.2 ± 1.8 | 1.9 ± 1.5 | NA | NA |
Oxytropis subfalcata | Legume | Leaf spot | Undentified | 0.4 ± 0.4 a | 0.7 ± 0.7 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.3 ± 0.2 |
Poa annua | Grass | Leaf spot | Phoma sp.; … | 17.5 ± 5.1 a | 5.9 ± 0.7 b | 13.8 ± 0.4 ab | 9.3 ± 3.8 b | 11.6 ± 2.3 |
Potentilla acaulis | Forb | Leaf spot | Undentified | 27.7 ± 4.1 a | 14.4 ± 3.2 b | 12.6 ± 1.0 b | 9.6 ± 0.8 b | 16.1 ± 2.9 |
Rust | Phragmidium potentillae; … | NA | NA | 3.2 * | NA | NA | ||
Potentilla bifurca | Forb | Leaf spot | Coniochaeta sp.; … | 37.2 ± 7.5 a | 11.2 ± 2.4 b | 15.1 ± 2.9 b | 10.4 ± 5.2 b | 17.4 ± 4.3 |
Potentilla multicaulis | Forb | Leaf spot | Stagonospora sp.; … | 25.6 ± 3.9 a | 5.6 ± 2.1 b | 10.8 ± 0.9 b | 6.9 ± 1.6 b | 12.2 ± 3.2 |
Sibbaldia adpressa | Forb | Leaf spot | Leptotrochila sp.; … | 7.2 ± 0.8 b | 16.3 ± 3.0 a | 14.6 ± 1.4 a | 13.3 ± 1.0 a | 12.9 ± 1.6 |
Stellera chamaejasme | Forb | Leaf spot | Acrophialophora jodhpurensis; … | 33.6 ± 2.4 a | 13.9 ± 0.6 b | 11.7 ± 2.5 b | 9.7 ± 0.8 b | 17.2 ± 3.7 |
Stipa tianschanica | Grass | Leaf spot | Septora sp.; … | 20.5 ± 4.3 a | 8.0 ± 0.5 b | 14.2 ± 1.4 ab | 11.9 ± 1.2 b | 13.7 ± 2.1 |
Taraxacum mongolicum | Forb | Powdery mildew | Sphaerotheca fusca; … | NA | NA | 56.7 * | NA | NA |
Thalictrum aquilegiifolium | Forb | Leaf spot | Alternaria alternata; … | NA | 20.8 ± 13.4 | 5.2 ± 3.7 | 8.6 ± 0.8 | NA |
Thermopsis lanceolata | Legume | Leaf spot | Cercospora sp.; … | 4.0 * | 2.4 * | NA | NA | NA |
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Tian, Z.; Li, W.; Kou, Y.; Dong, X.; Liu, H.; Yang, X.; Dong, Q.; Chen, T. Effects of Different Livestock Grazing on Foliar Fungal Diseases in an Alpine Grassland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 949. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090949
Tian Z, Li W, Kou Y, Dong X, Liu H, Yang X, Dong Q, Chen T. Effects of Different Livestock Grazing on Foliar Fungal Diseases in an Alpine Grassland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(9):949. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090949
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Zhen, Wenjie Li, Yixin Kou, Xin Dong, Huining Liu, Xiaoxia Yang, Quanmin Dong, and Tao Chen. 2023. "Effects of Different Livestock Grazing on Foliar Fungal Diseases in an Alpine Grassland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 9: 949. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090949